From 1b5dc52393fde0b5785dee1859eb9c6e9b240bc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Cedric Date: Tue, 18 Feb 2025 12:13:32 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Harmonize labels names and use centering A few reformating as well, commit mainly about consistency. --- book/basics/how-sourdough-works.tex | 30 +++++++------ book/bread-types/bread-types.tex | 6 +-- book/history/sourdough-history.tex | 10 +++-- book/mix-ins/mix-ins.tex | 4 +- .../non-wheat-sourdough.tex | 2 +- .../sourdough-starter-types.tex | 6 +-- book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter.tex | 16 +++---- book/troubleshooting/crumb-structures.tex | 33 ++++++++++----- book/troubleshooting/misc.tex | 24 +++++------ book/wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough.tex | 42 ++++++++++++++----- 10 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) diff --git a/book/basics/how-sourdough-works.tex b/book/basics/how-sourdough-works.tex index 8cf4fc9..736db38 100644 --- a/book/basics/how-sourdough-works.tex +++ b/book/basics/how-sourdough-works.tex @@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved. \end{quoting} \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes} \caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases interact with flour.}% - \label{infographic-enzymes} + \label{fig:infographic-enzymes} \end{figure} \section{Enzymatic reactions} @@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ activity so that it can thrive in its new environment. Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of -these enzymes\footnote{In a recent +these enzymes\footnote{In a recent study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that milling flour at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting @@ -191,17 +192,19 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some -barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals -would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a -result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a +barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both +goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the +hull. As a result, they are activated +first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly -improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour -doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour. +improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white +flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour. \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb} \caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}% - \label{whole-wheat-crumb} + \label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb} \end{figure} By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you @@ -220,14 +223,14 @@ variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on - page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.} + page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.} \begin{figure}[!htb] -\centering + \centering \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} \caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the microscope.}% - \label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} + \label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} \end{figure} Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own @@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}. -\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}% +\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}% Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy @@ -341,10 +344,11 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}. \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope} \caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}% - \label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope} + \label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope} \end{figure} There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and diff --git a/book/bread-types/bread-types.tex b/book/bread-types/bread-types.tex index 12ce1cf..420a424 100644 --- a/book/bread-types/bread-types.tex +++ b/book/bread-types/bread-types.tex @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ of them. Some breads will require investment and technique, as depicted in Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person and/or don’t have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should -consider. +consider. \begin{table}[!htb] \centering \input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex} @@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients} \input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex} \caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person. Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the - Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} - ``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and + Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} + ``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and use the percentages properly.}% \label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients} \end{table} diff --git a/book/history/sourdough-history.tex b/book/history/sourdough-history.tex index 22f2ab6..7c3d60d 100644 --- a/book/history/sourdough-history.tex +++ b/book/history/sourdough-history.tex @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters. \begin{figure}[!htb] -\centering + \centering \input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex} \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events starting from the first day of Earth's existence, @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough bread can be considered a very recent invention. \begin{figure}[!htb] -\centering + \centering \input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex} \caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and events leading to modern sourdough bread.}% @@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}. \begin{figure}[ht] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb} \caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the dense crumb structure.}% - \label{einkorn-crumb} + \label{fig:einkorn-crumb} \end{figure} Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making @@ -193,9 +194,10 @@ mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread making~\cite{evans+mill}. \begin{figure}[ht] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove} \caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}% - \label{sourdough-stove} + \label{fig:sourdough-stove} \end{figure} The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}. diff --git a/book/mix-ins/mix-ins.tex b/book/mix-ins/mix-ins.tex index 3ddf562..fdfbc94 100644 --- a/book/mix-ins/mix-ins.tex +++ b/book/mix-ins/mix-ins.tex @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture. \item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals) \item Coffee \item Eggs - \item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors}) + \item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors}) \item Milk (for sweet, soft breads) \item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{} \item Mashed potatoes @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture. \end{itemize} \subsection{Colors}% -\label{section:colors} +\label{sec:colors} Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings include: diff --git a/book/non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough.tex b/book/non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough.tex index 3fcbcab..8351a72 100644 --- a/book/non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough.tex +++ b/book/non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough.tex @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a -convenient time for you. +convenient time for you. Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in diff --git a/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types.tex b/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types.tex index f297886..0ab384f 100644 --- a/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types.tex +++ b/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types.tex @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter. \section{Liquid starter}% -\label{section:liquid-starter} +\label{sec:liquid-starter} \begin{figure}[!htb] \centering @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter. \centering \input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex} \caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular - or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around + or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around 3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will @@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces. \section{Stiff starter}% -\label{section:stiff-starter} +\label{sec:stiff-starter} \begin{figure}[!htb] \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg} diff --git a/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter.tex b/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter.tex index d0a6a54..acef4df 100644 --- a/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter.tex +++ b/book/sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter.tex @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage. \end{quoting} \section{Baker's math}% -\label{section:bakers-math} +\label{sec:bakers-math} In a large bakery, a determining factor is how much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount @@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible. I~like to use a glass and place another inverted one on top. -Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in -Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one +Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in +Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified more than \num{150}~different yeast species living on a single leaf of a plant. @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive -this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose. +this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose. Luckily for us bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize @@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal -new fungicides or antibiotics. +new fungicides or antibiotics. Depending on where your flour is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different @@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's -niche are going to survive. +niche are going to survive. This means the microorganisms knowing how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with -another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water. +another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water. Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use 1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water. @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ the mix again with a glass or a lid. If you notice the top of your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage -the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot. +the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot. You will still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains diff --git a/book/troubleshooting/crumb-structures.tex b/book/troubleshooting/crumb-structures.tex index dfb0d6f..5a300c4 100644 --- a/book/troubleshooting/crumb-structures.tex +++ b/book/troubleshooting/crumb-structures.tex @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ \section{Debugging your crumb structure}% -\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure} +\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information that you can use to debug your baking process. \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book} \caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's @@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process. \subsection{Perfect fermentation} \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb} \caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}% @@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s to achieve as open a crumb as possible. \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb} \caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}% @@ -75,8 +78,10 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb. \label{subsec:overfermented-dough} \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long} - \caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}% + \caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has + many tiny pockets of air.}% \label{fig:fermented-too-long} \end{figure} @@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial. \subsection{Underfermented} \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked} \caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user @@ -189,11 +195,12 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period of time. \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb} \caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}% - \label{fools-crumb} + \label{fig:fools-crumb} \end{figure} In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough. @@ -215,7 +222,7 @@ do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be \qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram} of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can -consider making a stiff sourdough +consider making a stiff sourdough starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity @@ -224,9 +231,10 @@ and less bacterial activity. \subsection{Not enough dough strength} \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread} \caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}% - \label{flat-bread} + \label{fig:flat-bread} \end{figure} When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are @@ -249,9 +257,10 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d \subsection{Baked too hot} \begin{figure} + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2} \caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}% - \label{baked-too-hot} + \label{fig:baked-too-hot} \end{figure} This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough @@ -280,10 +289,11 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven. \subsection{Baked with too little steam} \begin{figure}[h] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam} \caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}% - \label{no-steam} + \label{fig:no-steam} \end{figure} Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust @@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo of the oven. \begin{figure}[ht] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures} \caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming techniques in a Dutch oven.}% - \label{apple-experiment-temperatures} + \label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures} \end{figure} Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice @@ -325,19 +336,21 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough I~would achieve less oven spring. \begin{figure}[ht] + \centering \input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex} \caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different steaming techniques.}% - \label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures} + \label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[ht] + \centering \input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex} \caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending on the steaming technique that is used.}% - \label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures} + \label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures} \end{figure} Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only diff --git a/book/troubleshooting/misc.tex b/book/troubleshooting/misc.tex index e13e71c..1769f1c 100644 --- a/book/troubleshooting/misc.tex +++ b/book/troubleshooting/misc.tex @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough. Please refer to -Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}'' +Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}'' for more information on the topic. @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ferment the dough into which it is later inoculated. The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio -can speed up the process. +can speed up the process. \subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?} A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours. You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough -starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}. +starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}. \subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?} @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fermentation in your starter. This way your starter tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite -pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making +pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy ciabatta-style loaf. @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using this type of starter. You can read more about the liquid starter in -Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter} +Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter} \subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all} @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter. Another approach that can help is to convert your sourdough starter into a stiff starter as -described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}. +described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}. \subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?} @@ -361,9 +361,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis makes no sense. Instead I~recommend that you conduct a fermentolysis. You can read more about the autolysis process in -Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and +Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and more about the topic of fermentolysis -in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}. +in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}. The fermentolysis combines all the benefits of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages @@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ measure your dough's size increase. Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing -bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}. +bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}. \subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?} @@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also -refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on +refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on making a stiff sourdough starter. Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten @@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2} compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more -about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}. +about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}. Another unconventional approach could be to add baking powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the @@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation progress. To read more about this technique refer -to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}. +to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}. The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats diff --git a/book/wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough.tex b/book/wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough.tex index f98f534..3479384 100644 --- a/book/wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough.tex +++ b/book/wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough.tex @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ freestanding wheat sourdough bread. \end{quoting} \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg} \caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered @@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of the steps right to make the perfect bread. \section{Readying your starter}% -\label{section:readying-starter} +\label{sec:readying-starter} The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter. The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough. @@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a 1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced -yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}) +yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}) my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter, 5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This @@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ recipe would look like this: This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the -full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail. +full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail. \section{Hydration} @@ -375,6 +376,7 @@ to feed your starter. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect} \caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you developed your gluten well enough.} @@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect This greatly simplifies the whole process. \section{Autolysis}% -\label{section:autolysis} +\label{sec:autolysis} Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this @@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process. \section{Fermentolysis}% -\label{section:fermentolysis} +\label{sec:fermentolysis} The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this @@ -624,6 +626,7 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the dough to stick to the container. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough} \caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques. @@ -640,6 +643,7 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints} \caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough @@ -679,6 +683,7 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many new bakers commit. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps} \caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface @@ -716,7 +721,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point. An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover. \section{Bulk fermentation}% -\label{section:bulk-fermentation} +\label{sec:bulk-fermentation} After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term @@ -771,7 +776,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs are perfect to be made in a machine. \begin{flowchart}[!htb] -\centering + \centering \input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex} \caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A @@ -821,6 +826,7 @@ dough exactly on point. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after} \caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent} @@ -944,6 +950,7 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works for your sourdough composition. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough} \caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface. @@ -991,6 +998,7 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste. \section{Stretch and folds} \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued} \caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough @@ -1035,11 +1043,12 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this -book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} -``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading +book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} +``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading your crumb. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps} \caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}% @@ -1091,6 +1100,7 @@ most of the gluten has broken down and you are already in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold} \caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should @@ -1135,6 +1145,7 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the dough from sticking too much to your tools. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape} \caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.} \end{figure} @@ -1173,6 +1184,7 @@ any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to save such dough is to use a loaf pan. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction} \caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete @@ -1197,6 +1209,7 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb structure of your final loaves further. \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough} \caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}% \label{fig:dough-after-preshaping} @@ -1287,6 +1300,7 @@ the surface. \subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over} \begin{figure}[!htb] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over} \caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the @@ -1307,6 +1321,7 @@ sticky side is facing you. \subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular} \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular} \caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the @@ -1329,6 +1344,7 @@ your dough with the shown dough. \subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together} \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding} \caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to @@ -1371,7 +1387,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case, the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to -Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more +Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure. \subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges} @@ -1388,6 +1404,7 @@ from the other side as well. \subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing} \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing} \caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured @@ -1494,6 +1511,7 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next morning. \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test} \caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced @@ -1587,6 +1605,7 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus makes the final pattern look more visually appealing. \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear} \caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect @@ -1602,6 +1621,7 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the banneton should now be facing you. \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring} \caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's @@ -1621,6 +1641,7 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns a good loaf into a great loaf. \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle} \caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards @@ -1649,6 +1670,7 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring will become a lot easier. \begin{figure}[htb!] + \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface} \caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This