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https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework
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Use Siunitx package for dealing with units (#129)
It is complicated : [1] The International System of Units (si), https://www.bipm.org/en/ measurement-units/. [2] International System of Units from nist, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/ index.html. And one will never get it right (space or not, half-space?) nor consistent so using that instead. I am not sure how times and hours, when to write digits and when in letter so I did not change much.. Did not touch the tables as ebooks on github actions seems to break when you look at them funny. Co-authored-by: Cedric <ced@awase.ostal>
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@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ That's why achieving such a crumb works best if you only ferment
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one loaf at a time. Normally, if you have to pre-shape your dough,
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you will automatically degas your dough a little bit during the rounding process.
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If you skip this step and directly shape your dough, you will achieve a more open crumb.
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A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2 hours before shaping,
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A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before shaping,
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to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
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\begin{figure}
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@@ -124,10 +124,11 @@ oil. It will make delicious sourdough flatbreads.
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To fix issues related to over-fermentation, you need to stop the fermentation process
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earlier. What I~like to do is to extract a small fermentation sample from my dough.
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Depending on the volume increase of this sample, I~can mostly judge when my fermentation
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is finished. Try to start with a 25 percent volume increase of your main dough or sample.
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Depending on how much gluten your flour has, you can ferment for a longer period of time.
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With a strong flour featuring a 14--15 percent protein, you should be able to safely
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ferment until a 100 percent size increase. This however also depends on your
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is finished. Try to start with a \qty{25}{\percent} volume increase of your
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main dough or sample. Depending on how much gluten your flour has, you can
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ferment for a longer period of time. With a strong flour featuring a
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\qtyrange{14}{15}{\percent} protein, you should be able to safely ferment
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until a \qty{100}{\percent} size increase. This however also depends on your
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sourdough starter's composition of yeast and bacteria. The more bacterial fermentation,
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the faster your dough structure breaks down. Frequent feedings of your sourdough
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starter will improve the yeast activity. Furthermore, a stiff sourdough starter
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@@ -194,13 +195,14 @@ To fix issues related to under-fermentation, you simply have to ferment your dou
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for a longer period of time. Now, there is an upper limit to fermentation time
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as your flour starts to break down the moment it is in contact with water. That's why it
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might be a good idea to simply speed up your fermentation process. As a rough
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figure, I~try to aim for a bulk fermentation time of around 8--12 hours typically.
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figure, I~try to aim for a bulk fermentation time of around 8--12~hours typically.
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To achieve that you can try to make your sourdough starter more active. This can be done
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by feeding your starter daily over several days. Use the same ratio as you would
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do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use 20 percent starter calculated on the flour,
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use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be 10 grams of existing starter,
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50 grams of flour, 50 grams of water for instance.
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To boost your yeast activity even more, you can consider making a stiff sourdough
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do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter
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calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
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\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
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of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
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consider making a stiff sourdough
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starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
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is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
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enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
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@@ -220,8 +222,9 @@ hasn't been developed properly. Your dough is too extensible and flattens out
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mostly rather than springing upwards in the oven. This can also happen if you
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proofed your dough for too long. Over time the gluten relaxes and your dough
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becomes more and more extensible. You can observe the gluten relaxing behavior
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too when making a pizza pie. Directly after shaping your dough balls, it's very hard to shape
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the pizza pie. If you wait for 30--90 minutes stretching the dough becomes a lot easier.
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too when making a pizza pie. Directly after shaping your dough balls, it's
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very hard to shape the pizza pie. If you wait for 30--90~minutes stretching
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the dough becomes a lot easier.
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The easiest way to fix this is probably to knead your dough more at the start. To simplify
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things consider using less water for your flour too. This will result in a more elastic dough
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@@ -322,5 +325,5 @@ I~would achieve less oven spring.
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Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
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make this mistake when using a Dutch oven as the steaming method paired with relatively
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large ice cubes. After talking with other bakers using the same Dutch oven, it seems
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that my ice cubes (around 80g) were 4 times as heavy as the ones other bakers
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would use (20g).
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that my ice cubes (around \qty{80}{\gram}) were 4 times as heavy as the ones
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other bakers would use (\qty{20}{\gram}).
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@@ -10,22 +10,22 @@ amylase and protease enzymes work faster, making more
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sugars available and degrading the gluten proteins.
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At around 22°C (72°F) in my kitchen my bulk fermentation is ready
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after around 10 hours. I~use around 20 percent of sourdough
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after around 10~hours. I~use around \qty{20}{\percent} of sourdough
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starter based on the flour. In summertime the temperatures
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in my kitchen sometimes increase to 25°C (77°F). In that case
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I~reduce the sourdough starter to around 10 percent.
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I~reduce the sourdough starter to around \qty{10}{\percent}.
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If I~didn't do that, my fermentation would be done after
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around 4--7 hours. The problem is that the dough is quite
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around 4--7~hours. The problem is that the dough is quite
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unstable when fermenting at this high speed. This means
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that you easily run into issues of over-fermentation.
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Finding the perfect sweet spot between fermenting enough
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and not too much becomes much harder. Normally you might
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have a time window of 1 hour. But at the rapid speed it
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might be reduced to a time window of 20 minutes. Now at
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might be reduced to a time window of 20~minutes. Now at
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30°C (86°F), everything moves much faster. Your bulk
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fermentation might be complete in 2--4 hours when using
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10--20 percent starter. Proofing your dough in the fridge
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fermentation might be complete in 2--4~hours when using
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\qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} starter. Proofing your dough in the fridge
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becomes almost impossible. As your dough cools down in the
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fridge the fermentation also slows down. However cooling the
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dough down from 30°C to 4--6°C in your fridge takes much
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@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ end up overproofing your dough if you leave it overnight
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in the fridge.
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That's why I~recommend that you reduce the amount of starter
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that you use in the tropics to around 1--5 percent
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that you use in the tropics to around \qtyrange{1}{5}{\percent}
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based on the flour. This will slow down the fermentation
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process significantly and provides you a bigger window
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of time. Try to aim for an overall bulk fermentation of at
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least 8--10 hours. Reduce the amount of starter to get there.
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least 8--10~hours. Reduce the amount of starter to get there.
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When making dough, try to use the same water temperature
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as your ambient temperature. Assuming that the temperature
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@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ called a \emph{strong flour}. Stronger flours tend
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to be from wheat varieties that have be grown in more
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sunny conditions. Because of that, stronger flours tend
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to be more expensive. For freestanding loaves, I~recommend
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using a flour that contains at least 12 percent protein.
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using a flour that contains at least \qty{12}{\percent} protein.
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Generally, the more protein, the longer you can ferment your dough.
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Another option to achieve a more sour flavor could be to
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@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ use a starter that produces more acetic acid. Based on my own
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experience, most of my pure rye starters produced stronger acetic
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notes. Chemically, the acetic acid isn't as sour, but when tasting
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it will seem more sour. Make sure to use a starter that is at
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a hydration of around 100 percent. Acetic acid production
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a hydration of around \qty{100}{\percent}. Acetic acid production
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requires oxygen. A starter that is too liquid tends to favor lactic
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acid production because the flour is submerged in water. By submerging
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the dough very little oxygen can pass through the water to the fermenting flour.
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@@ -157,20 +157,20 @@ time the acetic acid-producing bacteria will perish from your starter.
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Another easier option could be to bake your sourdough
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twice. I~have observed this when shipping bread for my micro
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bakery. The idea was to bake my bread for around 30 minutes
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bakery. The idea was to bake my bread for around 30~minutes
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until it's sterilized, let it cool down and then ship it
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to customers. Once you receive it, you just bake it again
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for another 20--30 minutes to achieve the desired crust and
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for another 20--30~minutes to achieve the desired crust and
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then you can eat it. Some of the customers reported a very sour
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tasting bread. After investigating a bit more, it became
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crystal clear. By baking the bread twice you don't boil off
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as much acid during the baking process. Water
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evaporates at around 100°C (212°F) while acetic acid boils at
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118°C (244°F) and lactic acid at 122°C (252°F). After baking for 30 minutes
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118°C (244°F) and lactic acid at 122°C (252°F). After baking for 30~minutes
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at around 230°C (446°F) some of the water has started to evaporate,
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but not all the acid yet. If you were to continue to bake, more
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and more of the acid would start to evaporate. Now if you were
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to stop baking after 30 minutes, you would typically have reached
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to stop baking after 30~minutes, you would typically have reached
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a core temperature of around 95°C (203°F). Your dough would need
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to be cooled down again to room temperature. The crust would
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still be quite pale. Then a couple of hours later, you start
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@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ the tides of your starter towards a better yeast fermentation~\cite*{more+active
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To shift the tides even further, a real game changer
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for me has been to create a stiff sourdough starter. The
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stiff sourdough starter is at a hydration of around 50 percent.
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stiff sourdough starter is at a hydration of around \qty{50}{\percent}.
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By doing so your sourdough starter will favor yeast
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activity a lot more. Your doughs will be more fluffy and less
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sour for a given volume increase. I~tested this
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@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ edges of your starter's container, typically in areas where no active
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starter microorganisms can reach. Simply try to extract an
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area of your starter that has no mold. Feed it again with flour and
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water. After a few feedings, your starter should be back to normal.
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Take only a tiny bit of starter: 1--2 grams are enough. They already
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Take only a tiny bit of starter: \qtyrange{1}{2}{\gram} are enough. They already
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contain millions of microorganisms.
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Mold favors aerobic conditions. This means that air is required in order
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@@ -280,18 +280,18 @@ growth.}%
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\label{fig:fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
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\end{figure}
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To pickle your starter, simply take a bit of your existing starter (5 grams for
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instance). Then feed the mixture with 20g of flour and 100g of water. You have
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created a starter with a hydration of around 500 percent. Shake the mixture vigorously.
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To pickle your starter, simply take a bit of your existing starter (\qty{5}{\gram} for
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instance). Then feed the mixture with \qty{20}{\gram} of flour and \qty{100}{\gram} of water. You have
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created a starter with a hydration of around \qty{500}{\percent}. Shake the mixture vigorously.
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After a few hours you should start seeing most of the flour near the bottom
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of your container. After a while most of the oxygen from the bottom mixture
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is depleted and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria will start to thrive. Take a
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note of the smell your sourdough starter. If it was previously acetic
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it will now change to be a lot more dairy. Extract a bit of your mixture the
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next day by shaking everything first. Take 5g of the previous mixture, feed
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again with another 20g of flour and another 100g of water. After 2--3
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next day by shaking everything first. Take \qty{5}{\gram} of the previous mixture, feed
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again with another \qty{20}{\gram} of flour and another \qty{100}{\gram} of water. After 2--3
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additional feedings your starter should have adapted. When switching back
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to a hydration of 100 percent the mold should have been eliminated. Please note that
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to a hydration of \qty{100}{\percent} the mold should have been eliminated. Please note that
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more tests should be conducted on this topic. It would be nice to really
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carefully analyze the microorganisms before the pickling and after.
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@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
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\caption{My dough tearing after 24 hours of no activity.}%
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\caption{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
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\label{fig:tearing-dough}
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\end{figure}
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@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ will activate them again. In this case the dough did not ferment
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fast enough before the protease broke down the gluten. By activating
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your microbes they will start to reproduce and increase in quantity
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for as long as there is food available. But this process
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in my case was not fast enough. After around 24 hours, the whole
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in my case was not fast enough. After around 24~hours, the whole
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dough just started to completely tear apart. The whole process was further
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accelerated by my using whole wheat flour. Whole wheat
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contains more enzymes than white flour.
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@@ -495,10 +495,10 @@ you wait. But sometimes your starter becomes sour too fast.
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In this case apply daily feedings to your starter. Reduce
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the amount of old starter that you use to feed. A ratio
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of 1:5:5 or 1:10:10 can do wonders. In this case you would
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take 1 part of starter (10g) and feed it with 50g of flour
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and 50g of water. This way the microorganisms start
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take 1 part of starter (\qty{10}{\gram}) and feed it with \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
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and \qty{50}{\gram} of water. This way the microorganisms start
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the fermentation in a greenfield environment. This is
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similar to the 10 percent starter or 20 percent starter
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similar to the \qty{10}{\percent} starter or \qty{20}{\percent} starter
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ratio that you use to make a dough. These days I~almost
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never use a 1:1:1 ratio. This only makes sense when you
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are initially creating your starter. You want a sour
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@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ ultimately lose structure
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and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
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This is the point when
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you should use your starter. This could be a
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50 percent volume increase, 100
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percent or 200 percent. It is always better to use
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\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
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percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
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the starter a little bit
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too early rather than too late. If you use the
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starter later, reduce the
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@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ for more information on the topic.
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\section{Should I~autolyse my dough?}
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In 95 percent of all cases, an autolysis
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In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
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makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
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that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
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can read more about the autolysis process in
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@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ to fermentolyse rather than autolyse.
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\section{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
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A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
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flour and water (100 percent hydration). A stiffer
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sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to 60 percent.
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flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
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sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
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The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
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of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
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@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ You can also use a water filter with activated charcoal
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which will remove the chlorine.
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Alternatively, if you draw tap water into a pitcher or other
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container and let it sit, loosely covered, the chlorine
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should dissipate within 12--24 hours, and you have
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should dissipate within 12--24~hours, and you have
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the added advantage of automatically having
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room-temperature water.
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@@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ feeding makes your starter stronger and stronger.
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You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
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is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.
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I~recommend that you add around 5 grams of wheat gluten for every 100 grams of
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I~recommend that you add around \qty{5}{\gram} of wheat gluten for every \qty{100}{\gram} of
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flour that you are using.
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\section{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
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Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
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greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
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percent hydration. So for every 100 grams of flour use around 60 grams of water.
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percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
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This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
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make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
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@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ You can include seeds directly at the start when mixing the dough. If you use
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whole seeds such as wheat or rye kernels, soak them in water overnight and
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then rinse them before adding them to the dough. This makes sure that they
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are not crunchy and are soft enough when eating the bread. If you forgot to soak
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them you can cook the seeds for 10 minutes in hot water. Rinse them with cold
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them you can cook the seeds for 10~minutes in hot water. Rinse them with cold
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water before adding them to your dough.
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If you want to sweeten the dough, your best option is to add sugar during the
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Block a user