Use Siunitx package for dealing with units (#129)

It is complicated :
[1] The International System of Units (si), https://www.bipm.org/en/
measurement-units/.
[2] International System of Units from nist, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/
index.html.

And one will never get it right (space or not, half-space?) nor
consistent so using that instead.

I am not sure how times and hours, when to write digits and when in
letter so I did not change much..

Did not touch the tables as ebooks on github actions seems to break when
you look at them funny.

Co-authored-by: Cedric <ced@awase.ostal>
This commit is contained in:
cedounet
2023-06-28 19:30:12 +01:00
committed by GitHub
parent 0614fe7d8f
commit 4637c29a37
25 changed files with 334 additions and 318 deletions

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@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ That's why achieving such a crumb works best if you only ferment
one loaf at a time. Normally, if you have to pre-shape your dough,
you will automatically degas your dough a little bit during the rounding process.
If you skip this step and directly shape your dough, you will achieve a more open crumb.
A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2 hours before shaping,
A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before shaping,
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
\begin{figure}
@@ -124,10 +124,11 @@ oil. It will make delicious sourdough flatbreads.
To fix issues related to over-fermentation, you need to stop the fermentation process
earlier. What I~like to do is to extract a small fermentation sample from my dough.
Depending on the volume increase of this sample, I~can mostly judge when my fermentation
is finished. Try to start with a 25 percent volume increase of your main dough or sample.
Depending on how much gluten your flour has, you can ferment for a longer period of time.
With a strong flour featuring a 14--15 percent protein, you should be able to safely
ferment until a 100 percent size increase. This however also depends on your
is finished. Try to start with a \qty{25}{\percent} volume increase of your
main dough or sample. Depending on how much gluten your flour has, you can
ferment for a longer period of time. With a strong flour featuring a
\qtyrange{14}{15}{\percent} protein, you should be able to safely ferment
until a \qty{100}{\percent} size increase. This however also depends on your
sourdough starter's composition of yeast and bacteria. The more bacterial fermentation,
the faster your dough structure breaks down. Frequent feedings of your sourdough
starter will improve the yeast activity. Furthermore, a stiff sourdough starter
@@ -194,13 +195,14 @@ To fix issues related to under-fermentation, you simply have to ferment your dou
for a longer period of time. Now, there is an upper limit to fermentation time
as your flour starts to break down the moment it is in contact with water. That's why it
might be a good idea to simply speed up your fermentation process. As a rough
figure, I~try to aim for a bulk fermentation time of around 8--12 hours typically.
figure, I~try to aim for a bulk fermentation time of around 8--12~hours typically.
To achieve that you can try to make your sourdough starter more active. This can be done
by feeding your starter daily over several days. Use the same ratio as you would
do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use 20 percent starter calculated on the flour,
use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be 10 grams of existing starter,
50 grams of flour, 50 grams of water for instance.
To boost your yeast activity even more, you can consider making a stiff sourdough
do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter
calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
consider making a stiff sourdough
starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
@@ -220,8 +222,9 @@ hasn't been developed properly. Your dough is too extensible and flattens out
mostly rather than springing upwards in the oven. This can also happen if you
proofed your dough for too long. Over time the gluten relaxes and your dough
becomes more and more extensible. You can observe the gluten relaxing behavior
too when making a pizza pie. Directly after shaping your dough balls, it's very hard to shape
the pizza pie. If you wait for 30--90 minutes stretching the dough becomes a lot easier.
too when making a pizza pie. Directly after shaping your dough balls, it's
very hard to shape the pizza pie. If you wait for 30--90~minutes stretching
the dough becomes a lot easier.
The easiest way to fix this is probably to knead your dough more at the start. To simplify
things consider using less water for your flour too. This will result in a more elastic dough
@@ -322,5 +325,5 @@ I~would achieve less oven spring.
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
make this mistake when using a Dutch oven as the steaming method paired with relatively
large ice cubes. After talking with other bakers using the same Dutch oven, it seems
that my ice cubes (around 80g) were 4 times as heavy as the ones other bakers
would use (20g).
that my ice cubes (around \qty{80}{\gram}) were 4 times as heavy as the ones
other bakers would use (\qty{20}{\gram}).

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@@ -10,22 +10,22 @@ amylase and protease enzymes work faster, making more
sugars available and degrading the gluten proteins.
At around 22°C (72°F) in my kitchen my bulk fermentation is ready
after around 10 hours. I~use around 20 percent of sourdough
after around 10~hours. I~use around \qty{20}{\percent} of sourdough
starter based on the flour. In summertime the temperatures
in my kitchen sometimes increase to 25°C (77°F). In that case
I~reduce the sourdough starter to around 10 percent.
I~reduce the sourdough starter to around \qty{10}{\percent}.
If I~didn't do that, my fermentation would be done after
around 4--7 hours. The problem is that the dough is quite
around 4--7~hours. The problem is that the dough is quite
unstable when fermenting at this high speed. This means
that you easily run into issues of over-fermentation.
Finding the perfect sweet spot between fermenting enough
and not too much becomes much harder. Normally you might
have a time window of 1 hour. But at the rapid speed it
might be reduced to a time window of 20 minutes. Now at
might be reduced to a time window of 20~minutes. Now at
30°C (86°F), everything moves much faster. Your bulk
fermentation might be complete in 2--4 hours when using
10--20 percent starter. Proofing your dough in the fridge
fermentation might be complete in 2--4~hours when using
\qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} starter. Proofing your dough in the fridge
becomes almost impossible. As your dough cools down in the
fridge the fermentation also slows down. However cooling the
dough down from 30°C to 4--6°C in your fridge takes much
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ end up overproofing your dough if you leave it overnight
in the fridge.
That's why I~recommend that you reduce the amount of starter
that you use in the tropics to around 1--5 percent
that you use in the tropics to around \qtyrange{1}{5}{\percent}
based on the flour. This will slow down the fermentation
process significantly and provides you a bigger window
of time. Try to aim for an overall bulk fermentation of at
least 8--10 hours. Reduce the amount of starter to get there.
least 8--10~hours. Reduce the amount of starter to get there.
When making dough, try to use the same water temperature
as your ambient temperature. Assuming that the temperature
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ called a \emph{strong flour}. Stronger flours tend
to be from wheat varieties that have be grown in more
sunny conditions. Because of that, stronger flours tend
to be more expensive. For freestanding loaves, I~recommend
using a flour that contains at least 12 percent protein.
using a flour that contains at least \qty{12}{\percent} protein.
Generally, the more protein, the longer you can ferment your dough.
Another option to achieve a more sour flavor could be to
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ use a starter that produces more acetic acid. Based on my own
experience, most of my pure rye starters produced stronger acetic
notes. Chemically, the acetic acid isn't as sour, but when tasting
it will seem more sour. Make sure to use a starter that is at
a hydration of around 100 percent. Acetic acid production
a hydration of around \qty{100}{\percent}. Acetic acid production
requires oxygen. A starter that is too liquid tends to favor lactic
acid production because the flour is submerged in water. By submerging
the dough very little oxygen can pass through the water to the fermenting flour.
@@ -157,20 +157,20 @@ time the acetic acid-producing bacteria will perish from your starter.
Another easier option could be to bake your sourdough
twice. I~have observed this when shipping bread for my micro
bakery. The idea was to bake my bread for around 30 minutes
bakery. The idea was to bake my bread for around 30~minutes
until it's sterilized, let it cool down and then ship it
to customers. Once you receive it, you just bake it again
for another 20--30 minutes to achieve the desired crust and
for another 20--30~minutes to achieve the desired crust and
then you can eat it. Some of the customers reported a very sour
tasting bread. After investigating a bit more, it became
crystal clear. By baking the bread twice you don't boil off
as much acid during the baking process. Water
evaporates at around 100°C (212°F) while acetic acid boils at
118°C (244°F) and lactic acid at 122°C (252°F). After baking for 30 minutes
118°C (244°F) and lactic acid at 122°C (252°F). After baking for 30~minutes
at around 230°C (446°F) some of the water has started to evaporate,
but not all the acid yet. If you were to continue to bake, more
and more of the acid would start to evaporate. Now if you were
to stop baking after 30 minutes, you would typically have reached
to stop baking after 30~minutes, you would typically have reached
a core temperature of around 95°C (203°F). Your dough would need
to be cooled down again to room temperature. The crust would
still be quite pale. Then a couple of hours later, you start
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ the tides of your starter towards a better yeast fermentation~\cite*{more+active
To shift the tides even further, a real game changer
for me has been to create a stiff sourdough starter. The
stiff sourdough starter is at a hydration of around 50 percent.
stiff sourdough starter is at a hydration of around \qty{50}{\percent}.
By doing so your sourdough starter will favor yeast
activity a lot more. Your doughs will be more fluffy and less
sour for a given volume increase. I~tested this
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ edges of your starter's container, typically in areas where no active
starter microorganisms can reach. Simply try to extract an
area of your starter that has no mold. Feed it again with flour and
water. After a few feedings, your starter should be back to normal.
Take only a tiny bit of starter: 1--2 grams are enough. They already
Take only a tiny bit of starter: \qtyrange{1}{2}{\gram} are enough. They already
contain millions of microorganisms.
Mold favors aerobic conditions. This means that air is required in order
@@ -280,18 +280,18 @@ growth.}%
\label{fig:fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
\end{figure}
To pickle your starter, simply take a bit of your existing starter (5 grams for
instance). Then feed the mixture with 20g of flour and 100g of water. You have
created a starter with a hydration of around 500 percent. Shake the mixture vigorously.
To pickle your starter, simply take a bit of your existing starter (\qty{5}{\gram} for
instance). Then feed the mixture with \qty{20}{\gram} of flour and \qty{100}{\gram} of water. You have
created a starter with a hydration of around \qty{500}{\percent}. Shake the mixture vigorously.
After a few hours you should start seeing most of the flour near the bottom
of your container. After a while most of the oxygen from the bottom mixture
is depleted and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria will start to thrive. Take a
note of the smell your sourdough starter. If it was previously acetic
it will now change to be a lot more dairy. Extract a bit of your mixture the
next day by shaking everything first. Take 5g of the previous mixture, feed
again with another 20g of flour and another 100g of water. After 2--3
next day by shaking everything first. Take \qty{5}{\gram} of the previous mixture, feed
again with another \qty{20}{\gram} of flour and another \qty{100}{\gram} of water. After 2--3
additional feedings your starter should have adapted. When switching back
to a hydration of 100 percent the mold should have been eliminated. Please note that
to a hydration of \qty{100}{\percent} the mold should have been eliminated. Please note that
more tests should be conducted on this topic. It would be nice to really
carefully analyze the microorganisms before the pickling and after.
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
\caption{My dough tearing after 24 hours of no activity.}%
\caption{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
\label{fig:tearing-dough}
\end{figure}
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ will activate them again. In this case the dough did not ferment
fast enough before the protease broke down the gluten. By activating
your microbes they will start to reproduce and increase in quantity
for as long as there is food available. But this process
in my case was not fast enough. After around 24 hours, the whole
in my case was not fast enough. After around 24~hours, the whole
dough just started to completely tear apart. The whole process was further
accelerated by my using whole wheat flour. Whole wheat
contains more enzymes than white flour.
@@ -495,10 +495,10 @@ you wait. But sometimes your starter becomes sour too fast.
In this case apply daily feedings to your starter. Reduce
the amount of old starter that you use to feed. A ratio
of 1:5:5 or 1:10:10 can do wonders. In this case you would
take 1 part of starter (10g) and feed it with 50g of flour
and 50g of water. This way the microorganisms start
take 1 part of starter (\qty{10}{\gram}) and feed it with \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
and \qty{50}{\gram} of water. This way the microorganisms start
the fermentation in a greenfield environment. This is
similar to the 10 percent starter or 20 percent starter
similar to the \qty{10}{\percent} starter or \qty{20}{\percent} starter
ratio that you use to make a dough. These days I~almost
never use a 1:1:1 ratio. This only makes sense when you
are initially creating your starter. You want a sour
@@ -541,8 +541,8 @@ ultimately lose structure
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
This is the point when
you should use your starter. This could be a
50 percent volume increase, 100
percent or 200 percent. It is always better to use
\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
the starter a little bit
too early rather than too late. If you use the
starter later, reduce the
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ for more information on the topic.
\section{Should I~autolyse my dough?}
In 95 percent of all cases, an autolysis
In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
can read more about the autolysis process in
@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ to fermentolyse rather than autolyse.
\section{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
flour and water (100 percent hydration). A stiffer
sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to 60 percent.
flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ You can also use a water filter with activated charcoal
which will remove the chlorine.
Alternatively, if you draw tap water into a pitcher or other
container and let it sit, loosely covered, the chlorine
should dissipate within 12--24 hours, and you have
should dissipate within 12--24~hours, and you have
the added advantage of automatically having
room-temperature water.
@@ -677,14 +677,14 @@ feeding makes your starter stronger and stronger.
You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.
I~recommend that you add around 5 grams of wheat gluten for every 100 grams of
I~recommend that you add around \qty{5}{\gram} of wheat gluten for every \qty{100}{\gram} of
flour that you are using.
\section{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
percent hydration. So for every 100 grams of flour use around 60 grams of water.
percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ You can include seeds directly at the start when mixing the dough. If you use
whole seeds such as wheat or rye kernels, soak them in water overnight and
then rinse them before adding them to the dough. This makes sure that they
are not crunchy and are soft enough when eating the bread. If you forgot to soak
them you can cook the seeds for 10 minutes in hot water. Rinse them with cold
them you can cook the seeds for 10~minutes in hot water. Rinse them with cold
water before adding them to your dough.
If you want to sweeten the dough, your best option is to add sugar during the