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Typo fixes (#39)
* Typo fixes and phrasing improvements to flour types * Fix typos
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@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ bread can be made with all kinds of flour. You can even use
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flour without gluten such as corn or rice flour to make such
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a dough. To make the flat bread a little more fluffy you
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can use a little bit of wheat flour. The developing gluten
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will trap the gasses. During baking theses gasses will
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will trap the gasses. During baking, these gasses will
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inflate the dough.
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Another trick to improve the texture of the flat bread is to
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@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ an oven.
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\label{fig:free-standing-loaf-pan}
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\end{figure}
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After mixing the ingredients of your dough you can directly
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After mixing the ingredients of your dough, you can directly
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place the dough inside of the loaf pan. This makes the whole
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process simpler as you can skip steps such as shaping the dough.
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process simpler since you can skip steps such as shaping the dough.
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To make a great loaf pan bread with little work:
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@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ to clean them. With each bake a better patina forms making your
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pan more and more stick resistant.
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What's amazing about this type of bread is that it works
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with every flour. Overall time to work the dough is probably
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with every flour. The overall time to work the dough is probably
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less than 5 minutes, making it very easy to integrate
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into your daily routine. Furthermore loaf pans use the space
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in your oven very efficiently. Using the pans I can
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@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ for instance requires you to perform more steps. Mastering this
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technique takes several attempts.
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Once the dough is shaped it is proofed again for a certain
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period of time. Once the dough is ready a sharp tool such
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period of time. Once the dough is ready, a sharp tool such
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as a razor blade is used to make an incision into the dough.
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This helps the dough to better open up during the baking process.
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@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ for this type of bread in the "\nameref{chapter:wheat-sourdough}" chapter.
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\section{Simple flat bread recipe}
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\label{section:flat-bread-recipe}
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If you are just getting started making a flat bread is the
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If you are just getting started, making a flat bread is the
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easiest way to start making great bread at home. With just a
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few steps you can stop buying bread forever. This works with
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every flour, including gluten free options.
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@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ using warm water.
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This way you should have around 11g of sourdough ready in the evening. You will have
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the perfect quantity to make a dough for a single person. In case you want to make more
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bread simply multiply the quantities shown in table \ref*{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}.
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bread, simply multiply the quantities shown in table \ref*{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}.
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Then in the evening simply mix the ingredients as shown in the table. Your dough
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is going to be ready in the morning. It's typically ready after 6-12 hours. If
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@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ and see what you personally like the most.
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After mixing the ingredients together cover the container in which
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you made the dough. This prevents the dough from drying out and makes
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sure no fruit flies get access. A transparent container will be helpful
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when getting stared. You can better observe the dough and see when
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when getting started. You can better observe the dough and see when
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it is ready.
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\begin{figure}[htb!]
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@@ -239,27 +239,27 @@ it is ready.
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The image has been provided by Charliefleurene via Wikipedia}
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\end{figure}
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If you used the flat bread option with less water look at a size increase
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If you used the flat bread option with less water look at the size increase
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of your dough. The dough should have increased at least 50 percent in size.
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Also look out for bubbles bubbles on the edges of your container.
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When going the pancake route look out for bubbles on the surface of your dough.
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Also look out for bubbles on the edges of your container.
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When going the pancake route, look out for bubbles on the surface of your dough.
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In both cases use your nose to check the scent of your dough. Depending
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on your sourdough starter's microbiome your dough will have
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dairy, fruity alcoholic notes or vinegary acetic notes. Relying
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on the smell of your dough is best way to judge whether your
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dough is ready or not. Timings are not reliable as they
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depend on your starter and temperature. If your dough
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is ready too soon you can now move it directly to the fridge to bake
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depend on your starter and the temperature. If your dough
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is ready too soon, you can now move it directly to the fridge to bake
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it at a later more convenient time. The low temperature will halt the fermentation
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process\footnote{There are some exceptions. In some rare cases your starter
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might also work at lower temperatures. You might have cultivated low temperature appreciating
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microbes. Regardless though the fermentation
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microbes. Regardless though, the fermentation
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is always slower the colder it gets. A fridge really helps to preserve the state
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of your dough.}
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and your dough is going to be good for several days. The longer you wait the more sour the
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bread is going to be. The fridge is a great option in case you wanted to
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take the dough with you when visiting friends. People are going
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to love you for the freshly baked flat breads or pancakes. If you dare
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to love you for the freshly baked flat breads or pancakes. If you dare,
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you can also taste a little bit of your raw uncooked dough. It is likely
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going to taste relatively sour. I do this frequently to better evaluate the
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state of my doughs.
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@@ -277,16 +277,16 @@ If you are completely lazy or don't have time, you could also use older sourdoug
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to make the dough directly without any prior starter feedings. Your sourdough starter
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is going to regrow inside of your dough. The
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final bread might be a bit more on the sour side as the balance of yeast to
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bacteria could be a off. In the table I recommended to use around 5 to 20 percent
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bacteria could be off. In the table I recommended using around 5 to 20 percent
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of sourdough starter based on the flour to make the dough. If you were to follow
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this approach just use around 1 percent and make the dough directly.
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this approach, just use around 1 percent and make the dough directly.
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The dough is probably going to be ready 24 hours later depending on the temperature.
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If you wanted to make sweet pan cakes, add some sugar and optional eggs to your dough
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If you wanted to make sweet pancakes, add some sugar and optional eggs to your dough
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now. A good quantity of eggs is around 1 egg per 100 grams of flour.
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Stir your dough a little bit and it is ready to be used. You'll
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have delicious sweet savory pancakes, the perfect combination. By
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adding the sugar now you make sure that the microbes don't have
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adding the sugar now, you make sure that the microbes don't have
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enough time to fully ferment it. If you had added the sugar
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earlier no sweet flavour would be left 12 hours later.
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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ option opt for around 0.1-0.5cm depending on what you like.
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\centering
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\caption{The crumb of a flat bread made with einkorn as flour. Einkorn
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is very low in gluten and thus does not trap as much CO2 as a wheat based
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though. To make the dough fluffier use more water or consider adding
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dough. To make the dough fluffier use more water or consider adding
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more wheat to the mix of your dough.}
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\end{figure}
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@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ bake your breads the more of the acidity is going to evaporate. If your
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dough is a bit more on the sour side you can use this trick to balance
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out the acidity. This really depends on which flavor you are looking for.
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When making a flat bread I recommend to wrap the baked flat breads
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When making a flat bread I recommend wrapping the baked flat breads
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in a kitchen towel. This way more of the evaporating humidity
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stays inside of your breads. This makes sure your flat breads stay
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nice and fluffy for a longer period after the bake. A similar option is
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@@ -330,4 +330,4 @@ Keep a little bit of your unbaked dough. You can use it to make the next
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batch of bread or pancakes for the next day. If you want to bake a few days later, add
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a little bit of water and flour and store this mixture in your fridge
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for as long as you like.\footnote{The starter will stay good for months. If you are out
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for longer consider drying a little bit of your sourdough starter.}
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for longer, consider drying a little bit of your sourdough starter.}
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@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ shop the right flour that you need.
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The most basic flour type is a whole flour. In this case the whole seed has
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been ground to smaller pieces. Sometimes depending on what you want to bake
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the hearty taste of the bran might not be desired. In this case you can use
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whiter flours. With sieves mills remove larger parts of the hull of the seed.
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whiter flours. With sieves, mills remove larger parts of the hull of the seed.
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The seed already contains a pre built germ from the plant waiting to be
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activated. The whitest flour you can get is mostly just the starch part of the seed.
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Depending on which layers are still present names are used to describe the
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Depending on which layers are still present, names are used to describe the
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type of flour.
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\begin{table}[htb!]
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@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ In Germany the ash content is used to describe the flours. The lab will burn
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100 grams of flour in the oven. Then afterwards the remaining ash is extracted
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and measured. Depending on the quantity the flour is categorized. If the flour
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is of type 405 then 405 milligrams of ash have remained after burning the
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flour. The more hull parts the flour has the more minerals remain. So the the
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flour. The more hull parts the flour has the more minerals remain. So the
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higher the number the closer the flour is to whole flour. The numbers are
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slightly different between each grain type. Generally though the higher the
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value, the heartier the taste is going to be.
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@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ value, the heartier the taste is going to be.
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\end{figure}
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If you compare different grain types there are grains with high gluten, low gluten
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and no gluten. Gluten is what enables bread to have the fluffy consistency.
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and no gluten. Gluten is what enables bread to have its fluffy consistency.
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Without gluten the baked goods wouldn't have the same properties. Managing
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gluten makes the whole bread making process more complex as more steps are involved.
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A dough without gluten doesn't have to be kneaded. Kneading creates
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@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ the gluten bonds. The more you knead the stronger they become. With low
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gluten and no gluten flours you only have to mix the ingredients together, making
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sure you properly homogenize everything. During the duration of the fermentation
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the gluten degrades as the microorganisms metabolize it. When too much gluten
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has been converted your dough will no longer have the previosly wheat like described
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has been converted your dough will no longer have the previously wheat-like described
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structure. For no/low gluten flour your main focus is managing acidity. You do not
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want the final bread to be too sour. You do not have to worry about the gluten
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degradation, removing a huge headache from the equation.
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@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ degradation, removing a huge headache from the equation.
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\end{table}
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As gluten has a special role the rest of this chapter is dedicated to having a
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As gluten has a special role, the rest of this chapter is dedicated to having a
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closer look at different gluten flours and how to distinguish them. Spelt
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also contains significant amounts of gluten so the same characteristics hold
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true.
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@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ wrongfully classified. The term \textit{strong or bread} flour in this case
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refers to the properties of the flour. A bread flour is considered to have a
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higher number of protein and thus gluten. This flour is excellent when you
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want to make a sourdough bread as your dough allows for a longer leavening
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period. As described earlier the gluten is consumed by your microorganisms.
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period. As described earlier, the gluten is consumed by your microorganisms.
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The more gluten you have the longer your dough keeps its integrity. If you wanted
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to make a cake you might want to use a flour with less gluten. The gluten binding
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properties might not be desirable. The final cake could have a chewy texture.
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properties might not be desirable since the final cake could have a chewy texture.
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In conclusion not every T405, T45 or T00 flour is the same. Depending on the properties
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of plant they have different properties. For that reason some countries like
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@@ -105,18 +105,18 @@ baking properties. This type of wheat is typically used as animal feed or
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as fermentable biomass for generators. Category \textbf{E} refers to \textit{Elite} wheat. It's
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the highest quality of wheat. This kind of wheat can be harvested when the
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wheat has grown under optimal conditions. You can compare this to a winery
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that uses only the best grapes to make a reserve wine. Unfortunately this is normally never printed
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that uses only the best grapes to make a reserve wine. Unfortunately, this is normally never printed
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on the packaging of the flour that you buy. You can look out for the protein
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value as a possible indicator. However large mills blend together flours to
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value as a possible indicator. However large mills blend flours together to
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maintain quality throughout the years. Blended flour is also not listed on
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the packaging. It might be that bakeries extract gluten from some flour and
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then mix it in order to create better baking flours.
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In italy the so called
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In Italy the so called
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\textbf{W-value} has been introduced to show better how the flour will behave.
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A dough is made and then the resistance of this dough to kneading is measured.
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The more gluten a flour has the more elastic the dough is and the more it will
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resist to kneading. A higher W flour will have a higher gluten content and allow for a longer
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resist kneading. A higher W flour will have a higher gluten content and allow for a longer
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fermentation period. But at the same time it is also harder for the microbes to
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inflate the dough as there is more balloon material. To make an excellent fermented
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product out of a high W flour you will need to have a long fermentation period.
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@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@ your dough with more flavor.
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\end{table}
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Generally when aiming to
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Generally, when aiming to
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bake free standing sourdough bread aim for a higher protein content. If the
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gluten value is relatively low your bread will collapse faster. Baking bread
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is still possible, but it might be easier to use tools such as a loaf pan, or
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to make pan bread.
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to make pan or flat breads.
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An additional rarely considered characteristic of good flour is the level of damaging of the
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An additional rarely considered characteristic of good flour is the level of damage to the
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starch molecules. This is a common problem when you are trying to mill your own wheat flours at
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home. Chances are that your home mill is not able to achieve the same results
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a larger mill can. The damaging of the starches is essential to improve the
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