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Proofreading for rest of the book text. (#73)
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@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
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using non-wheat flour. This includes all flour except spelt.
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The key difference between wheat and non-wheat flour is
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the quantity of gluten. Wheat and spelt feature a high amount
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of gluten. The non-wheat flours do not. In the case of rye flour
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of gluten. The non-wheat flours do not. In the case of rye flour,
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sugars called pentosans prevent gluten bonds from properly
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forming \cite{rye+pentosans}.
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For these flours including rye, emmer, and einkorn no gluten
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For these flours including rye, emmer, and einkorn, no gluten
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development has to be done. This means there is no kneading,
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no overfermentation, and no issues with making flat bread.
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no over-fermentation, and no issues with making flat bread.
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The whole process
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is a lot easier. You mix the ingredients and
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wait for a certain period until the dough has
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reached the level of acidity that you like. Afterward, you
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shape the dough or pour it into a loaf pan. After a short proofing
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period the bread can be baked. Due to the lack
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period, the bread can be baked. Due to the lack
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of gluten development, the final bread will feature a denser
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crumb compared to wheat.
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@@ -39,20 +39,20 @@ be replaced with einkorn or emmer based on your preference.
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The following recipe will make you 2 loaves:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item 1000g of whole rye flour
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\item 800g of room temperature water (80 percent)
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\item 200g of sourdough starter (20 percent)
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\item 20g of salt (2 percent)
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\item 1000 g of whole rye flour
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\item 800 g of room temperature water (80 percent)
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\item 200 g of sourdough starter (20 percent)
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\item 20 g of salt (2 percent)
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\end{itemize}
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The sourdough starter can be in an active or inactive stay. It could have
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The sourdough starter can be in an active or inactive state. It could have
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stayed at room temperature for a week with no feedings and it would
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have been okay. It can come right out of the fridge and still it would
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be no problem. The dough is very forgiving.
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If you follow the suggested dough from the recipe you are making a relatively
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wet rye dough. It's so wet that it can only be made using a loaf pan. In case
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you want to make free-standing rye bread consider reducing the hydration
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you want to make freestanding rye bread, consider reducing the hydration
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to around 60 percent.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ to around 60 percent.
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Mix together all the ingredients with your hands. You can also
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opt for a spatula to simplify things. Rye flour itself is very
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sticky and unpleasant to mix by hand. The dough will stick
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a lot to your hand. If you use a stiff starter it can be
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easier to dissolve it in the dough's water. Once dissolved
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a lot to your hands. If you use a stiff starter, it can be
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easier to dissolve it in the dough's water. Once dissolved,
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add the other ingredients.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sticky-hands}
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\caption{Rye flour has a sugar molecule known as pentosans. These pentosans prevent
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\caption{Rye flour has a sugar molecule known as pentosan. These pentosans prevent
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the rye flour from building gluten bonds. As a result the dough never features an
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open crumb and is always very sticky when hand mixing.}
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\label{fig:non-wheat-sticky-hands}
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@@ -79,37 +79,37 @@ add the other ingredients.
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The goal of the mixing process is to homogenize the dough. There
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is no need to develop any dough strength. Once you see that
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your sourdough starter has been properly incorporated your
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your sourdough starter has been properly incorporated, your
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dough is ready to begin bulk fermentation.
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You can bulk ferment the dough for a few hours up to
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weeks. By extending the bulk fermentation time you increase
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weeks. By extending the bulk fermentation time, you increase
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the acidity the final loaf is going to feature. After around
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48 hours the acidity will no longer increase. This is because
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48 hours, the acidity will no longer increase. This is because
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most of the nutrients have been eaten by your microorganisms.
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You could let your dough sit for longer but it wouldn't alter the
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You could let your dough sit for longer, but it wouldn't alter the
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final flavor profile by much.
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I recommend waiting until the dough has roughly increased by
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50 percent in size. If you are daring you can taste the dough
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50 percent in size. If you are daring, you can taste the dough
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to get an idea of the acidity profile. The dough will likely
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taste very sour. However, a lot of the acidity will evaporate
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during the baking process. So the final loaf will not be
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as sour as the dough you are tasting.
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Once you are happy with the acidification level proceed, divide
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and shape your dough. Shaping might not be possible if you opt
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for the wetter dough. In case you made a drier dough use as much
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Once you are happy with the acidification level, proceed to dividing
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and shaping your dough. Shaping might not be possible if you opt
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for the wetter dough. If you made a drier dough, use as much
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flour as needed to dry the dough a little bit and form a dough ball.
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There is no folding the dough. All you do is tucking it together
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There is no folding the dough. All you do is tuck it together
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as much as is needed to apply the shape of your banneton.
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For the wetter dough use a spatula and pour as much dough as
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For the wetter dough, use a spatula and pour as much dough as
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needed into your greased loaf pan.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb}
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\caption{The crumb structure of rye bread. By making a wetter
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dough more water evaporates during the baking and thus the
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dough, more water evaporates during the baking and thus the
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crumb tends to be a bit more open. Generally, rye
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bread is never as fluffy as wheat sourdough bread. The crust
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of this bread is a bit pale. The crust color can be controlled
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@@ -132,21 +132,21 @@ like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
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good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
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convenient time for you.
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Once you are happy with the proofing stage proceed and bake your dough
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Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
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just like you'd normally do. For more details please refer to chapter
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\ref{chapter:baking} for more details. One challenging aspect
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\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
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of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
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dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
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and measure the internal temperature. The bread is
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ready once the internal temperature reached 92°C (197°F). I recommend
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removing the bread from the loaf pan once you reached the desired
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ready once the internal temperature reaches 92°C (197°F). I recommend
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removing the bread from the loaf pan once you reach the desired
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temperature. Then you can continue baking the loaf without the pan and
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steam. This way you achieve a great crust all around your
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loaf. You can bake as long as you like until you have achieved
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your crust color of choice. The darker the more crunchy
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your crust color of choice. The darker, the more crunchy
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the crust and the more flavor it offers. If you feel your
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dough might have been overly acidic you can extend the baking time.
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The longer you bake the more acidity will evaporate.
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dough might have been overly acidic, you can extend the baking time.
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The longer you bake, the more acidity will evaporate.
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This is one of my favorite breads to bake which I eat on an
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almost daily basis. The effort required to make bread like
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