Review non-wheat chapter

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\label{chapter:wheat-sourdough} \label{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough} \input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough} \input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough}
% \input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex} % \input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex}

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\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
\begin{quoting} \begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
using non-wheat flour. This includes all flour except spelt. using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
The key difference between wheat and non-wheat flour is The key difference between wheat and non-wheat flour is
the quantity of gluten. Wheat and spelt feature a high amount the quantity of gluten, the former feature a high amount
of gluten. The non-wheat flours do not. In the case of rye flour, of gluten, while the non-wheat flours do not.
sugars called pentosans prevent gluten bonds from properly
forming~\cite{rye+pentosans}.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
The whole process (see Flowchart~\ref{flc:non-wheat-sourdough}) is a lot
easier: you mix the ingredients and wait for a certain period until the dough
has reached the level of acidity that you like. Afterward, you shape the
dough or pour it into a loaf pan. After a short proofing period, the bread can
be baked. Due to the lack of gluten development, the final bread will feature
a denser crumb compared to wheat, as you can see in
Picture~\ref{fig:rye-crumb}.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{figures/fig-non-wheat-process.tex}
\caption[Process for non-wheat sourdough bread]{A visualization of the
process to make non-wheat sourdough bread. The process is much simpler
than making wheat sourdough bread. There is no gluten development. The
ingredients are simply mixed together.}%
\label{flc:non-wheat-sourdough}
\end{center}
\end{flowchart}
For non-wheat flours---including rye, emmer, and einkorn---no gluten
development has to be done, meaning there is no kneading, no
over-fermentation, and no issues with making flat bread. In the case of rye
flour, sugars called pentosans prevent gluten bonds from properly
forming~\cite{rye+pentosans}.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{final-bread} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{final-bread}
\caption[Sourdough rye bread]{A sourdough rye bread made using a loaf pan. \caption[Sourdough rye bread]{A sourdough rye bread made using a loaf pan.
@@ -16,49 +41,28 @@ forming~\cite{rye+pentosans}.
\label{fig:non-wheat-final-bread} \label{fig:non-wheat-final-bread}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
For these flours including rye, emmer, and einkorn, no gluten
development has to be done. This means there is no kneading,
no over-fermentation, and no issues with making flat bread.
The whole process
is a lot easier. You mix the ingredients and
wait for a certain period until the dough has
reached the level of acidity that you like. Afterward, you
shape the dough or pour it into a loaf pan. After a short proofing
period, the bread can be baked. Due to the lack
of gluten development, the final bread will feature a denser
crumb compared to wheat.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{figures/fig-non-wheat-process.tex}
\caption[Process for non-wheat sourdough bread]{A visualization of the
process to make non-wheat sourdough bread. The process is much simpler
than making wheat sourdough bread. There is no gluten development. The
ingredients are simply mixed together.}%
\label{fig:non-wheat-sourdough}
\end{center}
\end{flowchart}
This chapter will focus on making rye bread. The flour could This chapter will focus on making rye bread. The flour could
be replaced with einkorn or emmer based on your preference. be replaced with einkorn or emmer based on your preference.
The following recipe will make you 2 loaves: The following recipe will make you 2 loaves:
\begin{itemize}
\item \qty{1000}{\gram} of whole rye flour \begin{tabular}{r@{}rl@{}}
\item \qty{800}{\gram} of room temperature water (\qty{80}{\percent}) \qty{1000}{\gram} &~(\qty{100}{\percent}) & Whole rye flour\\
\item \qty{200}{\gram} of sourdough starter (\qty{20}{\percent}) \qty{800}{\gram} & (\qty{80}{\percent}) & Water at room temperature\\
\item \qty{20}{\gram} of salt (\qty{2}{\percent}) \qty{200}{\gram} & (\qty{20}{\percent}) & Sourdough starter\\
\end{itemize} \qty{20}{\gram} & (\qty{2}{\percent}) & Salt\\
\end{tabular}
The sourdough starter can be in an active or inactive state. If it has been The sourdough starter can be in an active or inactive state. If it has been
at room temperature for a week with no feedings then it will be okay, or at room temperature for a week with no feedings then it will be okay, same
if it has come right out of the fridge then still it will be no problem. if it has come right out of the fridge then still it will be no problem.
The dough is very forgiving. The dough is very forgiving.
If you follow the suggested dough from the recipe you are making a relatively If you follow the suggested quantities from the recipe you are making a
wet rye dough. It's so wet that it can only be made using a loaf pan. If relatively wet rye dough. It's so wet that it can only be made using a loaf
you want to make a freestanding rye bread, consider reducing the hydration pan. If you want to make a freestanding rye bread, consider reducing the
to around \qty{60}{\percent}. hydration to around~\qty{60}{\percent}.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ingredients} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ingredients}
@@ -68,12 +72,11 @@ to around \qty{60}{\percent}.
\label{fig:non-wheat-ingredients} \label{fig:non-wheat-ingredients}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Mix together all the ingredients with your hands. You can also Mix together all the ingredients with your hands, or opt for a spatula to
opt for a spatula to simplify things. Rye flour itself is very simplify things. Rye flour itself is very sticky and unpleasant to mix by
sticky and unpleasant to mix by hand. The dough will stick hand, the dough will stick a lot to your hands. If you use a stiff starter, it
a lot to your hands. If you use a stiff starter, it can be could be easier to first dissolve it in the dough's water, then add the other
easier to dissolve it in the dough's water. Once dissolved, ingredients.
add the other ingredients.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sticky-hands} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sticky-hands}
@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ add the other ingredients.
\label{fig:non-wheat-sticky-hands} \label{fig:non-wheat-sticky-hands}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
The goal of the mixing process is to homogenize the dough. There The goal of the mixing process is simply to homogenize the dough, there
is no need to develop any dough strength. Once you see that is no need to develop any dough strength. Once you see that
your sourdough starter has been properly incorporated, your your sourdough starter has been properly incorporated, your
dough is ready to begin bulk fermentation. dough is ready to begin bulk fermentation.
@@ -97,21 +100,11 @@ most of the nutrients have been eaten by your microorganisms.
You could let your dough sit for longer, but it wouldn't alter the You could let your dough sit for longer, but it wouldn't alter the
final flavor profile by much. final flavor profile by much.
I~recommend waiting until the dough has roughly increased by~\qty{50}{\percent} I~recommend waiting until the dough has roughly increased
in size. If you are daring, you can taste the dough by~\qty{50}{\percent} in size. If you are daring, you can taste the dough to
to get an idea of the acidity profile. The dough will likely get an idea of the acidity profile, it will likely taste very sour. However, a
taste very sour. However, a lot of the acid will evaporate lot of the acid will evaporate during the baking process, therefore the final
during the baking process. So the final loaf will not be loaf will not be as sour as the dough you are tasting.
as sour as the dough you are tasting.
Once you are happy with the acidity level, proceed to dividing
and shaping your dough. Shaping might not be possible if you opt
for the wetter dough. If you made a drier dough, use as much
flour as needed to dry the dough a little bit and form a dough ball.
There is no folding the dough. All you do is tuck it together
as much as is needed to apply the shape of your banneton.
For the wetter dough, use a spatula and pour as much dough as
needed into your greased loaf pan.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb}
@@ -124,15 +117,21 @@ needed into your greased loaf pan.
\label{fig:rye-crumb} \label{fig:rye-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Carefully spread the dough with a spatula in your loaf pan. You Once you are happy with the acidity level, proceed to dividing
can wet the spatula to make this process easier. Spread it and shaping your dough. If you made a drier dough, use as much
until the surface looks smooth and shiny. flour as needed to dry the dough a little bit and form a dough ball.
There is no folding the dough. All you do is tuck it together
as much as is needed to apply the shape of your banneton.
Shaping might not be possible if you opt for the wetter dough. Carefully spread
the dough with a spatula in your greased loaf pan, wetting the spatula to make
this process easier. Spread it until the surface looks smooth and shiny.
For proofing, I~recommend waiting around 60~minutes. An extended For proofing, I~recommend waiting around 60~minutes. An extended
proofing period does not make sense unless you want to further proofing period does not make sense unless you want to further
increase the dough's acidity. The dough will not become fluffier increase the dough's acidity. The dough will not become fluffier
the longer you proof. With the short proofing period, however, the longer you proof. With the short proofing period, however,
the dough will become a bit more homogenous. This way the final the dough will become a bit more homogeneous. This way the final
bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the
dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
@@ -140,24 +139,23 @@ good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
convenient time for you. convenient time for you.
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
just like you'd normally do. For more details please refer to just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
and measure the internal temperature. The bread is and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal
ready once the internal temperature reaches \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF}). I~recommend temperature reaches \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF}). I~recommend
removing the bread from the loaf pan once it reaches the desired removing the bread from the loaf pan once it reaches the desired temperature,
temperature. Then you can continue baking the loaf without the pan and then continue baking the loaf without the pan and steam. This way you achieve
steam. This way you achieve a great crust all around your a great crust all around your loaf, and can bake as long as you like until you
loaf. You can bake as long as you like until you have achieved have achieved your crust color of choice. The darker, the more crunchy
your crust color of choice. The darker, the more crunchy the crust and the more flavor it offers. If you feel your dough might have
the crust and the more flavor it offers. If you feel your been overly acidic you can extend the baking time, as the longer you bake, the
dough might have been overly acidic, you can extend the baking time. more acidity will evaporate.
The longer you bake, the more acidity will evaporate.
This is one of my favorite breads to bake which I~eat on an This is one of my favorite breads to bake which I~eat on an
almost daily basis. The effort required to make bread like almost daily basis. The effort required to make bread like
this is much lower compared to a wheat-based dough. In some this is much lower compared to a wheat-based dough. In some
cases, I~extend the recipe and add additional sourdough discard cases, I~extend the recipe and add additional sourdough discard
to the dough. You can add as much discard as you like. The resulting to the dough. You can add as much discard as you like. The resulting
bread has a very complex but delicious flavor profile. bread will have a very complex but delicious flavor profile.