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Review non-wheat chapter
Usual typos and text improvements plus a little LaTeX magic for better typography
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@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@
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\label{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
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\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
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\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
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\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
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\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough}
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% \input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex}
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@@ -1,13 +1,38 @@
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\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
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\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
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\begin{quoting}
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In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
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using non-wheat flour. This includes all flour except spelt.
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using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
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The key difference between wheat and non-wheat flour is
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the quantity of gluten. Wheat and spelt feature a high amount
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of gluten. The non-wheat flours do not. In the case of rye flour,
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sugars called pentosans prevent gluten bonds from properly
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forming~\cite{rye+pentosans}.
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the quantity of gluten, the former feature a high amount
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of gluten, while the non-wheat flours do not.
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\end{quoting}
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The whole process (see Flowchart~\ref{flc:non-wheat-sourdough}) is a lot
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easier: you mix the ingredients and wait for a certain period until the dough
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has reached the level of acidity that you like. Afterward, you shape the
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dough or pour it into a loaf pan. After a short proofing period, the bread can
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be baked. Due to the lack of gluten development, the final bread will feature
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a denser crumb compared to wheat, as you can see in
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Picture~\ref{fig:rye-crumb}.
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\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
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\begin{center}
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\input{figures/fig-non-wheat-process.tex}
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\caption[Process for non-wheat sourdough bread]{A visualization of the
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process to make non-wheat sourdough bread. The process is much simpler
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than making wheat sourdough bread. There is no gluten development. The
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ingredients are simply mixed together.}%
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\label{flc:non-wheat-sourdough}
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\end{center}
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\end{flowchart}
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For non-wheat flours---including rye, emmer, and einkorn---no gluten
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development has to be done, meaning there is no kneading, no
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over-fermentation, and no issues with making flat bread. In the case of rye
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flour, sugars called pentosans prevent gluten bonds from properly
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forming~\cite{rye+pentosans}.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{final-bread}
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\caption[Sourdough rye bread]{A sourdough rye bread made using a loaf pan.
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@@ -16,49 +41,28 @@ forming~\cite{rye+pentosans}.
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\label{fig:non-wheat-final-bread}
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\end{figure}
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For these flours including rye, emmer, and einkorn, no gluten
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development has to be done. This means there is no kneading,
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no over-fermentation, and no issues with making flat bread.
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The whole process
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is a lot easier. You mix the ingredients and
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wait for a certain period until the dough has
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reached the level of acidity that you like. Afterward, you
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shape the dough or pour it into a loaf pan. After a short proofing
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period, the bread can be baked. Due to the lack
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of gluten development, the final bread will feature a denser
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crumb compared to wheat.
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\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
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\begin{center}
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\input{figures/fig-non-wheat-process.tex}
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\caption[Process for non-wheat sourdough bread]{A visualization of the
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process to make non-wheat sourdough bread. The process is much simpler
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than making wheat sourdough bread. There is no gluten development. The
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ingredients are simply mixed together.}%
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\label{fig:non-wheat-sourdough}
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\end{center}
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\end{flowchart}
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This chapter will focus on making rye bread. The flour could
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be replaced with einkorn or emmer based on your preference.
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The following recipe will make you 2 loaves:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \qty{1000}{\gram} of whole rye flour
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\item \qty{800}{\gram} of room temperature water (\qty{80}{\percent})
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\item \qty{200}{\gram} of sourdough starter (\qty{20}{\percent})
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\item \qty{20}{\gram} of salt (\qty{2}{\percent})
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{tabular}{r@{}rl@{}}
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\qty{1000}{\gram} &~(\qty{100}{\percent}) & Whole rye flour\\
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\qty{800}{\gram} & (\qty{80}{\percent}) & Water at room temperature\\
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\qty{200}{\gram} & (\qty{20}{\percent}) & Sourdough starter\\
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\qty{20}{\gram} & (\qty{2}{\percent}) & Salt\\
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\end{tabular}
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The sourdough starter can be in an active or inactive state. If it has been
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at room temperature for a week with no feedings then it will be okay, or
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at room temperature for a week with no feedings then it will be okay, same
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if it has come right out of the fridge then still it will be no problem.
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The dough is very forgiving.
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If you follow the suggested dough from the recipe you are making a relatively
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wet rye dough. It's so wet that it can only be made using a loaf pan. If
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you want to make a freestanding rye bread, consider reducing the hydration
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to around \qty{60}{\percent}.
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If you follow the suggested quantities from the recipe you are making a
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relatively wet rye dough. It's so wet that it can only be made using a loaf
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pan. If you want to make a freestanding rye bread, consider reducing the
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hydration to around~\qty{60}{\percent}.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ingredients}
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@@ -68,12 +72,11 @@ to around \qty{60}{\percent}.
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\label{fig:non-wheat-ingredients}
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\end{figure}
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Mix together all the ingredients with your hands. You can also
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opt for a spatula to simplify things. Rye flour itself is very
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sticky and unpleasant to mix by hand. The dough will stick
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a lot to your hands. If you use a stiff starter, it can be
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easier to dissolve it in the dough's water. Once dissolved,
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add the other ingredients.
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Mix together all the ingredients with your hands, or opt for a spatula to
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simplify things. Rye flour itself is very sticky and unpleasant to mix by
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hand, the dough will stick a lot to your hands. If you use a stiff starter, it
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could be easier to first dissolve it in the dough's water, then add the other
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ingredients.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sticky-hands}
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@@ -84,7 +87,7 @@ add the other ingredients.
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\label{fig:non-wheat-sticky-hands}
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\end{figure}
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The goal of the mixing process is to homogenize the dough. There
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The goal of the mixing process is simply to homogenize the dough, there
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is no need to develop any dough strength. Once you see that
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your sourdough starter has been properly incorporated, your
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dough is ready to begin bulk fermentation.
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@@ -97,21 +100,11 @@ most of the nutrients have been eaten by your microorganisms.
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You could let your dough sit for longer, but it wouldn't alter the
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final flavor profile by much.
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I~recommend waiting until the dough has roughly increased by~\qty{50}{\percent}
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in size. If you are daring, you can taste the dough
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to get an idea of the acidity profile. The dough will likely
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taste very sour. However, a lot of the acid will evaporate
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during the baking process. So the final loaf will not be
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as sour as the dough you are tasting.
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Once you are happy with the acidity level, proceed to dividing
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and shaping your dough. Shaping might not be possible if you opt
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for the wetter dough. If you made a drier dough, use as much
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flour as needed to dry the dough a little bit and form a dough ball.
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There is no folding the dough. All you do is tuck it together
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as much as is needed to apply the shape of your banneton.
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For the wetter dough, use a spatula and pour as much dough as
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needed into your greased loaf pan.
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I~recommend waiting until the dough has roughly increased
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by~\qty{50}{\percent} in size. If you are daring, you can taste the dough to
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get an idea of the acidity profile, it will likely taste very sour. However, a
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lot of the acid will evaporate during the baking process, therefore the final
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loaf will not be as sour as the dough you are tasting.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb}
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@@ -124,15 +117,21 @@ needed into your greased loaf pan.
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\label{fig:rye-crumb}
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\end{figure}
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Carefully spread the dough with a spatula in your loaf pan. You
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can wet the spatula to make this process easier. Spread it
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until the surface looks smooth and shiny.
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Once you are happy with the acidity level, proceed to dividing
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and shaping your dough. If you made a drier dough, use as much
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flour as needed to dry the dough a little bit and form a dough ball.
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There is no folding the dough. All you do is tuck it together
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as much as is needed to apply the shape of your banneton.
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Shaping might not be possible if you opt for the wetter dough. Carefully spread
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the dough with a spatula in your greased loaf pan, wetting the spatula to make
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this process easier. Spread it until the surface looks smooth and shiny.
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For proofing, I~recommend waiting around 60~minutes. An extended
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proofing period does not make sense unless you want to further
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increase the dough's acidity. The dough will not become fluffier
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the longer you proof. With the short proofing period, however,
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the dough will become a bit more homogenous. This way the final
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the dough will become a bit more homogeneous. This way the final
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bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the
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dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
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like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
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@@ -140,24 +139,23 @@ good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
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convenient time for you.
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Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
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just like you'd normally do. For more details please refer to
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just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
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Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
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of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
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dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
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and measure the internal temperature. The bread is
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ready once the internal temperature reaches \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF}). I~recommend
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removing the bread from the loaf pan once it reaches the desired
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temperature. Then you can continue baking the loaf without the pan and
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steam. This way you achieve a great crust all around your
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loaf. You can bake as long as you like until you have achieved
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your crust color of choice. The darker, the more crunchy
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the crust and the more flavor it offers. If you feel your
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dough might have been overly acidic, you can extend the baking time.
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The longer you bake, the more acidity will evaporate.
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and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal
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temperature reaches \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF}). I~recommend
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removing the bread from the loaf pan once it reaches the desired temperature,
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then continue baking the loaf without the pan and steam. This way you achieve
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a great crust all around your loaf, and can bake as long as you like until you
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have achieved your crust color of choice. The darker, the more crunchy
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the crust and the more flavor it offers. If you feel your dough might have
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been overly acidic you can extend the baking time, as the longer you bake, the
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more acidity will evaporate.
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This is one of my favorite breads to bake which I~eat on an
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almost daily basis. The effort required to make bread like
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this is much lower compared to a wheat-based dough. In some
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cases, I~extend the recipe and add additional sourdough discard
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to the dough. You can add as much discard as you like. The resulting
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bread has a very complex but delicious flavor profile.
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bread will have a very complex but delicious flavor profile.
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