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@@ -16,26 +16,26 @@ a bread dough close to the Nile river. The lady forgot the
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dough and returned a few days later. She would notice that
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dough and returned a few days later. She would notice that
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the dough had increased in size and smelled funky. She decided
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the dough had increased in size and smelled funky. She decided
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to bake the dough anyways. She was rewarded with a much
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to bake the dough anyways. She was rewarded with a much
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lighter softer better tasting bread dough. From that day
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lighter, softer, better tasting bread dough. From that day
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on she continued to make bread this way.
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on she continued to make bread this way.
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Little did the people back then know that tiny microorganisms
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Little did the people back then know that tiny microorganisms
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were the reason they made better bread. It is not clear when
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were the reason they made better bread. It is not clear when
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people started using a bit of the dough from the previous
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people started using a bit of the dough from the previous
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day for the next batch of dough. But by doing so sourdough
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day for the next batch of dough. But by doing so, sourdough
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bread making was born. Wild yeast on the flour and in the air
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bread making was born. Wild yeast in the flour and in the air
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plus bacteria start to decompose the flour-water mixture, also
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plus bacteria start to decompose the flour-water mixture, also
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known as your dough. The yeast makes the dough fluffy and
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known as your dough. The yeast makes the dough fluffy and
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the bacteria primarily creates acidity. Both the different
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the bacteria primarily creates acidity. The different
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microorganisms work in a symbiotic relationship. Humans
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microorganisms work in a symbiotic relationship. Humans
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appreciated the enhanced airy structure and slight acidity
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appreciated the enhanced airy structure and slight acidity
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of the dough. Furthermore, the shelf life of such bread
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of the dough. Furthermore, the shelf life of such bread
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was extended due to the increased acidity.
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was extended due to the increased acidity.
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Quickly similar processes were discovered when brewing beer
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Quickly, similar processes were discovered when brewing beer
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or making wine. A small tiny batch of the previous production
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or making wine. A small tiny batch of the previous production
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would be used for the next production. In this way, humans created
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would be used for the next production. In this way, humans created
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modern bread yeasts, wine yeasts, and beer yeasts. Only in 1680
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modern bread yeasts, wine yeasts, and beer yeasts. Only in 1680,
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the scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscoped yeast
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the scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek first microscoped yeast
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microorganisms. Over time with each batch, the yeasts and bacteria
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microorganisms. Over time with each batch, the yeasts and bacteria
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would become better at consuming whatever they were thrown at.
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would become better at consuming whatever they were thrown at.
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@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ of the beer fermentation to start making doughs. They would notice
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that the resulting bread doughs were becoming fluffy and compared
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that the resulting bread doughs were becoming fluffy and compared
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to the sourdough process would lack the acidity in the final product.
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to the sourdough process would lack the acidity in the final product.
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A popular example is shown in a report from 1875. Eben Norton Horsford
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A popular example is shown in a report from 1875. Eben Norton Horsford
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would write about the famous "Kaiser Semmeln" (Emperor's bread rolls).
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wrote about the famous "Kaiser Semmeln" (Emperor's bread rolls).
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These are essentially bread rolls made with brewer's yeast instead
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These are essentially bread rolls made with brewer's yeast instead
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of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive
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of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive,
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bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
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bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
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in Vienna \cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
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in Vienna \cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
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@@ -92,13 +92,13 @@ The problem compounded when I started reading about sourdough. It all sounded li
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magic. Why were some sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour?
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magic. Why were some sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour?
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Why should one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
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Why should one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
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sourdough be fed? The questions I had then could have filled 20 pages. I was confused,
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sourdough be fed? The questions I had then could have filled 20 pages. I was confused,
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but became even more determined to learn how decent bread at home should be made.
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but became even more determined to learn how decent bread should be made at home.
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The feedback I received from friends helped me to improve with each
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The feedback I received from friends helped me to improve with each
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iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months
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iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months
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for this feedback, bread making is much more direct. Plus, you can eat your successes
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for this feedback, bread making is much more direct. Plus, you can eat your successes
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(and failures!) And, much to my surprise, even those failures started tasting better than
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(and failures!) And, much to my surprise, even those failures started tasting better than
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most store-bought breads. Eating a homemade bread that took you hours to make allows you
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most store-bought breads. Eating a homemade bread that takes you hours to make allows you
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to develop a different relationship with your food, and baking bread from scratch with my
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to develop a different relationship with your food, and baking bread from scratch with my
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bare hands was a welcome change after hours of working on the computer.
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bare hands was a welcome change after hours of working on the computer.
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@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ In software terms, this would be a {\it bread framework}.
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It is my goal for this book to help everyone facing issues with flour, fermentation, baking,
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It is my goal for this book to help everyone facing issues with flour, fermentation, baking,
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and more. It should provide a detailed understanding as to why certain steps are necessary
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and more. It should provide a detailed understanding as to why certain steps are necessary
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and how to adapt when things go wrong while making bread.
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and how to adapt then when things go wrong while making bread.
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It is my desire for this knowledge to be accessible to everyone around the world, regardless
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It is my desire for this knowledge to be accessible to everyone around the world, regardless
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of budget, and as such, do not want to charge for the book. That's why I've decided to make
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of budget, and as such, do not want to charge for the book. That's why I've decided to make
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@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
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In this chapter you will learn how to make your
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In this chapter you will learn how to make your
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own sourdough starter. Before doing so you will
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own sourdough starter. Before doing so you will
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quickly learn about baker's math. Don't worry,
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quickly learn about baker's math. Don't worry,
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it's a very simple way how to write recipe in
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it's a very simple way how to write a recipe which
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a cleaner more scalable way. Once you get the hang
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is cleaner and more scalable. Once you get the hang
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of it you will want to write every recipe this way.
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of it you will want to write every recipe this way.
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You will learn to understand the signs to determine
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You will learn to understand the signs to determine
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your starter's readiness. Furthermore you will
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your starter's readiness. Furthermore you will
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also learn how to store your starter for
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also learn how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
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long-term storage.
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\section{Baker's math}
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\section{Baker's math}
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\label{section:bakers-math}
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\label{section:bakers-math}
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In a large bakery a determining factor is how
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In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
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much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
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much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
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of flour you have you can calculate how many
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of flour you have, you can calculate how many
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breads or buns you can make. To make it easy
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loaves or buns you can make. To make it easy
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for bakers the quantity of each ingredient
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for bakers the quantity of each ingredient
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is calculated as a percentage based on how much flour you have.
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is calculated as a percentage based on how much flour you have.
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Let me demonstrate this with a small example from
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Let me demonstrate this with a small example from
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@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ math and then adjust it for the 1.4 kilogram flour quantity.
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\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
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\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{%
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\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|}
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\begin{tabular}{|l|r|r|}
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\hline
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\hline
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\textbf{Ingredient} & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Explanation}} & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Explanation}} \\ \hline
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\textbf{Ingredient} & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Percent}} & \multicolumn{1}{l|}{\textbf{Calculation}} \\ \hline
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1000g flour & 100\% & 1000g of 1000g = 100\% \\ \hline
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1000g flour & 100\% & 1000g of 1000g = 100\% \\ \hline
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600g water & 60\% & 600g of 1000g = 60\% \\ \hline
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600g water & 60\% & 600g of 1000g = 60\% \\ \hline
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100g sourdough starter & 10\% & 100g of 1000g = 10\% \\ \hline
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100g sourdough starter & 10\% & 100g of 1000g = 10\% \\ \hline
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@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ based on the flour. The 100 percent is the baseline as the absolute
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amount of flour that you have at hand. In this case that's 1000 grams
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amount of flour that you have at hand. In this case that's 1000 grams
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(1 kilogram).
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(1 kilogram).
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Now let's go back to our example and just the flour as we have
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Now let's go back to our example and add just the flour, as we have
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more flour available the next day. As mentioned the next day
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more flour available the next day. As mentioned the next day
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we have 1.4 kilograms at hand (1400 grams).
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we have 1.4 kilograms at hand (1400 grams).
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@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ probably not so good and metabolizing glucose. The contamination
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of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
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of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
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battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
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battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
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niche are going to survive. This means the microorganisms that know
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niche are going to survive. This means the microorganisms that know
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how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or these
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how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
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microbes that ferment the waste of the other microbes. Ethanol created
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microbes that ferment the waste of the other microbes. Ethanol created
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by the yeast is metabolized by the bacteria in your sourdough. That's
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by the yeast is metabolized by the bacteria in your sourdough. That's
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why a sourdough has no alcohol. I can confirm the role of aerial
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why a sourdough has no alcohol. I can confirm the role of aerial
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@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ you see and notice is a sign of the first battle. Some microbes
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have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
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have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
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After around 24 hours most of the starch has been broken down
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After around 24 hours most of the starch has been broken down
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and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
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and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
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take around 10 grams from the previous day mixture and place
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take around 10 grams from the previous day's mixture and place
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it in a new container. Again - you could also simply eye ball
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it in a new container. Again - you could also simply eye ball
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all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the 10
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all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the 10
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grams from the previous day with another 50 grams of flour
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grams from the previous day with another 50 grams of flour
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@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ mold. In many user reports I saw mold being able to damage
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the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot. You will
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the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot. You will
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still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
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still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
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possibly dangerous pathogens that have been activated we will discard
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possibly dangerous pathogens that have been activated we will discard
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this mixture for now. Once your sourdough starter is mature never
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this mixture. Once your sourdough starter is mature never
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discard it. It's long fermented flour that is an excellent addon
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discard it. It's long fermented flour that is an excellent addon
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used to make crackers, pancakes and or delicious hearty sandwich
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used to make crackers, pancakes and or delicious hearty sandwich
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breads. I also frequently dry it and use it as a rolling agent
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breads. I also frequently dry it and use it as a rolling agent
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@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ in size and/or the starter changing its smell. Some people give
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up after the second or third day. That is because the signs might no longer
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up after the second or third day. That is because the signs might no longer
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be as dominant as they were on day one. The reason for this lies in only a few
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be as dominant as they were on day one. The reason for this lies in only a few
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select microbes starting to take over the whole sourdough starter. The most
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select microbes starting to take over the whole sourdough starter. The most
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adapt ones are going to win. They are very small in quantity and will
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adaptable ones are going to win. They are very small in quantity and will
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grow in population with each subsequent feeding. Even if you see no signs
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grow in population with each subsequent feeding. Even if you see no signs
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of activity directly, don't worry. There is activity in
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of activity directly, don't worry. There is activity in
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your starter on a microscopic level.
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your starter on a microscopic level.
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@@ -323,7 +322,7 @@ case I would proceed to take tiny bit of the dough at the end of the
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fermentation period. This piece I would use to regrow my starter again}
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fermentation period. This piece I would use to regrow my starter again}
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As explained earlier your starter is adapt
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As explained earlier your starter is adapted
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to fermenting flour. The microbes in your starter are very resilient. They
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to fermenting flour. The microbes in your starter are very resilient. They
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block external pathogens and other microbes. That is the reason why when
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block external pathogens and other microbes. That is the reason why when
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buying a sourdough starter you will preserve the original microbes. They are
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buying a sourdough starter you will preserve the original microbes. They are
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@@ -412,7 +411,7 @@ day return your starter. It is in a vulnerable state as there is still a bit
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of humidity left. Add some more flour to speed up the drying process. Repeat
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of humidity left. Add some more flour to speed up the drying process. Repeat
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for another 2 days until you feel that there is no humidity left. This is
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for another 2 days until you feel that there is no humidity left. This is
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important or else it might start to mold. Once this is done simply store the
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important or else it might start to mold. Once this is done simply store the
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starter in an airtight container. If you can proceed and freeze
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starter in an airtight container. Or you can proceed and freeze
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the dried starter. Both options work perfectly fine. Your sporulated starter
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the dried starter. Both options work perfectly fine. Your sporulated starter
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is now waiting for your next feeding.
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is now waiting for your next feeding.
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