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@@ -8,60 +8,37 @@ situation. You can then apply the appropriate measures and squash each
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\section{Starter}
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\subsection{My starter does not double in size}
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Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to
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double in size before using it.
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The idea is to use the sourdough starter at
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peak performance to ensure a
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Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to double in size before using it.
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The idea is to use the sourdough starter at peak performance to ensure a
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balanced fermentation in the main dough.
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The doubling in size metric should be
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taken with a grain of salt when judging
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your starter. Depending on the flour
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you use to feed the starter, different levels
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of its rising can be expected.
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For instance, if you use rye flour then only
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very little gas from the
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fermentation can be retained inside the
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starter. In consequence, your
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sourdough starter will not rise as much. It
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could still be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten,
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the starter will not rise as
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much either. The reason is that you have a weaker
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gluten network resulting in
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more gas dispersing out of your dough.
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The doubling in size metric should be taken with a grain of salt when judging
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your starter. Depending on the flour you use to feed the starter, different
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levels of its rising can be expected. For instance, if you use rye flour then
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only very little gas from the fermentation can be retained inside the starter.
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In consequence, your sourdough starter will not rise as much. It could still
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be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten, the starter will
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not rise as much either. The reason is that you have a weaker gluten network
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resulting in more gas dispersing out of your dough.
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That being said, it is recommended that you develop
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your volume increase
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metric. Your starter will increase in size and then
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ultimately lose structure
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and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
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This is the point when
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you should use your starter. This could be a
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\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
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percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
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the starter a little bit
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too early rather than too late. If you use the
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starter later, reduce the
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quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a 20
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percent starter quantity,
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use only 10
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percent starter in that case. Your starter will
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regrow in your main dough.
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That being said, it is recommended that you develop your volume increase
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metric. Your starter will increase in size and then ultimately lose structure
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and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. This is the point when
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you should use your starter. This could be a \qty{50}{\percent} volume
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increase, \qty{100}{\percent} or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to
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use the starter a little bit too early rather than too late. If you use the
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starter later, reduce the quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a
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\qty{20}{\percent} starter quantity, use only \qty{10}{\percent} starter in
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that case. Your starter will regrow in your main dough.
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On top of relying on the size increase, start
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taking note of your starter's
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smell. Over time you will be able to judge its
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fermentation state based on the
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smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further
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your dough has fermented.
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This is a sign that you should use less starter
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when making the actual dough.
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On top of relying on the size increase, start taking note of your starter's
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smell. Over time you will be able to judge its fermentation state based on the
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smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further your dough has fermented.
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This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough.
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Please refer to
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Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
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for more information on the topic.
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Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{sec:readying-starter}'' for more
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information on the topic.
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\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
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@@ -87,9 +64,9 @@ process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
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can speed up the process.
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\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
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A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
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flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
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sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
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A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of flour and water
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(\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer sourdough starter features a
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hydration level of \qtyrange{50}{60}{\percent}.
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The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
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of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
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@@ -195,15 +172,14 @@ the top.
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\label{fig:hooch}
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\end{figure}
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Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back
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into your starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of
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your sourdough starter to set up the starter for your next bread.
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Once hooch appears, your starter has likely fermented for a long
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period of time. It might be very sour. This state of starter
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is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard bread. Don't throw
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anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long fermented
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dough in front of you. Compare it to a 2 year ripened Parmigiano cheese.
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The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
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Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back into your
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starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of your sourdough
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starter to set up the starter for your next bread. Once hooch appears, your
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starter has likely fermented for a long period of time. It might be very sour.
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This state of starter is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard
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bread. Don't throw anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long
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fermented dough in front of you. Compare it to a two year ripened Parmigiano
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cheese. The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
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\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
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@@ -250,6 +226,7 @@ fewer and fewer. Furthermore, it seems that lactic acid bacteria produce
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metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
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\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
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interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
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@@ -320,7 +297,7 @@ When tasting acetic acid, the flavor of your bread is often perceived
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as quite strong.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
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\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
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acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
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@@ -399,13 +376,14 @@ bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
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\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
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Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
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greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
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percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
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This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
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make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
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greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around
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\qty{60}{\percent} hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use
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around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. This ballpark figure will work for most
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flours. With this hydration, you can make bread, buns, pizzas, and even
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baguettes out of the same dough.
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With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more yeast
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fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
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With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more
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yeast fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
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\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
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@@ -421,13 +399,14 @@ the more gluten is broken down. As the gluten holds the
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wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
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\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
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\label{fig:tearing-dough}
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\end{figure}
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In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
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using a starter that has not been fed for 30 days at room temperature.
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using a starter that has not been fed for 30~days at room temperature.
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I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
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Typically after a long period
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without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
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