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Do not pretend Evan's mills were steam powered (#453)
* Do not pretend Evan's mills were steam powered Theuy defo were not in his book. * Incorporate feedback for Evan mill machine text All credits to @tbpassin * Fix typos
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@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ Another 25~million years later, or our timeline's 2~days after the dinosaur
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extinction, humans appeared.
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extinction, humans appeared.
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A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
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A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
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revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5 seconds before our metaphorical
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revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5~seconds before our
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midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient Jordan. A blink of
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metaphorical midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient
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an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression, Pasteur's groundbreaking work
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Jordan. A blink of an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression,
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with yeasts set the stage for modern bread-making. From the moment this book
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Pasteur's groundbreaking work with yeasts set the stage for modern
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began to take shape to your current reading, only milliseconds have ticked
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bread-making. From the moment this book began to take shape to your current
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by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
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reading, only milliseconds have ticked by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
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Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
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Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
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Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
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Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
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@@ -186,12 +186,11 @@ of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive,
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bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
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bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
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in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
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in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
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As industrialization began the first steam-powered grain mill was developed by
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Industrialization of the grist milling process, starting in the late
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Oliver Evans in \num{1785}. Evans' design incorporated several innovations,
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18\textsuperscript{th}~century with Oliver Evans (\num{1785}) and his mill
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including automated machinery for various milling processes, making it more
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designs for continuous hands-off flour production~\cite{evans+mill}, and
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efficient than traditional water or animal-powered mills. His steam-powered
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evolving to steam-powered mills, made possible significant advancements in
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mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
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bread production.
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making~\cite{evans+mill}.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\centering
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@@ -200,32 +199,30 @@ making~\cite{evans+mill}.
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\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
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\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
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The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}.
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The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered
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The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered the process of alcoholic
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the process of alcoholic fermentation. He would prove that
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fermentation. He would prove that yeast microorganisms are the reason for
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yeast microorganisms are the reason for alcoholic fermentation
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alcoholic fermentation and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his
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and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his research and
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research and was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
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was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
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Soon later in \num{1868} the Fleischmann brothers Charles and Maximilian were
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Soon later in \num{1868} the Fleischmann brothers Charles
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the first to patent pure yeast strains for bread making. The yeasts offered
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and Maximilian were the first to patent pure yeast strains
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for bread making. The yeasts offered
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were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
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were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
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to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}.
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to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}. The
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The pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged
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pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged at leavening bread
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at leavening bread doughs. What would previously take 10~hours
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doughs. What would previously take 10~hours to leaven a bread dough could now
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to leaven a bread dough could now be done within 1~hour.
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be done within 1~hour. The process became much more efficient. What
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The process became much more efficient. What ultimately made making large
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ultimately made making large batches of dough possible, was the invention of
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batches of dough possible, was the invention of the electrical kneader. Rufus
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the electrical kneader. Rufus Eastman, an American inventor, is often
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Eastman, an American inventor, is often credited with an important advancement
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credited with an important advancement in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he
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in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he received a patent for an electric mixer
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received a patent for an electric mixer with a mechanical hand-crank
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with a mechanical hand-crank mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as
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mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as widely adopted as later
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widely adopted as later electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to
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electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to mechanize mixing and kneading
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mechanize mixing and kneading processes in the kitchen using electricity.
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processes in the kitchen using electricity. Eastman's invention represented
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Eastman's invention represented an important step in the development of
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an important step in the development of electric mixers, but it wasn't as
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electric mixers, but it wasn't as sophisticated or popular as later models
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sophisticated or popular as later models like the KitchenAid mixer. The
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like the KitchenAid mixer. The KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is
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KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is often recognized as one of the
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often recognized as one of the first widely successful electric mixers and
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first widely successful electric mixers and played a significant role in
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played a significant role in revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
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revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
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cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
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cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
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During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
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During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
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@@ -239,8 +236,8 @@ reason, none of the supermarket flour you buy today is single origin. It is
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always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
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always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
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Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
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Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
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commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20th century. This
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commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20\textsuperscript{th}
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period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
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century. This period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
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One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
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One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
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Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,
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Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,
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