mirror of
https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework
synced 2025-11-08 04:01:11 -06:00
Harmonize labels names and use centering
A few reformating as well, commit mainly about consistency.
This commit is contained in:
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
|
||||
\end{quoting}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
|
||||
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
|
||||
interact with flour.}%
|
||||
\label{infographic-enzymes}
|
||||
\label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Enzymatic reactions}
|
||||
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ activity so that it can thrive in its new environment.
|
||||
Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that
|
||||
trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to
|
||||
mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of
|
||||
these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
|
||||
these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
|
||||
study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that
|
||||
milling flour
|
||||
at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting
|
||||
@@ -191,17 +192,19 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
|
||||
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
|
||||
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
|
||||
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
|
||||
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
|
||||
would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
|
||||
result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
|
||||
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
|
||||
goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
|
||||
hull. As a result, they are activated
|
||||
first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
|
||||
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
|
||||
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
|
||||
doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
|
||||
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
|
||||
flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
|
||||
\label{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||
\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
|
||||
@@ -220,14 +223,14 @@ variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
|
||||
other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
|
||||
create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
|
||||
interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
|
||||
page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
|
||||
page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
|
||||
microscope.}%
|
||||
\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||
\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
|
||||
@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
|
||||
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
|
||||
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
|
||||
|
||||
\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
|
||||
\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
|
||||
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
|
||||
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
|
||||
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
|
||||
@@ -341,10 +344,11 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
|
||||
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
|
||||
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
|
||||
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
|
||||
\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
|
||||
\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ of them. Some breads will require investment and technique, as depicted in
|
||||
Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most
|
||||
accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person
|
||||
and/or don’t have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should
|
||||
consider.
|
||||
consider.
|
||||
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex}
|
||||
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
||||
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
|
||||
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:bakers-math}
|
||||
``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
|
||||
``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
|
||||
use the percentages properly.}%
|
||||
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
|
||||
organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
|
||||
starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
|
||||
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
|
||||
bread can be considered a very recent invention.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
|
||||
events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
|
||||
@@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
|
||||
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
|
||||
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
|
||||
dense crumb structure.}%
|
||||
\label{einkorn-crumb}
|
||||
\label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
|
||||
@@ -193,9 +194,10 @@ mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
|
||||
making~\cite{evans+mill}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
|
||||
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
|
||||
\label{sourdough-stove}
|
||||
\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
|
||||
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
|
||||
\item Coffee
|
||||
\item Eggs
|
||||
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors})
|
||||
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors})
|
||||
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
|
||||
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
|
||||
\item Mashed potatoes
|
||||
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Colors}%
|
||||
\label{section:colors}
|
||||
\label{sec:colors}
|
||||
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
|
||||
include:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the
|
||||
dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
|
||||
like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
|
||||
good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
|
||||
convenient time for you.
|
||||
convenient time for you.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
|
||||
just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
|
||||
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Liquid starter}%
|
||||
\label{section:liquid-starter}
|
||||
\label{sec:liquid-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular
|
||||
or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
|
||||
or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
|
||||
3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration
|
||||
level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to
|
||||
keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will
|
||||
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
|
||||
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Stiff starter}%
|
||||
\label{section:stiff-starter}
|
||||
\label{sec:stiff-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
|
||||
\end{quoting}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Baker's math}%
|
||||
\label{section:bakers-math}
|
||||
\label{sec:bakers-math}
|
||||
|
||||
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
|
||||
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
|
||||
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible.
|
||||
I~like to use a glass and place another
|
||||
inverted one on top.
|
||||
|
||||
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
|
||||
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
|
||||
study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified
|
||||
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
|
||||
on a single leaf of a plant.
|
||||
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
|
||||
amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
|
||||
digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
|
||||
plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
|
||||
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
|
||||
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
|
||||
|
||||
Luckily for us
|
||||
bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
|
||||
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the
|
||||
food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
|
||||
bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
|
||||
is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
|
||||
new fungicides or antibiotics.
|
||||
new fungicides or antibiotics.
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on where your flour
|
||||
is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
|
||||
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but
|
||||
probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
|
||||
of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
|
||||
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
|
||||
niche are going to survive.
|
||||
niche are going to survive.
|
||||
|
||||
This means the microorganisms knowing
|
||||
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
|
||||
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around
|
||||
\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
|
||||
container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
|
||||
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
|
||||
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
||||
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
||||
|
||||
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
|
||||
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
|
||||
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ the mix again with a glass or a lid. If you notice the top of
|
||||
your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The
|
||||
dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as
|
||||
mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage
|
||||
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
|
||||
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
You will
|
||||
still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
|
||||
\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
|
||||
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
|
||||
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
|
||||
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
|
||||
that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
|
||||
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
|
||||
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
|
||||
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
||||
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
|
||||
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
|
||||
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
|
||||
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
|
||||
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
|
||||
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
|
||||
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
|
||||
@@ -75,8 +78,10 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
|
||||
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
|
||||
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
||||
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
|
||||
many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
|
||||
\subsection{Underfermented}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
||||
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
|
||||
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
|
||||
@@ -189,11 +195,12 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
|
||||
of time.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
|
||||
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
|
||||
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
|
||||
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||
\label{fools-crumb}
|
||||
\label{fig:fools-crumb}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
|
||||
@@ -215,7 +222,7 @@ do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter
|
||||
calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
|
||||
\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
|
||||
of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
|
||||
consider making a stiff sourdough
|
||||
consider making a stiff sourdough
|
||||
starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
|
||||
is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
|
||||
enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
|
||||
@@ -224,9 +231,10 @@ and less bacterial activity.
|
||||
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
|
||||
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
|
||||
\label{flat-bread}
|
||||
\label{fig:flat-bread}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
|
||||
@@ -249,9 +257,10 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
|
||||
\subsection{Baked too hot}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
|
||||
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
|
||||
\label{baked-too-hot}
|
||||
\label{fig:baked-too-hot}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
|
||||
@@ -280,10 +289,11 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
|
||||
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[h]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
|
||||
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
|
||||
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
|
||||
\label{no-steam}
|
||||
\label{fig:no-steam}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
|
||||
@@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
|
||||
of the oven.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
|
||||
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
|
||||
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
|
||||
\label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
|
||||
@@ -325,19 +336,21 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
|
||||
I~would achieve less oven spring.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
|
||||
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
|
||||
steaming techniques.}%
|
||||
\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
|
||||
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
|
||||
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
|
||||
\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ This is a sign that you should use less starter
|
||||
when making the actual dough.
|
||||
|
||||
Please refer to
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
|
||||
for more information on the topic.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ferment the dough into which it is later inoculated.
|
||||
The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial
|
||||
starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making
|
||||
process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
|
||||
can speed up the process.
|
||||
can speed up the process.
|
||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
|
||||
|
||||
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
|
||||
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
|
||||
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
|
||||
|
||||
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
|
||||
starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fermentation in your starter. This way your starter
|
||||
tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic
|
||||
acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more
|
||||
yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite
|
||||
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
|
||||
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
|
||||
dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy
|
||||
ciabatta-style loaf.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
|
||||
this type of starter.
|
||||
|
||||
You can read more about the liquid starter in
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter}
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
|
||||
|
||||
Another approach that can help is to convert your
|
||||
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
|
||||
described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -361,9 +361,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
|
||||
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
|
||||
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
|
||||
can read more about the autolysis process in
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and
|
||||
more about the topic of fermentolysis
|
||||
in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}.
|
||||
in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}.
|
||||
|
||||
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
|
||||
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
|
||||
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
|
||||
|
||||
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
|
||||
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
|
||||
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
|
||||
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
|
||||
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
|
||||
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
|
||||
refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
||||
refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
||||
making a stiff sourdough starter.
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
|
||||
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
|
||||
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
|
||||
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
|
||||
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
|
||||
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
|
||||
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
|
||||
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
|
||||
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
|
||||
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
|
||||
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
|
||||
progress. To read more about this technique refer
|
||||
to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
|
||||
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
|
||||
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
|
||||
\end{quoting}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
|
||||
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
|
||||
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
|
||||
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
|
||||
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Readying your starter}%
|
||||
\label{section:readying-starter}
|
||||
\label{sec:readying-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
|
||||
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
|
||||
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
|
||||
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
|
||||
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
|
||||
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
|
||||
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter})
|
||||
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
|
||||
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
|
||||
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
||||
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
|
||||
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
|
||||
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
|
||||
full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
||||
full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Hydration}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -375,6 +376,7 @@ to feed your starter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
|
||||
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
|
||||
developed your gluten well enough.}
|
||||
@@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
|
||||
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Autolysis}%
|
||||
\label{section:autolysis}
|
||||
\label{sec:autolysis}
|
||||
|
||||
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
|
||||
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
|
||||
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
|
||||
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Fermentolysis}%
|
||||
\label{section:fermentolysis}
|
||||
\label{sec:fermentolysis}
|
||||
|
||||
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
|
||||
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
|
||||
@@ -624,6 +626,7 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
|
||||
dough to stick to the container.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
|
||||
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
|
||||
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
|
||||
@@ -640,6 +643,7 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
|
||||
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
|
||||
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
|
||||
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
|
||||
@@ -679,6 +683,7 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
|
||||
new bakers commit.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
|
||||
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
|
||||
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
|
||||
@@ -716,7 +721,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
|
||||
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
|
||||
\label{section:bulk-fermentation}
|
||||
\label{sec:bulk-fermentation}
|
||||
|
||||
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
|
||||
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
|
||||
@@ -771,7 +776,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs
|
||||
are perfect to be made in a machine.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
|
||||
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
|
||||
@@ -821,6 +826,7 @@ dough exactly on point.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
|
||||
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
|
||||
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
|
||||
@@ -944,6 +950,7 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
|
||||
for your sourdough composition.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
|
||||
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
|
||||
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
|
||||
@@ -991,6 +998,7 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
|
||||
\section{Stretch and folds}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
|
||||
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
|
||||
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
|
||||
@@ -1035,11 +1043,12 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
|
||||
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
|
||||
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
|
||||
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
|
||||
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
||||
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
||||
your crumb.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
||||
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
|
||||
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
|
||||
@@ -1091,6 +1100,7 @@ most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
|
||||
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
|
||||
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
|
||||
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
|
||||
@@ -1135,6 +1145,7 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
|
||||
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
|
||||
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
@@ -1173,6 +1184,7 @@ any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to
|
||||
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
|
||||
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
||||
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
|
||||
@@ -1197,6 +1209,7 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
|
||||
structure of your final loaves further.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
|
||||
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
|
||||
@@ -1287,6 +1300,7 @@ the surface.
|
||||
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
||||
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||
@@ -1307,6 +1321,7 @@ sticky side is facing you.
|
||||
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
||||
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||
@@ -1329,6 +1344,7 @@ your dough with the shown dough.
|
||||
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
||||
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
|
||||
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
|
||||
@@ -1371,7 +1387,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
|
||||
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
|
||||
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
|
||||
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
||||
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
|
||||
@@ -1388,6 +1404,7 @@ from the other side as well.
|
||||
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
|
||||
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
|
||||
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
|
||||
@@ -1494,6 +1511,7 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
|
||||
morning.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
|
||||
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
|
||||
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
|
||||
@@ -1587,6 +1605,7 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
|
||||
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
|
||||
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
|
||||
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
|
||||
@@ -1602,6 +1621,7 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
|
||||
banneton should now be facing you.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
|
||||
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
|
||||
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
|
||||
@@ -1621,6 +1641,7 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
|
||||
a good loaf into a great loaf.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
|
||||
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
|
||||
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
|
||||
@@ -1649,6 +1670,7 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
|
||||
will become a lot easier.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
|
||||
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
|
||||
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user