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Fix even more typos
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@@ -177,13 +177,13 @@ gluten content, however, my bread always turned out great.
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At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for
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mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most
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recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start, and
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in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective alternative,
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you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used --- in the case of
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sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same biochemical
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reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you to mix your
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dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically after I~stopped
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autolysing my doughs.
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recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start,
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and in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective
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alternative, you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used---in
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the case of sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same
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biochemical reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you
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to mix your dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically
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after I~stopped autolysing my doughs.
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Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense.
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In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and
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@@ -214,14 +214,13 @@ tweak just by adjusting the speed of your dough's fermentation.
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Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They
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can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are
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incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found undamaged
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spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide variety of
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species --- so far, about \num{1500}
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have been identified. Unlike other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold,
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yeasts do not ordinarily create a mycelium
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network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one interesting
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exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
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page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
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incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found
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undamaged spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide
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variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
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other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
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create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
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interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
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page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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@@ -369,14 +368,15 @@ Others have reported that bacteria feed on the byproducts of yeast and vice
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versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting
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and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}.
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I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis between
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yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both coexist and
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sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example, tolerate the
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acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are thus protected
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from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research demonstrates that both
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types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent the other from
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metabolizing food --- an interesting observation, by the way, as it could help to
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identify additional antibiotics or fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
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I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis
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between yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both
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coexist and sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example,
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tolerate the acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are
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thus protected from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research
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demonstrates that both types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent
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the other from metabolizing food---an interesting observation, by the way, as
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it could help to identify additional antibiotics or
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fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
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In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium
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attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of
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@@ -210,15 +210,13 @@ to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough
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might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever
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you see and notice is a sign of the first battle.
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Some microbes
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have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
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After around 24~hours most of the starch has been broken down
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and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
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take around \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place
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it in a new container. Again --- you could also simply eye ball
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all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram}
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from the previous day with another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
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and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
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Some microbes have already been outperformed. Others have won the first
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battle. After around \qty{24}{hours} most of the starch has been broken down
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and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around
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\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
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container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
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not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
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another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
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Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
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1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
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@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ fermentation at a pH of around 4.1. Please don't just
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follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring
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with different doughs to find out a value that works for you.
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\subsection{My flour has low gluten content --- what should I~do?}
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\subsection{My flour has low gluten content---what should I~do?}
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You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
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is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.
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@@ -308,16 +308,16 @@ offers by simply letting your dough ferment for a longer period.
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Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less
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sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment.
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There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages.
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As explained earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your
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gluten network. So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically
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become more extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire
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are slowly converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon
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that can very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the
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balloon will burst. You will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough
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becomes very sticky. Finding the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not
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too much is what the perfect wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry --- after reading
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this chapter you will have the right tools at your disposal.
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There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages. As explained
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earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your gluten network.
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So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically become more
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extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire are slowly
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converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon that can
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very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the balloon will burst. You
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will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough becomes very sticky. Finding
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the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not too much is what the perfect
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wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry---after reading this chapter
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you will have the right tools at your disposal.
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The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting
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with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The
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