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https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework
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Harmonize labels names and use centering
A few reformating as well, commit mainly about consistency
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@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
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\end{quoting}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
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\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
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interact with flour.}%
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\label{infographic-enzymes}
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\label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
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\end{figure}
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\section{Enzymatic reactions}
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@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ activity so that it can thrive in its new environment.
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Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that
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trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to
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mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of
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these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
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these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
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study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that
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milling flour
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at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting
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@@ -191,17 +192,19 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
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center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
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seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
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against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
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barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
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would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
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result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
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barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
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goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
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hull. As a result, they are activated
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first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
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little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
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improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
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doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
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improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
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flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
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\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
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\label{whole-wheat-crumb}
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\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
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\end{figure}
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By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
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@@ -220,14 +223,14 @@ variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
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other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
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create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
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interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
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page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
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page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
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microscope.}%
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\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\end{figure}
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Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
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@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
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leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
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sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
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\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
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\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
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Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
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yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
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yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
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@@ -341,10 +344,11 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
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breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
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\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
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sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
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\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
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\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
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\end{figure}
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There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
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@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
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organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
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\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
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starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
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@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
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bread can be considered a very recent invention.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
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\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
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events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
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@@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
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sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
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\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
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dense crumb structure.}%
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\label{einkorn-crumb}
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\label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
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\end{figure}
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Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
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@@ -193,9 +194,10 @@ mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
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making~\cite{evans+mill}.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
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\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
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\label{sourdough-stove}
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\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
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\end{figure}
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The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
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\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
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\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
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\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
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The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
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your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
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@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
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that you can use to debug your baking process.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
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\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
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different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
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@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
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\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
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\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
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with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
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@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
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to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
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\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
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exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
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@@ -75,8 +78,10 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
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\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
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\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
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\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
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many tiny pockets of air.}%
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\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
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\end{figure}
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@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
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\subsection{Underfermented}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
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\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
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gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
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@@ -189,11 +195,12 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
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of time.
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
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\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
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featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
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provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
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\label{fools-crumb}
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\label{fig:fools-crumb}
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\end{figure}
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In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
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@@ -224,9 +231,10 @@ and less bacterial activity.
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\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
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\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
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\label{flat-bread}
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\label{fig:flat-bread}
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\end{figure}
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When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
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@@ -249,9 +257,10 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
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\subsection{Baked too hot}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
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\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
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\label{baked-too-hot}
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\label{fig:baked-too-hot}
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\end{figure}
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This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
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@@ -280,10 +289,11 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
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\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
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\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
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I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
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\label{no-steam}
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\label{fig:no-steam}
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\end{figure}
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Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
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@@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
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of the oven.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
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\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
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to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
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techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
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\label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
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\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
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\end{figure}
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Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
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@@ -325,19 +336,21 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
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I~would achieve less oven spring.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
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\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
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the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
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steaming techniques.}%
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\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
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\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
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\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
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how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
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on the steaming technique that is used.}%
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\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
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\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
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\end{figure}
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Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
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