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11 changed files with 154 additions and 136 deletions

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@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases \caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
interact with flour.}% interact with flour.}%
\label{infographic-enzymes} \label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\section{Enzymatic reactions} \section{Enzymatic reactions}
@@ -191,17 +192,19 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a hull. As a result, they are activated
first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour. flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}% \caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
\label{whole-wheat-crumb} \label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
@@ -220,14 +223,14 @@ variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.} page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the \caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
microscope.}% microscope.}%
\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} \label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}. sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}% \phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
@@ -341,10 +344,11 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}. breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope} \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus \caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}% sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope} \label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and

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@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex} \input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person. \caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and ``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
use the percentages properly.}% use the percentages properly.}%
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients} \label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
\end{table} \end{table}

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@@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}. sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the \caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
dense crumb structure.}% dense crumb structure.}%
\label{einkorn-crumb} \label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
@@ -192,9 +193,10 @@ evolving to steam-powered mills, made possible significant advancements in
bread production. bread production.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}% \caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
\label{sourdough-stove} \label{fig:sourdough-stove}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}. The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}.

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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals) \item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
\item Coffee \item Coffee
\item Eggs \item Eggs
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors}) \item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors})
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads) \item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{} \item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
\item Mashed potatoes \item Mashed potatoes
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\subsection{Colors}% \subsection{Colors}%
\label{section:colors} \label{sec:colors}
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
include: include:

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@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter. starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
\section{Liquid starter}% \section{Liquid starter}%
\label{section:liquid-starter} \label{sec:liquid-starter}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces. times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
\section{Stiff starter}% \section{Stiff starter}%
\label{section:stiff-starter} \label{sec:stiff-starter}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}

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@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
\section{Baker's math}% \section{Baker's math}%
\label{section:bakers-math} \label{sec:bakers-math}
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount

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@@ -113,10 +113,8 @@
} }
% Caption and figure size below images % Caption and figure size below images
\usepackage{caption} \addtokomafont{captionlabel}{\textbf}
\captionsetup[figure]{font=footnotesize} \addtokomafont{caption}{\small}
\captionsetup[flowchart]{font=footnotesize}
\captionsetup[table]{font=footnotesize}
\DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F} \DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F}

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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}% \section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure} \label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
that you can use to debug your baking process. that you can use to debug your baking process.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of \caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
\subsection{Perfect fermentation} \subsection{Perfect fermentation}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb \caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}% with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
to achieve as open a crumb as possible. to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost \caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}% exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
@@ -75,8 +78,10 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough} \label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}% \caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
many tiny pockets of air.}%
\label{fig:fermented-too-long} \label{fig:fermented-too-long}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
\subsection{Underfermented} \subsection{Underfermented}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully \caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
@@ -189,11 +195,12 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
of time. of time.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb \caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}% provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
\label{fools-crumb} \label{fig:fools-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough. In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
@@ -224,9 +231,10 @@ and less bacterial activity.
\subsection{Not enough dough strength} \subsection{Not enough dough strength}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}% \caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
\label{flat-bread} \label{fig:flat-bread}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
@@ -249,9 +257,10 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
\subsection{Baked too hot} \subsection{Baked too hot}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}% \caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
\label{baked-too-hot} \label{fig:baked-too-hot}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
@@ -280,10 +289,11 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
\subsection{Baked with too little steam} \subsection{Baked with too little steam}
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that \caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}% I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
\label{no-steam} \label{fig:no-steam}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
@@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
of the oven. of the oven.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes \caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
techniques in a Dutch oven.}% techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
\label{apple-experiment-temperatures} \label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
@@ -325,19 +336,21 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
I~would achieve less oven spring. I~would achieve less oven spring.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex} \input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how \caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
steaming techniques.}% steaming techniques.}%
\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures} \label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex} \input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows \caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
on the steaming technique that is used.}% on the steaming technique that is used.}%
\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures} \label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only

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@@ -8,60 +8,37 @@ situation. You can then apply the appropriate measures and squash each
\section{Starter} \section{Starter}
\subsection{My starter does not double in size} \subsection{My starter does not double in size}
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to double in size before using it.
double in size before using it. The idea is to use the sourdough starter at peak performance to ensure a
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at
peak performance to ensure a
balanced fermentation in the main dough. balanced fermentation in the main dough.
The doubling in size metric should be The doubling in size metric should be taken with a grain of salt when judging
taken with a grain of salt when judging your starter. Depending on the flour you use to feed the starter, different
your starter. Depending on the flour levels of its rising can be expected. For instance, if you use rye flour then
you use to feed the starter, different levels only very little gas from the fermentation can be retained inside the starter.
of its rising can be expected. In consequence, your sourdough starter will not rise as much. It could still
For instance, if you use rye flour then only be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten, the starter will
very little gas from the not rise as much either. The reason is that you have a weaker gluten network
fermentation can be retained inside the resulting in more gas dispersing out of your dough.
starter. In consequence, your
sourdough starter will not rise as much. It
could still be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten,
the starter will not rise as
much either. The reason is that you have a weaker
gluten network resulting in
more gas dispersing out of your dough.
That being said, it is recommended that you develop That being said, it is recommended that you develop your volume increase
your volume increase metric. Your starter will increase in size and then ultimately lose structure
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. This is the point when
ultimately lose structure you should use your starter. This could be a \qty{50}{\percent} volume
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. increase, \qty{100}{\percent} or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to
This is the point when use the starter a little bit too early rather than too late. If you use the
you should use your starter. This could be a starter later, reduce the quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a
\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100 \qty{20}{\percent} starter quantity, use only \qty{10}{\percent} starter in
percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use that case. Your starter will regrow in your main dough.
the starter a little bit
too early rather than too late. If you use the
starter later, reduce the
quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a 20
percent starter quantity,
use only 10
percent starter in that case. Your starter will
regrow in your main dough.
On top of relying on the size increase, start On top of relying on the size increase, start taking note of your starter's
taking note of your starter's smell. Over time you will be able to judge its fermentation state based on the
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further your dough has fermented.
fermentation state based on the This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough.
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further
your dough has fermented.
This is a sign that you should use less starter
when making the actual dough.
Please refer to Please refer to
Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}'' Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{sec:readying-starter}'' for more
for more information on the topic. information on the topic.
\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?} \subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
@@ -87,9 +64,9 @@ process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
can speed up the process. can speed up the process.
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?} \subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of flour and water
flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer sourdough starter features a
sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}. hydration level of \qtyrange{50}{60}{\percent}.
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
@@ -97,7 +74,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours. is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}. starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?} \subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
@@ -124,7 +101,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
this type of starter. this type of starter.
You can read more about the liquid starter in You can read more about the liquid starter in
Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter} Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter}
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all} \subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
@@ -195,15 +172,14 @@ the top.
\label{fig:hooch} \label{fig:hooch}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back into your
into your starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of your sourdough
your sourdough starter to set up the starter for your next bread. starter to set up the starter for your next bread. Once hooch appears, your
Once hooch appears, your starter has likely fermented for a long starter has likely fermented for a long period of time. It might be very sour.
period of time. It might be very sour. This state of starter This state of starter is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard
is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard bread. Don't throw bread. Don't throw anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long
anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long fermented fermented dough in front of you. Compare it to a two year ripened Parmigiano
dough in front of you. Compare it to a 2 year ripened Parmigiano cheese. cheese. The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter} \subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
@@ -250,6 +226,7 @@ fewer and fewer. Furthermore, it seems that lactic acid bacteria produce
metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}. metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The \caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi. interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
@@ -308,7 +285,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
Another approach that can help is to convert your Another approach that can help is to convert your
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}. described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?} \subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
@@ -361,9 +338,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
can read more about the autolysis process in can read more about the autolysis process in
Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and
more about the topic of fermentolysis more about the topic of fermentolysis
in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}. in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}.
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
@@ -394,18 +371,19 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}. bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?} \subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60 greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around
percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. \qty{60}{\percent} hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use
This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. This ballpark figure will work for most
make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough. flours. With this hydration, you can make bread, buns, pizzas, and even
baguettes out of the same dough.
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more yeast With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more
fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk. yeast fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation} \subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
@@ -421,13 +399,14 @@ the more gluten is broken down. As the gluten holds the
wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear. wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough} \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}% \caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
\label{fig:tearing-dough} \label{fig:tearing-dough}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
using a starter that has not been fed for 30 days at room temperature. using a starter that has not been fed for 30~days at room temperature.
I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter. I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
Typically after a long period Typically after a long period
without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
@@ -483,7 +462,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on
making a stiff sourdough starter. making a stiff sourdough starter.
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
@@ -604,7 +583,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2} starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}. about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
@@ -737,7 +716,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
progress. To read more about this technique refer progress. To read more about this technique refer
to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}. to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats

View File

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread \caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
the steps right to make the perfect bread. the steps right to make the perfect bread.
\section{Readying your starter}% \section{Readying your starter}%
\label{section:readying-starter} \label{sec:readying-starter}
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter. The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough. The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost 1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}) yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter, my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live 5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail. full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
\section{Hydration} \section{Hydration}
@@ -375,6 +376,7 @@ to feed your starter.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you \caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
developed your gluten well enough.} developed your gluten well enough.}
@@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
This greatly simplifies the whole process. This greatly simplifies the whole process.
\section{Autolysis}% \section{Autolysis}%
\label{section:autolysis} \label{sec:autolysis}
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process. which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
\section{Fermentolysis}% \section{Fermentolysis}%
\label{section:fermentolysis} \label{sec:fermentolysis}
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
@@ -624,6 +626,7 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
dough to stick to the container. dough to stick to the container.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization \caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques. of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
@@ -640,6 +643,7 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network. the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough \caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
@@ -679,6 +683,7 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
new bakers commit. new bakers commit.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough \caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
@@ -716,7 +721,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover. An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
\section{Bulk fermentation}% \section{Bulk fermentation}%
\label{section:bulk-fermentation} \label{sec:bulk-fermentation}
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
@@ -821,6 +826,7 @@ dough exactly on point.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation \caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent} progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
@@ -944,6 +950,7 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
for your sourdough composition. for your sourdough composition.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to \caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface. finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
@@ -991,6 +998,7 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
\section{Stretch and folds} \section{Stretch and folds}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued \caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
@@ -1035,11 +1043,12 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading ``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
your crumb. your crumb.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform \caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}% stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
@@ -1091,6 +1100,7 @@ most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}. in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has \caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
@@ -1135,6 +1145,7 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
dough from sticking too much to your tools. dough from sticking too much to your tools.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.} \caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
@@ -1173,6 +1184,7 @@ any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to
save such dough is to use a loaf pan. save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough \caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
@@ -1197,6 +1209,7 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
structure of your final loaves further. structure of your final loaves further.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}% \caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping} \label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
@@ -1287,6 +1300,7 @@ the surface.
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over} \subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the \caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
@@ -1307,6 +1321,7 @@ sticky side is facing you.
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular} \subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the \caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
@@ -1329,6 +1344,7 @@ your dough with the shown dough.
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together} \subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note \caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
@@ -1371,7 +1387,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure. details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges} \subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
@@ -1388,6 +1404,7 @@ from the other side as well.
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing} \subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing \caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
@@ -1494,6 +1511,7 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
morning. morning.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable \caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
@@ -1587,6 +1605,7 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing. makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on \caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
@@ -1602,6 +1621,7 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
banneton should now be facing you. banneton should now be facing you.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic \caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
@@ -1621,6 +1641,7 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
a good loaf into a great loaf. a good loaf into a great loaf.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the \caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
@@ -1649,6 +1670,7 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
will become a lot easier. will become a lot easier.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface \caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This