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Add an mwe showing the bug
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\input{cover/cover.tex}
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\input{cover/cover.tex}
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\titlepage
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\titlepage
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\frontmatter
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{%
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\hypersetup{hidelinks}
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\ifdefined\HCode\else\tableofcontents\fi
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}
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\input{intro/preface}
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\input{intro/acknowledgments}
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\mainmatter
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\mainmatter
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\input{history/sourdough-history}
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\input{basics/how-sourdough-works}
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\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter}
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\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types}
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\input{flour-types/flour-types}
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\input{bread-types/bread-types}
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\input{bread-types/bread-types}
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\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
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\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
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\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough}
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\input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex}
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\input{baking/baking}
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\input{storing-bread/storing-bread}
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\chapter{Troubleshooting}
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\input{troubleshooting/misc}
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\backmatter
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\input{glossary/glossary}
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{%
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\hypersetup{hidelinks}
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\listofflowcharts
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\listoftables
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\listoffigures
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}
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\printbibliography
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\end{document}
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\end{document}
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@@ -1,321 +1,5 @@
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\chapter{Bread types}%
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\chapter{Bread types}%
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\label{ch:bread-types}
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\label{ch:bread-types}
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\begin{quoting}
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In this chapter you will learn about different bread types and their
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advantages and disadvantages. You can also find very simple recipes for
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flatbread and pan loaf. The former is probably the most accessible, least
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effort type of bread you can make, while the latter is a little more involved.
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Free standing bread has its own chapter, due to its increased complexity.
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\end{quoting}
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\section{Introduction}%
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\label{sec:intro}
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In this section we classify bread by its baking techniques. The appearance and
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taste will of course be different, but you can get excellent bread with each
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of them. Some breads will require investment and technique, as depicted in
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Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most
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accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person
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and/or don’t have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should
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consider.
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\begin{table}[!htb]
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\centering
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\input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex}
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\caption[Different bread types]{An overview of different bread types
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and their respective complexity.}%
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\label{tab:bread-types-comparison}
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\end{table}
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\section{Flatbread}%
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\label{sec:flatbread}
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Flatbread is probably the simplest sourdough bread to make.
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To make a flatbread no oven is required; all you need is a stove.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-breads-selection}
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\caption[Flatbread selection with different flours]{An assorted selection of
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different flatbreads made with sourdough. From left to right:
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Wheat~tortilla, rye, spelt and corn.}%
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\end{figure}
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This type of bread is super simple to make as you can skip
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a lot of the technique that is normally required to make wheat doughs.
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The flatbread can be made with all kinds of flours. You can even use
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flour without gluten, such as corn or rice flour, to make the
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dough. To make the flatbread a little more fluffy, you
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can use a little bit of wheat flour. The developing gluten
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will trap the gases. During baking, these gases will
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inflate the dough.
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Another trick to improve the texture of the flatbread is to
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make a very wet dough. A lot of the water will evaporate
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during the baking process and thus make the bread fluffier.
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If your water content is very high, it will produce a
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pancake-like consistency, as you can see in
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Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
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\begin{table}[!htb]
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\centering
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\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
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\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
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Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
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Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
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``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
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use the percentages properly.}%
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\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
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\end{table}
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For a full recipe including the process of making such a flatbread, refer to
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Subsection~\ref{subsec:flat-bread-recipe}
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\subsection{Flatbread framework}%
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\label{subsec:flat-bread-framework}
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As explained above, if you are just getting started, making a flatbread is the
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easiest way to start making great bread at home. With just a
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few steps, you can stop buying bread forever. This works with
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any flour, including gluten-free options.
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\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-process-flat-bread.tex}
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\caption[The process to make a sourdough flatbread]{The process of making a flatbread is very
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simple, requiring very little effort. This type of bread is especially
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handy for busy bakers.}%
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\label{fig:flat-bread-process}
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\end{flowchart}
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This is my go-to recipe that I~use to make bread whenever
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I~have little time or when I~am abroad. You can choose
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between two options:
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%
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item A flatbread similar to a roti or naan bread
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\item Sourdough pancakes.
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\end{enumerate}
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To get started prepare your sourdough starter. If it has not been used for a very
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long time, consider giving it another feed. To do so, simply take \qty{1}{\gram} of your
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existing sourdough starter and feed it with \qty{5}{\gram} of flour and \qty{5}{\gram} of water.
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If you do this in the morning, your sourdough starter will be ready in the evening. The
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warmer it is, the sooner it will be ready, consider
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using warm water if it is very cold where you live.
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\begin{figure}[htb!]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{flat-bread-wheat}
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\caption[Wheat flatbread]{A flatbread made with purely wheat flour. The
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dough is drier at around \qty{60}{\percent} hydration. The drier dough
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is a little harder to mix. As wheat contains more gluten, the dough
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puffs up during the baking process.}
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\end{figure}
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This way you should have around \qty{11}{\gram} of sourdough ready in the evening. You will have
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the perfect quantity to make a dough for one person. In case you want to make more
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bread, simply multiply the quantities shown in
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Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}.
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Then in the evening simply mix the ingredients as shown in the table. Your dough
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is going to be ready in the morning. It's typically ready after 6--12~hours. If
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you use more sourdough starter it will be ready faster, conversely it will take
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longer if you use less. Try to aim for a fermentation time of 8--12~hours as
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by using your dough too soon, the flavor might not be as good. By using your
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dough later it might become a little more sour. The best option is to
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experiment and see what you personally like the most.
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After mixing the ingredients together cover the container, this prevents the
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dough from drying out and makes
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sure no fruit flies get access. A transparent container will be helpful
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when getting started. You can observe the dough more easily and see when
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it is ready.
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\begin{figure}[htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{ethiopian-woman-checking-bread}
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\caption[Ethiopian \emph{injera}]{An Ethiopian woman baking an \emph{injera}
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made using teff flour. The image has been provided by Charliefleurene
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via Wikipedia.}
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\end{figure}
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If you used the flatbread option with less water, look at the size increase
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of your dough. It should have increased at least \qty{50}{\percent} in size.
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Also look out for bubbles on the sides of your container.
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When using the pancake recipe, look out for bubbles on the surface of your dough.
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In both cases use your nose to check the scent of your dough. Depending
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on your sourdough starter's microbiome your dough will have
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dairy, fruity, alcoholic notes or vinegary, acetic notes. Relying
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on the smell of your dough is the best way to judge whether your
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dough is ready or not. Timings are not reliable as they
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depend on your starter and the temperature. If your dough
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is ready too soon, you can now move it directly to the fridge and bake
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it at a later, more convenient time. The low temperature will halt the fermentation
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process\footnote{There are some exceptions. In some rare cases your starter
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might also work at lower temperatures. You might have cultivated microbes that work best at
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low temperatures. Nevertheless, fermentation
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is always slower the colder it gets. A fridge really helps to preserve the state
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of your dough.}
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and your dough will last for several days. The longer you wait, the more sour the
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bread is going to be. The fridge is a great option in case you want to
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take the dough with you when visiting friends. People are going
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to love you for the freshly baked flatbreads or pancakes. If you dare,
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you can also taste a little bit of your raw uncooked dough. It is likely
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going to taste relatively sour. I~do this frequently to better evaluate the
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state of my doughs.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{injera-pancake-texture.jpg}
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\caption[Teff sourdough pancake]{A sourdough pancake made with teff flour.
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The pockets come from evaporated water and \ch{CO2} created by the
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microbes. The image has been provided by Łukasz Nowak via Wikipedia.}
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\end{figure}
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If you are feeling lazy or don't have time, you could also use older sourdough starter
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to make the dough directly without any prior starter feedings. Your sourdough starter
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is going to regrow inside your dough. Remember that the
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final bread might be a bit more on the sour side as the balance of yeast to
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bacteria could be off. In the Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
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I~recommended using around \qtyrange{5}{20}{\percent}
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of sourdough starter based on the flour to make the dough. If you were to follow
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this approach, just use around \qty{1}{\percent} and make the dough directly.
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The dough is probably going to be ready 24~hours later, depending on the temperature.
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If you want to make sweet pancakes, add some sugar and optional eggs to your dough
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now. A good quantity of eggs is around one~egg per \qty{100}{\gram} of flour.
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Stir your dough a little bit and it will be ready to be used. You'll
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have delicious sweet savory pancakes, the perfect combination. By
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adding the sugar now, you make sure that the microbes don't have
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enough time to fully ferment it. If you had added the sugar
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earlier, no sweet flavor would be left 12~hours later.
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To bake your dough heat your stove to medium temperature. Add a little bit of
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oil to the pan. This helps with heat distribution and ensures even cooking.
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With a spatula or a spoon place your dough in the pan. If your dough
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was sitting in the fridge, bake it directly. There is no need to wait for your
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dough to come to room temperature. If you have a lid,
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place it on your pan. The lid helps to cook your dough from the top.
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The evaporating water will circulate and heat up the dough's surface. When
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making a flatbread, make the dough around \qty{1}{\cm} thick. When using the
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pancake option, opt for around \qtyrange{0.1}{0.5}{\cm} depending on what you
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like.
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\begin{figure}[htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb.jpg}
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\caption[Einkorn crum]{The crumb of a flatbread made with einkorn as flour.
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Einkorn is very low in gluten and thus does not trap as much \ch{CO2} as
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a wheat based dough. To make the dough fluffier use more water or
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consider adding more wheat to the mix of your dough.}
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\end{figure}
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After 2--4~minutes flip over the pancake or flatbread. Bake it for the same
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time from the other side. Depending on what you like, you can wait a little
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longer to allow the bread to become a bit charred. The longer you
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bake your bread, the more of the acidity is going to evaporate. If your
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dough is a bit more on the sour side, you can use this trick to balance
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out the acidity. This really depends on which flavor you are looking for.
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When making a flatbread I~recommend wrapping the baked flatbreads in a kitchen
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towel. This way more of the evaporating humidity stays inside of your bread,
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making sure your flatbreads stay nice and fluffy for a longer period after the
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bake. A similar strategy is used when making corn tortillas.
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You can safely store the baked flatbreads or pancakes in your fridge
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for weeks. When storing make sure to store them in an airtight plastic bag so that
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they do not dry out. If they dry out, spray them with some water and toast them.
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They will be almost as good as when they were freshly baked.
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Keep a little bit of your unbaked dough. You can use it to make the next
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batch of bread or pancakes for the next day. If you want to bake a few days later, add
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a little bit of water and flour and store this mixture in your fridge
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for as long as you like\footnote{The starter will stay good for months. If you expect to
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leave it longer, consider drying a little bit of your sourdough starter.}.
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\subsection{Simple flatbread recipe}%
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\label{subsec:flat-bread-recipe}
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By following the steps outlined in this section,
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you'll be introduced to a versatile bread that's perfect for a myriad of
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culinary applications. Whether you're scooping up a savory dip,
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wrapping a flavorful filling, or simply enjoying a piece with a drizzle
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of olive oil, these flatbreads are sure to impress.
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\input{recipes/flat-bread.tex}
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\section{Loaf pan bread}%
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\label{sec:loaf-pan-bread}
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Loaf pan bread is made using the help of a special loaf pan
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or loaf tin. The edges of the pan provide additional support
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for the dough to rise. Making a bread using a loaf pan requires
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an oven.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
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\caption[Freestanding bread and pan bread]{A freestanding bread and a wheat
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loaf pan bread. Both of them received a small incision before baking
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which helps to control how they open up.}%
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\label{fig:free-standing-loaf-pan}
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\end{figure}
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After mixing your dough, you can place it directly into the loaf pan.
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This makes the whole process simpler since you can skip steps such
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as shaping the dough.
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To make a great loaf pan bread with little work:
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item Mix the ingredients of your dough (gluten free works too)
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\item Place into the loaf pan
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\item Wait until your dough has roughly doubled in size
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\item Bake in a non pre-heated oven for around 30--50~minutes
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\end{enumerate}
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Knowing the exact baking time is sometimes a little challenging
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as it might be that the outside of your bread is cooked but
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the inside is still raw. The best way is to use a thermometer
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and measure the core temperature. At around \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius}
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(\qty{197}{\degF}) your dough is done. I~generally bake loaf pan bread at
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around \qty{200}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{390}{\degF}), which is a little less
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than my freestanding bread which I~bake at \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius}
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(\qty{445}{\degF}). That's because it takes a while for the dough
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to bake properly inside the loaf pan. The edges don't heat up
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as quickly. Then the top part of the dough is properly cooked, while
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the inside isn't yet. When baking make sure to use steam
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or simply place another equally sized loaf pan on top
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of your loaf pan. This way you simulate a Dutch oven. The dough's
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evaporating moisture will stay inside.
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A good trick to make excellent loaf pan bread is to make a very
|
|
||||||
sticky dough. You can opt for a hydration of \qtyrange{90}{100}{\percent}, almost
|
|
||||||
resembling a default sourdough starter. Just like with flatbread,
|
|
||||||
the high humidity helps to make a more airy, fluffy crumb. The bread will
|
|
||||||
also be a bit chewier. This type of bread made with rye is my family's favorite
|
|
||||||
style of bread. The hearty rye flavor paired with the sticky consistency really
|
|
||||||
makes an excellent sandwich bread.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To improve the structure you can also consider using around \qty{50}{\percent}
|
|
||||||
wheat flour in your mix. The gluten network will develop as your
|
|
||||||
dough ferments and allow for more gas to be trapped in the dough.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A common problem you will face when making a loaf pan bread is
|
|
||||||
the dough sticking to the pan. Use a generous amount of oil to grease
|
|
||||||
your pan. A nonstick vegetable oil spray can do wonders.
|
|
||||||
Don't clean your loaf pans with soap. Just use a kitchen towel
|
|
||||||
to clean them. With each bake a better patina forms, making your
|
|
||||||
pan more and more stick resistant.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
What's amazing about this type of bread is that it works
|
|
||||||
with every flour. The overall time to work the dough is probably
|
|
||||||
less than 5~minutes, making it very easy to integrate
|
|
||||||
into your daily routine. Furthermore, loaf pans use the space
|
|
||||||
in your oven very efficiently. Using pans I~can
|
|
||||||
easily bake 5 loaves at the same time in my home oven.
|
|
||||||
Normally I~would need multiple baking sessions for
|
|
||||||
freestanding loaves.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Free standing bread}
|
\section{Free standing bread}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A freestanding loaf is baked entirely without supporting
|
A freestanding loaf is baked entirely without supporting
|
||||||
|
|||||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user