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Harmonize labels names and use centering
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A few reformating as well, commit mainly about consistency.
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@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
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\end{quoting}
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\end{quoting}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
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\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
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\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
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interact with flour.}%
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interact with flour.}%
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\label{infographic-enzymes}
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\label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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\section{Enzymatic reactions}
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\section{Enzymatic reactions}
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@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ activity so that it can thrive in its new environment.
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Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that
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Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that
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trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to
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trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to
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mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of
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mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of
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these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
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these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
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study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that
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study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that
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milling flour
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milling flour
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at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting
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at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting
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@@ -191,17 +192,19 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
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center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
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center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
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seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
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seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
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against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
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against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
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barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
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barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
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would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
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goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
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result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
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hull. As a result, they are activated
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first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
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little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
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little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
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improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
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improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
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doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
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flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
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\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
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\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
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\label{whole-wheat-crumb}
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\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
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By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
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@@ -220,14 +223,14 @@ variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
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other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
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other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
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create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
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create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
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interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
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interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
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page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
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page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
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\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
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microscope.}%
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microscope.}%
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\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
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Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
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@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
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leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
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leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
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sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
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sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
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\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
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\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
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Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
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Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
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yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
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yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
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yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
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yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
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@@ -341,10 +344,11 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
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breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
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breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
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\begin{figure}
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\begin{figure}
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
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\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
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\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
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sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
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sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
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\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
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\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
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There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
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@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ of them. Some breads will require investment and technique, as depicted in
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Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most
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Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most
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accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person
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accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person
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and/or don’t have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should
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and/or don’t have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should
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consider.
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consider.
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\begin{table}[!htb]
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\begin{table}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex}
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\input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex}
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@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
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\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
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\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
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\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
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\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
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Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
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Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
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Section~\ref{section:bakers-math}
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Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
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``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
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``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
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use the percentages properly.}%
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use the percentages properly.}%
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\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
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\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
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\end{table}
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\end{table}
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@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
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organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
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organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
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\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
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\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
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\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
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starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
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starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
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@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
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bread can be considered a very recent invention.
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bread can be considered a very recent invention.
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
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\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
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\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
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\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
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events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
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events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
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@@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
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sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
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sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
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\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
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\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
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dense crumb structure.}%
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dense crumb structure.}%
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\label{einkorn-crumb}
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\label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
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Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
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@@ -193,9 +194,10 @@ mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
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making~\cite{evans+mill}.
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making~\cite{evans+mill}.
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\begin{figure}[ht]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
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\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
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\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
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\label{sourdough-stove}
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\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
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\end{figure}
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\end{figure}
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The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
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The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
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\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
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\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
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\item Coffee
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\item Coffee
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\item Eggs
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\item Eggs
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\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors})
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\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors})
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\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
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\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
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\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
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\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
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\item Mashed potatoes
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\item Mashed potatoes
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@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\subsection{Colors}%
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\subsection{Colors}%
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\label{section:colors}
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\label{sec:colors}
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Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
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Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
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include:
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include:
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@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the
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dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
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dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
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like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
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like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
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good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
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good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
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convenient time for you.
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convenient time for you.
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|
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Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
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Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
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just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
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just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
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@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
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starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
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starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
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|
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\section{Liquid starter}%
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\section{Liquid starter}%
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\label{section:liquid-starter}
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\label{sec:liquid-starter}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\centering
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\centering
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@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
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\centering
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\centering
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\input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex}
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\input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex}
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\caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular
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\caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular
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or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
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or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
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3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration
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3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration
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level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to
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level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to
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keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will
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keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will
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@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
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times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
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times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
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|
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\section{Stiff starter}%
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\section{Stiff starter}%
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\label{section:stiff-starter}
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\label{sec:stiff-starter}
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\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
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@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
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\end{quoting}
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\end{quoting}
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|
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\section{Baker's math}%
|
\section{Baker's math}%
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\label{section:bakers-math}
|
\label{sec:bakers-math}
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|
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In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
|
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
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much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
|
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
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@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible.
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I~like to use a glass and place another
|
I~like to use a glass and place another
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inverted one on top.
|
inverted one on top.
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|
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Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
|
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
|
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Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
|
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
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study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified
|
study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified
|
||||||
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
|
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
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on a single leaf of a plant.
|
on a single leaf of a plant.
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@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
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amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
|
amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
|
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digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
|
digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
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plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
|
plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
|
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this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
|
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
|
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|
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Luckily for us
|
Luckily for us
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bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
|
bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
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@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the
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food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
|
food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
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bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
|
bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
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is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
|
is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
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new fungicides or antibiotics.
|
new fungicides or antibiotics.
|
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|
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Depending on where your flour
|
Depending on where your flour
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is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
|
is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
|
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@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but
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probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
|
probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
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of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
|
of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
|
||||||
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
|
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
|
||||||
niche are going to survive.
|
niche are going to survive.
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|
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This means the microorganisms knowing
|
This means the microorganisms knowing
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||||||
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
|
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
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@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around
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\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
|
\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
|
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container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
|
container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
|
||||||
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
|
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
|
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another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
||||||
|
|
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Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
|
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
|
||||||
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
|
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
|
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@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ the mix again with a glass or a lid. If you notice the top of
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|||||||
your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The
|
your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The
|
||||||
dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as
|
dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as
|
||||||
mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage
|
mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage
|
||||||
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
|
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You will
|
You will
|
||||||
still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
|
still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
|
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
|
||||||
\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
|
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
|
||||||
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
|
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
|
||||||
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
|
|||||||
that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
|
||||||
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
|
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
|
||||||
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
|
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
|
||||||
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
|
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
|
||||||
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
|
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
|
||||||
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
|
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
|
||||||
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
|
|||||||
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
|
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
|
||||||
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
|
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
|
||||||
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
|
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
|
||||||
@@ -75,8 +78,10 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
|
|||||||
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
|
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
|
||||||
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
|
||||||
|
many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
|
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Underfermented}
|
\subsection{Underfermented}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
||||||
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
|
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
|
||||||
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
|
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
|
||||||
@@ -189,11 +195,12 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
|
|||||||
of time.
|
of time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
|
||||||
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
|
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
|
||||||
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
|
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
|
||||||
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
|
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||||
\label{fools-crumb}
|
\label{fig:fools-crumb}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
|
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
|
||||||
@@ -215,7 +222,7 @@ do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter
|
|||||||
calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
|
calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
|
||||||
\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
|
\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
|
||||||
of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
|
of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
|
||||||
consider making a stiff sourdough
|
consider making a stiff sourdough
|
||||||
starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
|
starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
|
||||||
is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
|
is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
|
||||||
enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
|
enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
|
||||||
@@ -224,9 +231,10 @@ and less bacterial activity.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
|
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
|
||||||
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
|
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
|
||||||
\label{flat-bread}
|
\label{fig:flat-bread}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
|
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
|
||||||
@@ -249,9 +257,10 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
|
|||||||
\subsection{Baked too hot}
|
\subsection{Baked too hot}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
|
||||||
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
|
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
|
||||||
\label{baked-too-hot}
|
\label{fig:baked-too-hot}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
|
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
|
||||||
@@ -280,10 +289,11 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
|
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[h]
|
\begin{figure}[h]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
|
||||||
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
|
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
|
||||||
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
|
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
|
||||||
\label{no-steam}
|
\label{fig:no-steam}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
|
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
|
||||||
@@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
|
|||||||
of the oven.
|
of the oven.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||||
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
|
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
|
||||||
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
|
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
|
||||||
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
|
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
|
||||||
\label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
|
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
|
||||||
@@ -325,19 +336,21 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
|
|||||||
I~would achieve less oven spring.
|
I~would achieve less oven spring.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
|
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
|
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
|
||||||
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
|
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
|
||||||
steaming techniques.}%
|
steaming techniques.}%
|
||||||
\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
|
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
|
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
|
||||||
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
|
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
|
||||||
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
|
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
|
||||||
\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
|
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ This is a sign that you should use less starter
|
|||||||
when making the actual dough.
|
when making the actual dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Please refer to
|
Please refer to
|
||||||
Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
|
Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
|
||||||
for more information on the topic.
|
for more information on the topic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ferment the dough into which it is later inoculated.
|
|||||||
The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial
|
The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial
|
||||||
starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making
|
starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making
|
||||||
process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
|
process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
|
||||||
can speed up the process.
|
can speed up the process.
|
||||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
|
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
|
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
|
||||||
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
|
|||||||
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
|
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
|
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
|
||||||
starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
|
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fermentation in your starter. This way your starter
|
|||||||
tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic
|
tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic
|
||||||
acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more
|
acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more
|
||||||
yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite
|
yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite
|
||||||
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
|
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
|
||||||
dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy
|
dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy
|
||||||
ciabatta-style loaf.
|
ciabatta-style loaf.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
|
|||||||
this type of starter.
|
this type of starter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can read more about the liquid starter in
|
You can read more about the liquid starter in
|
||||||
Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter}
|
Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
|
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Another approach that can help is to convert your
|
Another approach that can help is to convert your
|
||||||
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
|
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
|
||||||
described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
|
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -361,9 +361,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
|
|||||||
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
|
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
|
||||||
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
|
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
|
||||||
can read more about the autolysis process in
|
can read more about the autolysis process in
|
||||||
Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and
|
Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and
|
||||||
more about the topic of fermentolysis
|
more about the topic of fermentolysis
|
||||||
in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}.
|
in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
|
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
|
||||||
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
|
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
|
||||||
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
|
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
|
||||||
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
|
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
|
||||||
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
|
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
|
|||||||
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
|
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
|
||||||
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
|
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
|
||||||
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
|
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
|
||||||
refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
||||||
making a stiff sourdough starter.
|
making a stiff sourdough starter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
|
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
|
||||||
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
|
|||||||
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
|
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
|
||||||
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
|
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
|
||||||
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
|
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
|
||||||
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
|
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
|
||||||
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
|
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
|
||||||
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
|
|||||||
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
|
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
|
||||||
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
|
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
|
||||||
progress. To read more about this technique refer
|
progress. To read more about this technique refer
|
||||||
to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
|
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
|
||||||
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
|
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
|
|||||||
\end{quoting}
|
\end{quoting}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
|
||||||
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
|
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
|
||||||
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
|
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
|
||||||
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
|
|||||||
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
|
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Readying your starter}%
|
\section{Readying your starter}%
|
||||||
\label{section:readying-starter}
|
\label{sec:readying-starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
|
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
|
||||||
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
|
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
|
||||||
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
|
|||||||
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
|
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
|
||||||
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
|
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
|
||||||
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
|
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
|
||||||
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter})
|
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
|
||||||
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
|
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
|
||||||
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
||||||
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
|
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
|
||||||
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
|
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
|
||||||
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
|
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
|
||||||
full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Hydration}
|
\section{Hydration}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -375,6 +376,7 @@ to feed your starter.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
|
||||||
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
|
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
|
||||||
developed your gluten well enough.}
|
developed your gluten well enough.}
|
||||||
@@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
|
|||||||
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
|
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Autolysis}%
|
\section{Autolysis}%
|
||||||
\label{section:autolysis}
|
\label{sec:autolysis}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
|
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
|
||||||
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
|
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
|
||||||
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
|
|||||||
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
|
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Fermentolysis}%
|
\section{Fermentolysis}%
|
||||||
\label{section:fermentolysis}
|
\label{sec:fermentolysis}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
|
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
|
||||||
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
|
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
|
||||||
@@ -624,6 +626,7 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
|
|||||||
dough to stick to the container.
|
dough to stick to the container.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
|
||||||
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
|
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
|
||||||
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
|
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
|
||||||
@@ -640,6 +643,7 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
|
|||||||
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
|
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
|
||||||
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
|
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
|
||||||
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
|
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
|
||||||
@@ -679,6 +683,7 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
|
|||||||
new bakers commit.
|
new bakers commit.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
|
||||||
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
|
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
|
||||||
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
|
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
|
||||||
@@ -716,7 +721,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
|
|||||||
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
|
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
|
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
|
||||||
\label{section:bulk-fermentation}
|
\label{sec:bulk-fermentation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
|
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
|
||||||
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
|
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
|
||||||
@@ -771,7 +776,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs
|
|||||||
are perfect to be made in a machine.
|
are perfect to be made in a machine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
|
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
|
||||||
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
|
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
|
||||||
@@ -821,6 +826,7 @@ dough exactly on point.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
|
||||||
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
|
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
|
||||||
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
|
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
|
||||||
@@ -944,6 +950,7 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
|
|||||||
for your sourdough composition.
|
for your sourdough composition.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
|
||||||
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
|
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
|
||||||
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
|
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
|
||||||
@@ -991,6 +998,7 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
|
|||||||
\section{Stretch and folds}
|
\section{Stretch and folds}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
|
||||||
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
|
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
|
||||||
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
|
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
|
||||||
@@ -1035,11 +1043,12 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
|
|||||||
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
|
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
|
||||||
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
|
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
|
||||||
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
|
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
|
||||||
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||||
``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
||||||
your crumb.
|
your crumb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
||||||
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
|
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
|
||||||
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
|
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
|
||||||
@@ -1091,6 +1100,7 @@ most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
|
|||||||
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
|
||||||
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
|
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
|
||||||
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
|
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
|
||||||
@@ -1135,6 +1145,7 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
|
|||||||
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
|
||||||
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
|
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
@@ -1173,6 +1184,7 @@ any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to
|
|||||||
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
|
||||||
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
||||||
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
|
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
|
||||||
@@ -1197,6 +1209,7 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
|
|||||||
structure of your final loaves further.
|
structure of your final loaves further.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
|
||||||
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
|
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
|
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
|
||||||
@@ -1287,6 +1300,7 @@ the surface.
|
|||||||
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
|
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||||
@@ -1307,6 +1321,7 @@ sticky side is facing you.
|
|||||||
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
|
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||||
@@ -1329,6 +1344,7 @@ your dough with the shown dough.
|
|||||||
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
|
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
|
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
|
||||||
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
|
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
|
||||||
@@ -1371,7 +1387,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
|
|||||||
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
|
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
|
||||||
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
|
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
|
||||||
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
|
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
|
||||||
Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
||||||
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
|
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
|
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
|
||||||
@@ -1388,6 +1404,7 @@ from the other side as well.
|
|||||||
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
|
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
|
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
|
||||||
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
|
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
|
||||||
@@ -1494,6 +1511,7 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
|
|||||||
morning.
|
morning.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
|
||||||
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
|
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
|
||||||
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
|
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
|
||||||
@@ -1587,6 +1605,7 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
|
|||||||
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
|
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
|
||||||
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
|
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
|
||||||
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
|
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
|
||||||
@@ -1602,6 +1621,7 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
|
|||||||
banneton should now be facing you.
|
banneton should now be facing you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
|
||||||
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
|
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
|
||||||
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
|
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
|
||||||
@@ -1621,6 +1641,7 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
|
|||||||
a good loaf into a great loaf.
|
a good loaf into a great loaf.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
|
||||||
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
|
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
|
||||||
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
|
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
|
||||||
@@ -1649,6 +1670,7 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
|
|||||||
will become a lot easier.
|
will become a lot easier.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
|
||||||
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
|
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
|
||||||
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
|
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user