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54
.github/workflows/release-book-website.yml
vendored
54
.github/workflows/release-book-website.yml
vendored
@@ -65,16 +65,15 @@ jobs:
|
|||||||
run: |
|
run: |
|
||||||
cd /app/book
|
cd /app/book
|
||||||
make -j -O bake
|
make -j -O bake
|
||||||
- name: Copy book to downloads server
|
- name: Release baked book to S3
|
||||||
uses: burnett01/rsync-deployments@7.0.2
|
uses: shallwefootball/s3-upload-action@master
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
switches: "-avzr"
|
aws_key_id: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
|
||||||
remote_host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }}
|
aws_secret_access_key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}}
|
||||||
remote_user: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }}
|
aws_bucket: ${{ secrets.AWS_BUCKET_BOOK }}
|
||||||
remote_key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }}
|
source_dir: book/release
|
||||||
path: "book/release/*"
|
destination_dir: release
|
||||||
remote_path: "~/downloads/the-sourdough-framework/"
|
- name: Upload book Artifacts
|
||||||
- name: Upload book artifacts to GitHub
|
|
||||||
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
name: books
|
name: books
|
||||||
@@ -82,17 +81,36 @@ jobs:
|
|||||||
book/book_serif/book.log
|
book/book_serif/book.log
|
||||||
book/book_serif/book.pdf
|
book/book_serif/book.pdf
|
||||||
book/book-epub/book.epub
|
book/book-epub/book.epub
|
||||||
- name: Copy website to downloads server
|
- name: Release baked website to S3
|
||||||
uses: burnett01/rsync-deployments@7.0.2
|
uses: shallwefootball/s3-upload-action@master
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
switches: "-avzr --delete"
|
aws_key_id: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
|
||||||
remote_host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }}
|
aws_secret_access_key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}}
|
||||||
remote_user: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }}
|
aws_bucket: ${{ secrets.AWS_BUCKET_WEBSITE }}
|
||||||
remote_key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }}
|
source_dir: website/static_website_html
|
||||||
path: "website/static_website_html/*"
|
destination_dir: static_html_root
|
||||||
remote_path: "~/the-sourdough-framework/"
|
- name: Upload website Artifacts
|
||||||
- name: Upload website artifacts to GitHub
|
|
||||||
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
name: website
|
name: website
|
||||||
path: website/static_website_html
|
path: website/static_website_html
|
||||||
|
invalidate-book-website-cache:
|
||||||
|
needs: release-book-website
|
||||||
|
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
|
||||||
|
steps:
|
||||||
|
- name: Invalidate Cloudfront book cache
|
||||||
|
uses: chetan/invalidate-cloudfront-action@v2
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
DISTRIBUTION: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_BOOK }}
|
||||||
|
PATHS: "/*"
|
||||||
|
AWS_REGION: "us-east-1"
|
||||||
|
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
|
||||||
|
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
|
||||||
|
- name: Invalidate Cloudfront website cache
|
||||||
|
uses: chetan/invalidate-cloudfront-action@v2
|
||||||
|
env:
|
||||||
|
DISTRIBUTION: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_WEBSITE }}
|
||||||
|
PATHS: "/*"
|
||||||
|
AWS_REGION: "us-east-1"
|
||||||
|
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
|
||||||
|
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
4
.github/workflows/test-book-website.yml
vendored
4
.github/workflows/test-book-website.yml
vendored
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
|
|||||||
run: |
|
run: |
|
||||||
cd /app/book
|
cd /app/book
|
||||||
make -j -O serif ebook website
|
make -j -O serif ebook website
|
||||||
- name: Upload book artifacts to GitHub
|
- name: Upload book Artifacts
|
||||||
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
name: books
|
name: books
|
||||||
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
|
|||||||
book/book_serif/book.log
|
book/book_serif/book.log
|
||||||
book/book_serif/book.pdf
|
book/book_serif/book.pdf
|
||||||
book/book-epub/book.epub
|
book/book-epub/book.epub
|
||||||
- name: Upload website artifacts to GitHub
|
- name: Upload website Artifacts
|
||||||
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
name: website
|
name: website
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
|
|||||||
zip \
|
zip \
|
||||||
git \
|
git \
|
||||||
wget \
|
wget \
|
||||||
ruby3.3 \
|
ruby3.1 \
|
||||||
ruby-dev \
|
ruby-dev \
|
||||||
imagemagick \
|
imagemagick \
|
||||||
rsync \
|
rsync \
|
||||||
|
|||||||
15
README.md
15
README.md
@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ make -j bake
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
You can check the files in the folder `book/release/`
|
You can check the files in the folder `book/release/`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Please note that while everything should build without any errors but you will get a fair amount of warnings, especially when building the ebook/website.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can get some help on building various versions with:
|
You can get some help on building various versions with:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```console
|
```console
|
||||||
@@ -86,15 +84,12 @@ size. This shrinks the book from more than 20MB down to ~5MB:
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Download compiled B&W .epub version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub)
|
* [Download compiled B&W .epub version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For those who prefer a concise reference (about 15 pages), we offer a "too long;didn't read" (TL;DR)
|
If you prefer a very short version (about 10 pages) with main flowcharts and
|
||||||
version. This condensed guide contains the essential flowcharts, crucial information,
|
crucial information needed while you are in the kitchen, we also provide a
|
||||||
and space for your notes - perfect for quick kitchen reference.
|
"too long;didn't read" version you could print. Having read the full book is
|
||||||
It provides the key information you need without reading the complete book.
|
highly recommended to understand this leaflet:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Read TL;DR version on your device](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf)
|
* [Download a condensed version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/booklet.pdf)
|
||||||
* [Download TL;DR version for printing](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We recommend using double-sided printing if your printer supports it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Online HTML version
|
## Online HTML version
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
\chapter{Baking}%
|
\chapter{Baking}%
|
||||||
\label{ch:baking}
|
\label{chapter:baking}
|
||||||
\begin{quoting}
|
\begin{quoting}
|
||||||
Baking refers to the part of the process where you are loading your dough into
|
Baking refers to the part of the process where you are loading your dough into
|
||||||
the oven\footnote{While some breads like flatbreads could also be baked on the
|
the oven\footnote{While some breads like flatbreads could also be baked on the
|
||||||
@@ -39,16 +39,10 @@ for oven spring as it retains the gas inside your dough.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
At around \qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}) the water starts to evaporate out of your
|
At around \qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}) the water starts to evaporate out of your
|
||||||
dough. If this weren't the case, your dough would taste soggy and
|
dough. If this weren't the case, your dough would taste soggy and
|
||||||
doughy. The higher the hydration your dough has, the more water your bread
|
doughy. The higher hydration your dough has, the more water your bread
|
||||||
still contains after the bake, changing its consistency. As a result the
|
still contains after the bake, changing its consistency. As a result the
|
||||||
crumb is going to taste a bit more moist.
|
crumb is going to taste a bit more moist.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The water starts to boil out of the
|
|
||||||
dough. As the water evaporates the surrounding dough is being cooled.
|
|
||||||
For this reason, the internal temperature of the dough never exceeds the aforementioned
|
|
||||||
\qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}). The bread's crust can exceed the boiling point
|
|
||||||
and continues increasing in size from the outer layer inwards~\cite{bread+temperature+baking}.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another often undervalued step is the evaporation of acids.
|
Another often undervalued step is the evaporation of acids.
|
||||||
At~\qty{118}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{244}{\degF}) the acetic acid in your dough
|
At~\qty{118}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{244}{\degF}) the acetic acid in your dough
|
||||||
starts to evaporate.
|
starts to evaporate.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
|
|||||||
\end{quoting}
|
\end{quoting}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
|
||||||
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
|
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
|
||||||
interact with flour.}%
|
interact with flour.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
|
\label{infographic-enzymes}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Enzymatic reactions}
|
\section{Enzymatic reactions}
|
||||||
@@ -77,12 +76,11 @@ Normally,
|
|||||||
the microorganisms on the surface of the grain can't consume the freed maltose
|
the microorganisms on the surface of the grain can't consume the freed maltose
|
||||||
molecules, which remain hidden inside the germ. But as we grind the flour, a
|
molecules, which remain hidden inside the germ. But as we grind the flour, a
|
||||||
feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster
|
feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster
|
||||||
this reaction occurs. However, it takes time for the amylase
|
this reaction occurs. That's why a long fermentation is key to making great
|
||||||
to break down most of the starch into simple sugars---which are not only
|
bread. It takes time for the amylase to break down most of the starch into
|
||||||
consumed by the yeast but are also
|
simple sugars, which are not only consumed by the yeast but are also essential
|
||||||
essential to the \emph{Maillard reaction}---responsible for
|
to the \emph{Maillard reaction}, responsible for enhanced browning during the
|
||||||
enhanced browning during the baking process.
|
baking process.
|
||||||
That's why a long fermentation is key to making great bread.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
|
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
|
||||||
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
|
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
|
||||||
@@ -178,13 +176,13 @@ gluten content, however, my bread always turned out great.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for
|
At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for
|
||||||
mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most
|
mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most
|
||||||
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start,
|
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start, and
|
||||||
and in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective
|
in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective alternative,
|
||||||
alternative, you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used---in
|
you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used --- in the case of
|
||||||
the case of sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same
|
sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same biochemical
|
||||||
biochemical reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you
|
reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you to mix your
|
||||||
to mix your dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically
|
dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically after I~stopped
|
||||||
after I~stopped autolysing my doughs.
|
autolysing my doughs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense.
|
Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense.
|
||||||
In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and
|
In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and
|
||||||
@@ -192,19 +190,17 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
|
|||||||
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
|
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
|
||||||
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
|
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
|
||||||
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
|
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
|
||||||
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
|
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
|
||||||
goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
|
would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
|
||||||
hull. As a result, they are activated
|
result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
|
||||||
first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
|
|
||||||
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
|
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
|
||||||
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
|
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
|
||||||
flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
|
doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||||
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
|
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
|
\label{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
|
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
|
||||||
@@ -217,20 +213,21 @@ tweak just by adjusting the speed of your dough's fermentation.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They
|
Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They
|
||||||
can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are
|
can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are
|
||||||
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found
|
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found undamaged
|
||||||
undamaged spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide
|
spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide variety of
|
||||||
variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
|
species --- so far, about \num{1500}
|
||||||
other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
|
have been identified. Unlike other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold,
|
||||||
create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
|
yeasts do not ordinarily create a mycelium
|
||||||
interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
|
network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one interesting
|
||||||
page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
|
exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
|
||||||
|
page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||||
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
|
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
|
||||||
microscope.}%
|
microscope.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
|
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
|
||||||
@@ -325,7 +322,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
|
|||||||
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
|
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
|
||||||
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
|
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
|
\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
|
||||||
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
|
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
|
||||||
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
|
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
|
||||||
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
|
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
|
||||||
@@ -344,11 +341,10 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
|
|||||||
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
|
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
|
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
|
||||||
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
|
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
|
||||||
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
|
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
|
\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
|
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
|
||||||
@@ -372,15 +368,14 @@ Others have reported that bacteria feed on the byproducts of yeast and vice
|
|||||||
versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting
|
versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting
|
||||||
and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}.
|
and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis
|
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis between
|
||||||
between yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both
|
yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both coexist and
|
||||||
coexist and sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example,
|
sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example, tolerate the
|
||||||
tolerate the acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are
|
acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are thus protected
|
||||||
thus protected from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research
|
from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research demonstrates that both
|
||||||
demonstrates that both types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent
|
types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent the other from
|
||||||
the other from metabolizing food---an interesting observation, by the way, as
|
metabolizing food --- an interesting observation, by the way, as it could help to
|
||||||
it could help to identify additional antibiotics or
|
identify additional antibiotics or fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
||||||
fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium
|
In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium
|
||||||
attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of
|
attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of
|
||||||
|
|||||||
109
book/book.tex
109
book/book.tex
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
|
|||||||
\input{cover/cover.tex}
|
\input{cover/cover.tex}
|
||||||
\titlepage
|
\titlepage
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\frontmatter
|
|
||||||
{%
|
{%
|
||||||
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
|
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
|
||||||
\ifdefined\HCode\else\tableofcontents\fi
|
\ifdefined\HCode\else\tableofcontents\fi
|
||||||
@@ -21,41 +20,89 @@
|
|||||||
\input{intro/preface}
|
\input{intro/preface}
|
||||||
\input{intro/acknowledgments}
|
\input{intro/acknowledgments}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\mainmatter
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\begin{center}
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption[Baking process with a dutch oven]{A visualization of the baking
|
||||||
|
process using a dutch oven (DO). The dough is steamed for the first half
|
||||||
|
of the bake and then baked without cover for the second half of the
|
||||||
|
bake. The desired darkness and thickness of the crust depends on your
|
||||||
|
personal preference. Some bakers prefer a lighter crust and others a
|
||||||
|
darker.}%
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:dutch-oven-process}
|
||||||
|
\end{center}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{history/sourdough-history}
|
At around \qty{60}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{140}{\degF}) the microbes in your
|
||||||
|
dough start to die. There are rumors that until this happens the microbes
|
||||||
|
produce a lot of \ch{CO2}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{basics/how-sourdough-works}
|
% Does not work
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\begin{center}
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
|
||||||
|
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:ethanol-oxidation}
|
||||||
|
\end{center}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter}
|
%% Works
|
||||||
|
%% Generate first with: cd figures && pdflatex fig-ethanol-oxidation-external.tex
|
||||||
|
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
% \begin{center}
|
||||||
|
% \includegraphics{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation-external.png}
|
||||||
|
% \caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
|
||||||
|
% acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
|
||||||
|
% \end{center}
|
||||||
|
%\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
%
|
||||||
|
%% Does not work
|
||||||
|
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
%\begin{center}
|
||||||
|
% \input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
|
||||||
|
% \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline giberrish on website}%
|
||||||
|
%\end{center}
|
||||||
|
%\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
%
|
||||||
|
%% Works
|
||||||
|
%% Generate first with: cd figures && pdflatex fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline-external.pdf
|
||||||
|
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
% \includegraphics{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline-external.png}
|
||||||
|
% \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline works embedded as png}%
|
||||||
|
%\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
%
|
||||||
|
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baking-experiment-temperatures.png}
|
||||||
|
% \caption[Surface temperature for different steaming methods]{png file}
|
||||||
|
%\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types}
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baking-process-steam.jpg}
|
||||||
|
\caption[Steam building with inverted tray]{jpg file}%
|
||||||
|
\label{flc:inverted-tray}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
|
||||||
|
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
|
||||||
|
starches into sugar~\cite{beer+amylase}.
|
||||||
|
This test, called the \emph{Iodine Starch Test}, involves mixing iodine into
|
||||||
|
a sample of your brew and checking the color.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{flour-types/flour-types}
|
% https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework/issues/358
|
||||||
|
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\begin{center}
|
||||||
|
\input{tables/table-starter-usage-activity.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption[Different oven types]{An overview of different oven types and
|
||||||
|
eheir different baking methods.}
|
||||||
|
\end{center}
|
||||||
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{bread-types/bread-types}
|
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\begin{center}
|
||||||
\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
|
\input{tables/table-oven-baking-overview.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption[Different oven types]{An overview of different oven types and their
|
||||||
\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough}
|
different baking methods.}
|
||||||
|
\end{center}
|
||||||
\input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex}
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{baking/baking}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\input{storing-bread/storing-bread}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\chapter{Troubleshooting}
|
|
||||||
\input{troubleshooting/misc}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\backmatter
|
|
||||||
\input{glossary/glossary}
|
|
||||||
{%
|
|
||||||
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
|
|
||||||
\listofflowcharts
|
|
||||||
\listoftables
|
|
||||||
\listoffigures
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
\printbibliography
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{document}
|
\end{document}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
174
book/booklet.tex
Normal file
174
book/booklet.tex
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
|
|||||||
|
\documentclass[paper=a4, twoside=false, fontsize=12pt]{scrbook}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
% General packages
|
||||||
|
\usepackage{sourdough}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage[
|
||||||
|
paperwidth=210mm,
|
||||||
|
paperheight=260mm,
|
||||||
|
top=10mm,
|
||||||
|
bottom=80mm,
|
||||||
|
inner=10mm,
|
||||||
|
outer=10mm,
|
||||||
|
marginparsep=7mm,
|
||||||
|
marginparwidth=48mm,
|
||||||
|
]{geometry}
|
||||||
|
\usepackage{subcaption}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\pagenumbering{gobble}
|
||||||
|
% Basic attributes
|
||||||
|
\author{Hendrik Kleinwächter}
|
||||||
|
\title{The Sourdough Framework\\\texttt{tl;dr Booklet Version}}
|
||||||
|
\begin{document}
|
||||||
|
\maketitle
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\section*{Sourdough starter}
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{How to setup a sourdough starter}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-starter-readiness.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Preparing your starter for baking}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-starter-maintenance.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Maintaining your starter, change ratio as per starter hydration
|
||||||
|
type}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\clearpage{}
|
||||||
|
\section*{Baker's math}
|
||||||
|
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{tables/table-bakers-math-example.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{An example table demonstrating how to properly calculate using
|
||||||
|
baker's math. All the ingredients are calculated as a percentage of the
|
||||||
|
flour quantity.}
|
||||||
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\section*{Basic recipes}
|
||||||
|
\subsection*{Flat bread}
|
||||||
|
\input{recipes/flat-bread.tex}
|
||||||
|
\clearpage{}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\subsection*{Freestanding \& sandwich wheat-based breads}
|
||||||
|
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{tabular}{@{}lrrrp{0.4\linewidth}@{}}
|
||||||
|
\toprule
|
||||||
|
\thead{Ingredient}& & \thead{Percentage} & \thead{Calculation} & \thead{Comments} \\ \midrule
|
||||||
|
Flour & \qty{400}{g} & & & \\
|
||||||
|
Whole-wheat flour & \qty{100}{g} & & & \\
|
||||||
|
Total flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & \qty{500}{g} & \\
|
||||||
|
Water & & \qty{60}{\percent} & \qty{300}{g} & \\
|
||||||
|
Sourdough starter & & \qty{10}{\percent} & \qty{50}{g} & \\
|
||||||
|
Salt & & \qty{2}{\percent} & \qty{10}{g} & \\ \midrule
|
||||||
|
Flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & & \\
|
||||||
|
Water & & & & \\
|
||||||
|
Sourdough starter & & & & \\
|
||||||
|
Salt & & & & \\ \midrule
|
||||||
|
Flour & & & & \\
|
||||||
|
& & & & \\
|
||||||
|
& & & & \\
|
||||||
|
& & & & \\
|
||||||
|
& & & & \\ \bottomrule
|
||||||
|
\end{tabular}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Table for your own calculation using baker's math}
|
||||||
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-wheat-sourdough-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{The whole process of making wheat based sourdough breads}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-kneading-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{The kneading process to create dough strength}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{How to properly manage bulk fermentation}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{An overview of the steps involved to perform stretch and folds for
|
||||||
|
wheat-based doughs. They are optional and should only be done when the dough
|
||||||
|
flattened out a lot.}%
|
||||||
|
\end{figure*}
|
||||||
|
\clearpage{}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\section*{Shaping}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{preshape-direction}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Preshaping: Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
||||||
|
surface area.}%
|
||||||
|
\end{subfigure}
|
||||||
|
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-1-flour-applied}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Step 1: Apply flour to the dough's surface.}%
|
||||||
|
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
|
||||||
|
\medskip % create some *vertical* separation between the graphs
|
||||||
|
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Step 2: Flipp-over dough. Note how the sticky side is facing
|
||||||
|
you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}
|
||||||
|
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
|
||||||
|
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Step 3: Make the dough rectangular, keep the sticky side
|
||||||
|
facing you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}%
|
||||||
|
\end{subfigure}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{First steps of shaping process}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure*}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure*}[htb!]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Step 4: The process of folding a batard. Note how the rectangle
|
||||||
|
is first glued together and then rolled inwards to create a dough roll.
|
||||||
|
Ultimately the edges are sealed to create a more uniform dough.}%
|
||||||
|
\end{figure*}
|
||||||
|
\clearpage{}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\section*{Proofing}
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-proofing-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
\clearpage{}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\section*{Baking}
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-baking-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Summary of different bread baking processes}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-inverted-tray-method.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Baking with the inverted tray method}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{flowchart*}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\centering
|
||||||
|
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
|
||||||
|
\caption*{Baking with a Dutch Oven}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart*}
|
||||||
|
\clearpage{}
|
||||||
|
\end{document}
|
||||||
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
|||||||
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
|
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
|
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
|
||||||
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
|
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
|
||||||
Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
|
Section~\ref{section:bakers-math}
|
||||||
``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
|
``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
|
||||||
use the percentages properly.}%
|
use the percentages properly.}%
|
||||||
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
||||||
\end{table}
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
@@ -348,4 +348,4 @@ But after baking you will be rewarded with a beautiful bread
|
|||||||
with great taste and consistency.
|
with great taste and consistency.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There is a dedicated recipe and tutorial for this type of bread in the
|
There is a dedicated recipe and tutorial for this type of bread in the
|
||||||
\nameref{ch:wheat-sourdough} chapter.
|
\nameref{chapter:wheat-sourdough} chapter.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
|
|||||||
done
|
done
|
||||||
else
|
else
|
||||||
target=figures/`basename $1 .png.pdf`.png
|
target=figures/`basename $1 .png.pdf`.png
|
||||||
|
echo ${target}
|
||||||
echo "Converting: " $1 " to: " ${target}
|
echo "Converting: " $1 " to: " ${target}
|
||||||
convert -density 900 -trim $1 -quality 100 ${target}
|
convert -density 900 -trim $1 -quality 100 ${target}
|
||||||
fi
|
fi
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,32 +1,8 @@
|
|||||||
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 3cm, auto]
|
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 3cm, auto]
|
||||||
\node [start] (heat_oven) {Preheat DO to \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF}) for 30~minutes};
|
\node [start] (heat_oven) {Preheat DO to \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF}) for 30~minutes};
|
||||||
\node [block, right of=heat_oven] (remove_oven) {Remove DO from oven };
|
\node [block, right of=heat_oven] (remove_oven) {Remove DO from oven ° \text{°} \textup{°}};
|
||||||
\node [block, right of=remove_oven] (open_load_dough) {Open DO \& load your dough};
|
\node [decision, below of=heat_oven, node distance=4cm] (is_ready_check) {Core temperature \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF})?};
|
||||||
\node [block, right of=open_load_dough] (score) {Score your dough};
|
\node [block, right of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (remove_do_lid) {%
|
||||||
\node [block, right of=score] (spritz) {Spritz dough with water};
|
Jörg bäckt quasi zwei Haxenfüße vom Wildpony .Dès Noël, où un zéphyr haï me
|
||||||
\node [block, below of=spritz] (close) {Close DO};
|
vêt};
|
||||||
\node [block, left of=close] (back_oven) {Place DO back in oven};
|
|
||||||
\node [block, left of=back_oven] (bake) {Bake 30~minutes at \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF})};
|
|
||||||
\node [decision, below right= 5cm and -1 cm of heat_oven] (is_ready_check)
|
|
||||||
{Core temperature \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF})?};
|
|
||||||
\node [block, below of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (wait_5_minutes) {Wait\\ 5 minutes};
|
|
||||||
\node [block, right of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (remove_do_lid) {Remove DO lid};
|
|
||||||
\node [decision, right of=remove_do_lid, node distance=3.5cm] (dark_enough_decision) {Crust color dark enough?};
|
|
||||||
\node [success, below of=dark_enough_decision, node distance=4cm] (finish_baking) {Bread is finished};
|
|
||||||
\node [block, right of=dark_enough_decision, node distance=3.5cm] (bake_5_more_minutes) {Bake another 5~minutes};
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (heat_oven) -- (remove_oven);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (remove_oven) -- (open_load_dough);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (open_load_dough) -- (score);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (score) -- (spritz);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (spritz) -- (close);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (close) -- (back_oven);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (back_oven) -- (bake);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (bake.west) -- node{} ++(-2, 0) -| (is_ready_check.north);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (is_ready_check) -- node{Yes} (remove_do_lid);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (is_ready_check) -- node{No} (wait_5_minutes);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (wait_5_minutes.west) -- node{} ++(-1.5, 0) |- (is_ready_check.west);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (remove_do_lid) -- (dark_enough_decision);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (dark_enough_decision) -- node{Yes} (finish_baking);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (dark_enough_decision) -- node{No} (bake_5_more_minutes);
|
|
||||||
\path [line] (bake_5_more_minutes.east) -- node{} ++(1, 0) -- node{} ++(0, 2.3) -| (dark_enough_decision.north);
|
|
||||||
\end{tikzpicture}
|
\end{tikzpicture}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ type of flour.
|
|||||||
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{tables/table-flour-types.tex}
|
\input{tables/table-flour-types.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Labeling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
|
\caption[Labelling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
|
||||||
of wheat flour are labeled in different countries.}%
|
of wheat flour are labelled in different countries.}%
|
||||||
\label{tab:flour-types-comparison}
|
\label{tab:flour-types-comparison}
|
||||||
\end{table}
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ your dough with more flavor.
|
|||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{tables/table-overview-w-values.tex}
|
\input{tables/table-overview-w-values.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Fermentation time versus W-value]{An overview of different
|
\caption[Fermentation time versus W-value]{An overview of different
|
||||||
levels of W-values and the respective hydration and fermentation
|
levels of W-values and the respective hydrations and fermentation
|
||||||
times.}%
|
times.}%
|
||||||
\label{tab:w-value}
|
\label{tab:w-value}
|
||||||
\end{table}
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -140,22 +140,20 @@ a higher amount of gluten and can thus ferment for a longer period of time.
|
|||||||
then cooled and mixed with the main dough. This process helps in moisture retention
|
then cooled and mixed with the main dough. This process helps in moisture retention
|
||||||
and can enhance the flavor and texture of the final bread. Also see \emph{scald}.
|
and can enhance the flavor and texture of the final bread. Also see \emph{scald}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the
|
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the ingredients.
|
||||||
ingredients. The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to
|
The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to a certain volume. The
|
||||||
a certain volume. The volume of increase depends on the flour that is
|
volume of increase depends on the flour that is used. When baking with wheat flour
|
||||||
used. When baking with wheat flour the gluten amount of the flour is the
|
the gluten amount of the flour is the deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has
|
||||||
deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has (protein) the longer you
|
(protein) the longer you can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the
|
||||||
can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the flavor and
|
flavor and texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
|
||||||
texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
|
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly increase this to find your
|
||||||
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly
|
flour’s sweet spot. This is highly dependant from flour to flour. When using low gluten
|
||||||
increase this to find your flour's sweet spot. This is highly dependent
|
flour like rye you need to be careful as the longer fermentation can create a too
|
||||||
from flour to flour. When using low gluten flour like rye you need to be
|
sticky dough which collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
|
||||||
careful as the longer fermentation can create a too sticky dough which
|
|
||||||
collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower
|
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower protein
|
||||||
protein content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods
|
content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods like cakes, cookies,
|
||||||
like cakes, cookies, and pastries.
|
and pastries.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\item[Coil fold] A special stretch and folding technique. The coil fold is
|
\item[Coil fold] A special stretch and folding technique. The coil fold is
|
||||||
very gentle on the dough and is thus excellent throughout the bulk fermentation.
|
very gentle on the dough and is thus excellent throughout the bulk fermentation.
|
||||||
@@ -369,12 +367,11 @@ grains or malted grains can have higher protease activity due to the sprouting o
|
|||||||
malting process. Understanding and controlling protease activity is crucial in
|
malting process. Understanding and controlling protease activity is crucial in
|
||||||
achieving desired bread quality and handling characteristics.
|
achieving desired bread quality and handling characteristics.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly
|
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly rectangular
|
||||||
rectangular shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded
|
shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded pan called a Pullman pan
|
||||||
pan called a Pullman pan or \emph{pain de mie} pan. The lid ensures that
|
or pain de mie pan. The lid ensures that the bread rises in a perfectly straight
|
||||||
the bread rises in a perfectly straight shape, without the domed top
|
shape, without the domed top characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are
|
||||||
characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are often sliced very
|
often sliced very thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
|
||||||
thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\item[Retarding] The process of slowing down fermentation during the proofing
|
\item[Retarding] The process of slowing down fermentation during the proofing
|
||||||
stage by placing the dough in a colder environment, typically a refrigerator. This aids
|
stage by placing the dough in a colder environment, typically a refrigerator. This aids
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
|
|||||||
organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
|
organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
|
\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
|
\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
|
||||||
starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
|
starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
|
||||||
@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ Another 25~million years later, or our timeline's 2~days after the dinosaur
|
|||||||
extinction, humans appeared.
|
extinction, humans appeared.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
|
A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
|
||||||
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5~seconds before our
|
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5 seconds before our metaphorical
|
||||||
metaphorical midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient
|
midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient Jordan. A blink of
|
||||||
Jordan. A blink of an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression,
|
an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression, Pasteur's groundbreaking work
|
||||||
Pasteur's groundbreaking work with yeasts set the stage for modern
|
with yeasts set the stage for modern bread-making. From the moment this book
|
||||||
bread-making. From the moment this book began to take shape to your current
|
began to take shape to your current reading, only milliseconds have ticked
|
||||||
reading, only milliseconds have ticked by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
|
by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
|
Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
|
||||||
Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
|
Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
|
||||||
bread can be considered a very recent invention.
|
bread can be considered a very recent invention.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
|
\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
|
\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
|
||||||
events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
|
events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
|
||||||
@@ -81,11 +81,10 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
|
|||||||
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
|
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
|
||||||
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
|
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
|
||||||
dense crumb structure.}%
|
dense crumb structure.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
|
\label{einkorn-crumb}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
|
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
|
||||||
@@ -186,43 +185,45 @@ of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive,
|
|||||||
bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
|
bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
|
||||||
in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
|
in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Industrialization of the grist milling process, starting in the late
|
As industrialisation began the first steam-powered grain mill was developed by
|
||||||
18\textsuperscript{th}~century with Oliver Evans (\num{1785}) and his mill
|
Oliver Evans in \num{1785}. Evans' design incorporated several innovations,
|
||||||
designs for continuous hands-off flour production~\cite{evans+mill}, and
|
including automated machinery for various milling processes, making it more
|
||||||
evolving to steam-powered mills, made possible significant advancements in
|
efficient than traditional water or animal-powered mills. His steam-powered
|
||||||
bread production.
|
mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
|
||||||
|
making~\cite{evans+mill}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
|
||||||
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
|
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
|
\label{sourdough-stove}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}.
|
The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
|
||||||
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered the process of alcoholic
|
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered
|
||||||
fermentation. He would prove that yeast microorganisms are the reason for
|
the process of alcoholic fermentation. He would prove that
|
||||||
alcoholic fermentation and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his
|
yeast microorganisms are the reason for alcoholic fermentation
|
||||||
research and was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
|
and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his research and
|
||||||
Soon later in \num{1868} the Fleischmann brothers Charles and Maximilian were
|
was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
|
||||||
the first to patent pure yeast strains for bread making. The yeasts offered
|
Soon later in \num{1868} in the Fleischmann brothers Charles
|
||||||
|
and Maximilian were the first to patent pure yeast strains
|
||||||
|
for bread making. The yeasts offered
|
||||||
were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
|
were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
|
||||||
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}. The
|
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}.
|
||||||
pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged at leavening bread
|
The pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged
|
||||||
doughs. What would previously take 10~hours to leaven a bread dough could now
|
at leavening bread doughs. What would previously take 10~hours
|
||||||
be done within 1~hour. The process became much more efficient. What
|
to leaven a bread dough could now be done within 1~hour.
|
||||||
ultimately made making large batches of dough possible, was the invention of
|
The process became much more efficient. What ultimately made making large
|
||||||
the electrical kneader. Rufus Eastman, an American inventor, is often
|
batches of dough possible, was the invention of the electrical kneader. Rufus
|
||||||
credited with an important advancement in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he
|
Eastman, an American inventor, is often credited with an important advancement
|
||||||
received a patent for an electric mixer with a mechanical hand-crank
|
in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he received a patent for an electric mixer
|
||||||
mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as widely adopted as later
|
with a mechanical hand-crank mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as
|
||||||
electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to mechanize mixing and kneading
|
widely adopted as later electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to
|
||||||
processes in the kitchen using electricity. Eastman's invention represented
|
mechanize mixing and kneading processes in the kitchen using electricity.
|
||||||
an important step in the development of electric mixers, but it wasn't as
|
Eastman's invention represented an important step in the development of
|
||||||
sophisticated or popular as later models like the KitchenAid mixer. The
|
electric mixers, but it wasn't as sophisticated or popular as later models
|
||||||
KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is often recognized as one of the
|
like the KitchenAid mixer. The KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is
|
||||||
first widely successful electric mixers and played a significant role in
|
often recognized as one of the first widely successful electric mixers and
|
||||||
revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
|
played a significant role in revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
|
||||||
cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
|
cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
|
During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
|
||||||
@@ -236,8 +237,8 @@ reason, none of the supermarket flour you buy today is single origin. It is
|
|||||||
always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
|
always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
|
Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
|
||||||
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20\textsuperscript{th}
|
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20th century. This
|
||||||
century. This period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
|
period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
|
One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
|
||||||
Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,
|
Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -84,21 +84,19 @@ bug. That is when the developer must dig deeper to see the \emph{what} and the
|
|||||||
the framework is doing. You will need to read other engineers' source code, and you will be forced
|
the framework is doing. You will need to read other engineers' source code, and you will be forced
|
||||||
to understand \emph{why} things are happening.
|
to understand \emph{why} things are happening.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and
|
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and I~had
|
||||||
I~had to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my
|
to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my surprise, however,
|
||||||
surprise, however, none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me
|
none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me \emph{why} I~should use amount X
|
||||||
\emph{why} I~should use amount $X$ of water and amount $Y$ of flour, or
|
of water and amount Y of flour, or \emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why
|
||||||
\emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why should I~slap
|
should I~slap my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a standmixer
|
||||||
my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a stand mixer better than
|
better than kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long?
|
||||||
kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long? Why is
|
Why is steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to
|
||||||
steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to get myself an
|
get myself an expensive Dutch oven to bake bread?
|
||||||
expensive Dutch oven to bake bread? The problem compounded when I~started
|
The problem compounded when I~started reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black
|
||||||
reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black magic. Why were some
|
magic. Why were some sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour?
|
||||||
sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour? Why should
|
Why should one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
|
||||||
one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
|
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was confused,
|
||||||
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was
|
but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should be made at home.
|
||||||
confused, but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should
|
|
||||||
be made at home.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The feedback I~received from friends helped me to improve with each
|
The feedback I~received from friends helped me to improve with each
|
||||||
iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months
|
iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months
|
||||||
|
|||||||
131
book/makefile
131
book/makefile
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ endif
|
|||||||
# and building everything take a long time.
|
# and building everything take a long time.
|
||||||
.DEFAULT_GOAL := serif
|
.DEFAULT_GOAL := serif
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Dependencies {{{
|
# List all files that are dependencies {{{
|
||||||
chapters = baking basics bread-types cover flour-types history intro mix-ins\
|
chapters = baking basics bread-types cover flour-types history intro mix-ins\
|
||||||
non-wheat-sourdough sourdough-starter storing-bread troubleshooting\
|
non-wheat-sourdough sourdough-starter storing-bread troubleshooting\
|
||||||
wheat-sourdough glossary
|
wheat-sourdough glossary
|
||||||
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ low_res_images := $(filter-out %.png, $(low_res_images))
|
|||||||
# All together.
|
# All together.
|
||||||
src_all := $(src_tex) $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(images) $(src_plots)
|
src_all := $(src_tex) $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(images) $(src_plots)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Format specific configuration files
|
# And format specific configurations
|
||||||
ebook_src := $(src_all) tex4ebook.cfg book.mk4 book-ebook.css
|
ebook_src := $(src_all) tex4ebook.cfg book.mk4 book-ebook.css
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
website_src := $(src_all) website.cfg style.css
|
website_src := $(src_all) website.cfg style.css
|
||||||
@@ -83,9 +83,12 @@ website_dir := static_website_html
|
|||||||
website_assets := $(wildcard ../website/assets/*)
|
website_assets := $(wildcard ../website/assets/*)
|
||||||
ruby_src := ../website/modify_build.rb $(website_assets)
|
ruby_src := ../website/modify_build.rb $(website_assets)
|
||||||
ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
|
ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# This is more than what is actually needed but keeps the makefile simple
|
||||||
|
booklet_src := $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(src_recipes) $(images)
|
||||||
|
booklet_src += booklet.tex
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Internal build rules {{{
|
|
||||||
# Flowcharts {{{
|
# Flowcharts {{{
|
||||||
# TODO: check if it works on github CI
|
# TODO: check if it works on github CI
|
||||||
%.png: %.tex
|
%.png: %.tex
|
||||||
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
|
|||||||
ebb -x $<
|
ebb -x $<
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Pdf {{{
|
# pdf {{{
|
||||||
# Default rules for pdf, getting overwritten when built in a sub-directory
|
# Default rules for pdf, getting overwritten when built in a sub-directory
|
||||||
%.pdf: %.tex
|
%.pdf: %.tex
|
||||||
$(LATEX) $<
|
$(LATEX) $<
|
||||||
@@ -110,6 +113,12 @@ book_serif/book.pdf: $(src_all)
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
|
book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
|
||||||
$(LATEX) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
$(LATEX) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# We don't want to use latexmk as there is no biber nor references and it
|
||||||
|
# seems to make it somehow unhappy
|
||||||
|
booklet/booklet.pdf: $(booklet_src)
|
||||||
|
mkdir -p booklet
|
||||||
|
lualatex --output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Ebook {{{
|
# Ebook {{{
|
||||||
@@ -118,7 +127,7 @@ book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
|
|||||||
epub/%.epub: %.tex $(ebook_src) cover/cover-page.xbb
|
epub/%.epub: %.tex $(ebook_src) cover/cover-page.xbb
|
||||||
$(EBOOK) $<
|
$(EBOOK) $<
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
copy_ebook_files: ebook
|
copy_ebook_files: build_ebook
|
||||||
$(RSYNC) --exclude '*.png' epub_build/book-epub/ bw-book-epub/
|
$(RSYNC) --exclude '*.png' epub_build/book-epub/ bw-book-epub/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions
|
# Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions
|
||||||
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ low-res-book-epub/OEBPS/%.jpg: %.jpg
|
|||||||
epub/low_res_book.epub: copy_ebook_files_low_res $(low_res_images)
|
epub/low_res_book.epub: copy_ebook_files_low_res $(low_res_images)
|
||||||
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q0X ../epub/low_res_book.epub mimetype
|
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q0X ../epub/low_res_book.epub mimetype
|
||||||
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q9XrD ../epub/low_res_book.epub ./
|
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q9XrD ../epub/low_res_book.epub ./
|
||||||
# }}}
|
#}}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Website {{{
|
# Website {{{
|
||||||
###################################
|
###################################
|
||||||
@@ -183,49 +192,37 @@ website: html ../website/_bundle_install_done $(ruby_src)
|
|||||||
export_figures: pdf $(tgt_figures)
|
export_figures: pdf $(tgt_figures)
|
||||||
cd figures/ && bash export_figures.sh
|
cd figures/ && bash export_figures.sh
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
# }}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# User level targets {{{
|
# Now with the targets {{{
|
||||||
# Build targets {{{
|
# Expected usual targets first
|
||||||
.PHONY: all
|
.PHONY: all
|
||||||
all: bake
|
all: bake
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks)
|
# Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks)
|
||||||
.PHONY: pdf serif sans_serif ebook
|
.PHONY: pdf booklet serif sans_serif ebook
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pdf: serif sans_serif
|
pdf: serif sans_serif
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
booklet: booklet/booklet.pdf
|
||||||
serif: book_serif/book.pdf
|
serif: book_serif/book.pdf
|
||||||
sans_serif: book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf
|
sans_serif: book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ebook: epub/book.epub
|
ebook: epub/book.epub
|
||||||
bw_ebook: epub/bw_book.epub
|
bw_ebook: epub/bw_book.epub
|
||||||
low_res_ebook: epub/low_res_book.epub
|
low_res_ebook: epub/low_res_book.epub
|
||||||
# }}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Old target names are disabled with helpful help message {{{
|
# We keep the old target names for backward compatibility
|
||||||
build_pdf:
|
build_pdf: pdf
|
||||||
@echo "build_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make pdf"
|
build_booklet: booklet
|
||||||
@exit
|
build_serif_pdf: serif
|
||||||
build_serif_pdf:
|
build_sans_serif_pdf: sans_serif
|
||||||
@echo "build_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make serif"
|
build_ebook: ebook
|
||||||
@exit
|
build_bw_ebook: bw_ebook
|
||||||
build_sans_serif_pdf:
|
build_low_res_ebook: low_res_ebook
|
||||||
@echo "build_sans_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make sans_serif"
|
|
||||||
@exit
|
|
||||||
build_ebook:
|
|
||||||
@echo "build_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make ebook"
|
|
||||||
@exit
|
|
||||||
build_bw_ebook:
|
|
||||||
@echo "build_bw_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make bw_ebook"
|
|
||||||
@exit
|
|
||||||
build_low_res_ebook:
|
|
||||||
@echo "build_low_res_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make low_res_ebook"
|
|
||||||
@exit
|
|
||||||
# }}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Top level releases rules {{{
|
# top level releases rules
|
||||||
.PHONY: bake release_serif release_sans_serif
|
.PHONY: bake release_serif release_sans_serif
|
||||||
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif website
|
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif release_booklet website
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
release:
|
release:
|
||||||
mkdir -p release
|
mkdir -p release
|
||||||
@@ -242,6 +239,9 @@ release_serif: serif ebook bw_ebook low_res_ebook | release
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
release_sans_serif: sans_serif | release
|
release_sans_serif: sans_serif | release
|
||||||
cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf
|
cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
release_booklet: booklet | release
|
||||||
|
cp booklet/booklet.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-booklet.pdf
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Clean up {{{
|
# Clean up {{{
|
||||||
@@ -259,9 +259,12 @@ clean_figures:
|
|||||||
clean_ebook_build:
|
clean_ebook_build:
|
||||||
-rm epub_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
|
-rm epub_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
|
||||||
-rm epub_build/book*.{idv,lg,loc,log,ncx,run.xml,tmp,xref}
|
-rm epub_build/book*.{idv,lg,loc,log,ncx,run.xml,tmp,xref}
|
||||||
-rm epub_build/{book.css,content.opf} epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
|
|
||||||
-rm epub_build/book*x.svg
|
-rm epub_build/book*x.svg
|
||||||
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
|
-rm epub_build/book.css
|
||||||
|
-rm epub_build/content.opf
|
||||||
|
-rm epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
|
||||||
|
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF
|
||||||
|
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
clean_website_build:
|
clean_website_build:
|
||||||
-rm website_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
|
-rm website_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
|
||||||
@@ -271,18 +274,25 @@ clean_website_build:
|
|||||||
clean: clean_ebook_build clean_figures clean_website_build
|
clean: clean_ebook_build clean_figures clean_website_build
|
||||||
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
||||||
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
||||||
|
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||||
-rm book*/*.{bbl,loc,run.xml}
|
-rm book*/*.{bbl,loc,run.xml}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mrproper: clean
|
mrproper: clean
|
||||||
$(CLEAN) -C $(src_figures)
|
$(CLEAN) -C $(src_figures)
|
||||||
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
||||||
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
||||||
|
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||||
-rm figures/*.png
|
-rm figures/*.png
|
||||||
|
-rm -rf epub/
|
||||||
-rm -rf release/
|
-rm -rf release/
|
||||||
-rm -rf book_serif/ book_sans_serif/
|
-rm -rf book_serif/
|
||||||
-rm -rf epub/ epub_build/ bw-book-epub/ low-res-book-epub/
|
-rm -rf book_sans_serif/
|
||||||
-rm -rf website_build/ $(website_dir)
|
-rm -rf booklet/
|
||||||
# }}}
|
-rm -rf *book-epub/
|
||||||
|
-rm -rf epub_build/
|
||||||
|
-rm -rf website_build/
|
||||||
|
-rm -rf $(website_dir)
|
||||||
|
#}}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Help {{{
|
# Help {{{
|
||||||
###################################
|
###################################
|
||||||
@@ -328,6 +338,7 @@ help:
|
|||||||
@echo "Quick builds:"
|
@echo "Quick builds:"
|
||||||
@echo " quick: compiles serif_pdf but runs lulatex only once"
|
@echo " quick: compiles serif_pdf but runs lulatex only once"
|
||||||
@echo " quick_ebook: compiles ebook but runs lulatex only once"
|
@echo " quick_ebook: compiles ebook but runs lulatex only once"
|
||||||
|
@echo " quick_booklet: compiles booklet but runs lulatex only once"
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
@echo "Checks:"
|
@echo "Checks:"
|
||||||
@echo " tex-check: runs static analysis checker on LaTeX source to spot"
|
@echo " tex-check: runs static analysis checker on LaTeX source to spot"
|
||||||
@@ -342,9 +353,8 @@ help:
|
|||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
@echo "set DEBUG i.e make DEBUG=1 ebook to add debug flags to commands"
|
@echo "set DEBUG i.e make DEBUG=1 ebook to add debug flags to commands"
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
# }}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Debug Stuff {{{
|
# Debug Stuff from now on {{{
|
||||||
###################################
|
###################################
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Verify your spelling and TeX warnings {{{
|
# Verify your spelling and TeX warnings {{{
|
||||||
@@ -373,44 +383,47 @@ spell-check: $(src_tex) spelling_exceptions.txt
|
|||||||
quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc...
|
quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc...
|
||||||
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
quick_booklet:
|
||||||
|
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc...
|
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc...
|
||||||
$(EBOOK) --mode draft book.tex
|
$(EBOOK) --mode draft book.tex
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{
|
show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{
|
||||||
-$(GIT) log -5 --pretty="%h: %s by %an on %as"
|
- $(GIT) log -1 --pretty=%B
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-uname -a
|
- uname -a
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-$(SHELL) --version
|
- $(SHELL) --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-@echo "PATH:"
|
- @echo "PATH:"
|
||||||
-@echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
|
- @echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-latexmk --version
|
- latexmk --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-lualatex --version
|
- lualatex --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-tex4ebook --version
|
- tex4ebook --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-make4ht --version
|
- make4ht --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-tidy -version
|
- tidy -version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-dvisvgm --version
|
- dvisvgm --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
|
- lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-chktex --version
|
- chktex --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-make --version
|
- make --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-biber -version
|
- biber -version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-ruby --version
|
- ruby --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-$(CONVERT_PIC) --version
|
- $(CONVERT_PIC) --version
|
||||||
@echo ""
|
@echo ""
|
||||||
-rsync --version
|
- rsync --version
|
||||||
# }}}
|
# }}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# You can find the value of variable X with the following command:
|
# You can find the value of variable X with the following command:
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
|
|||||||
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
|
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
|
||||||
\item Coffee
|
\item Coffee
|
||||||
\item Eggs
|
\item Eggs
|
||||||
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors})
|
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors})
|
||||||
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
|
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
|
||||||
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
|
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
|
||||||
\item Mashed potatoes
|
\item Mashed potatoes
|
||||||
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
|
|||||||
\end{itemize}
|
\end{itemize}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{Colors}%
|
\subsection{Colors}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:colors}
|
\label{section:colors}
|
||||||
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
|
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
|
||||||
include:
|
include:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ banneton or loaf pan with seeds or oats. When using a loaf pan or banneton
|
|||||||
these coverings also help to make the container stick less.
|
these coverings also help to make the container stick less.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another approach commonly used with buns is to wet the surface or dump the
|
Another approach commonly used with buns is to wet the surface or dump the
|
||||||
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wet piece of dough into your bowl of
|
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wetted piece of dough into your bowl of
|
||||||
mix-ins. This does not work for all mix-ins, as some can't handle the high
|
mix-ins. This does not work for all mix-ins, as some can't handle the high
|
||||||
temperatures during baking and char. Most commonly done with seeds
|
temperatures during baking and char. Most commonly done with seeds
|
||||||
(\eg~sesame, oats, flax-seed).
|
(\eg~sesame, oats, flax-seed).
|
||||||
|
|||||||
238
book/nameref.4ht
238
book/nameref.4ht
@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
% nameref.4ht (2024-06-15-13:36), generated from tex4ht-4ht.tex
|
|
||||||
% Copyright 2005-2009 Eitan M. Gurari
|
|
||||||
% Copyright 2009-2024 TeX Users Group
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
|
|
||||||
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
|
|
||||||
% version 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any
|
|
||||||
% later version. The latest version of this license is in
|
|
||||||
% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
|
|
||||||
% and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions
|
|
||||||
% of LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
% The Current Maintainer of this work
|
|
||||||
% is the TeX4ht Project <http://tug.org/tex4ht>.
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
% If you modify this program, changing the
|
|
||||||
% version identification would be appreciated.
|
|
||||||
\immediate\write-1{version 2024-06-15-13:36}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\let\NR:Type\relax
|
|
||||||
\let\ltx@label\label
|
|
||||||
\def\prf:label{{\ifx \NR:Title\:UnDef \a:newlabel{\@currentlabelname}\else \NR:Title\fi}%
|
|
||||||
{\ifx \NR:Type\relax \else \NR:Type .1\fi}{}}%
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\append:defI\label{\let\NR:Title\undefined}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\let\NR:StartSec\:StartSec
|
|
||||||
\let\NR:no@sect\no@sect
|
|
||||||
\def\no@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#7}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\NR:no@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}[{#7}]{#8}}
|
|
||||||
\def\:StartSec#1#2#3{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#3}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\NR:StartSec{#1}{#2}{#3}%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#7}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NR@sect:{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}[{#7}]{#8}}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\NR@sect\:tempc
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc#1#2#3#4#5{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel\ssect:ttl}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NR@ssect:{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\NR@ssect\:tempc
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc[#1]#2{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{part}%
|
|
||||||
\o:no@part:[{#1}]{#2}}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
% this definition clashes with asmart and amsproc classes, so we
|
|
||||||
% need to skip if these are active
|
|
||||||
\@ifundefined{opt@amsart.cls}{%
|
|
||||||
\@ifundefined{opt@amsproc.cls}{%
|
|
||||||
\HLet\no@part\:tempc
|
|
||||||
}{}}{}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc#1{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{part}%
|
|
||||||
\o:no@spart:{#1}}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\no@spart\:tempc
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc[#1]#2{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NR@chapter:[{#1}]{#2}}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\NR@chapter\:tempc
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc#1{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel\sch:ttl}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NR@schapter:{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\NR@schapter\:tempc
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\let\o:NR@@caption\@caption
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\ifdefined\scr@makechapterhead
|
|
||||||
% fixes for Komascript
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempa[#1]#2{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
|
|
||||||
\o:@chapter:[#1]{#2}%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\@chapter\:tempa
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempa#1{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
|
|
||||||
\o:@schapter:{#1}%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\@schapter\:tempa
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\fi
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
% Keith Andrews <kandrews@iicm.edu> reported that \@captype as
|
|
||||||
% \NR:Type threw an undefined control sequence error. I think
|
|
||||||
% \@currenvir is safe, there is nothing special about \@captype.
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
% use of \index and \label inside caption results in a fatal error
|
|
||||||
% we need to disable them in \NR:Title
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
% there can be more problematic commands, so we provide a configuration
|
|
||||||
% that can be used multiple times - the default value fixes known commands
|
|
||||||
% but a user can add more of them
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\def\a:captioncommandsfix{}
|
|
||||||
\NewConfigure{CaptionCommandsFix}[1]{\concat:config\a:captioncommandsfix{#1}}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{CaptionCommandsFix}{
|
|
||||||
\let\index\:gobble%
|
|
||||||
\let\label\:gobble%
|
|
||||||
\let\\\relax% causes issues when \centering is active
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\long\def\@caption#1[#2]{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
|
|
||||||
\begingroup%
|
|
||||||
\a:captioncommandsfix
|
|
||||||
\protected@xdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#2}}%
|
|
||||||
\endgroup%
|
|
||||||
\o:NR@@caption{#1}[{#2}]%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\let\o:NRorg@opargbegintheorem\@opargbegintheorem
|
|
||||||
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#3}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
|
|
||||||
\NR@gettitle{#3}%
|
|
||||||
\defineautorefname{\@currenvir}{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NRorg@opargbegintheorem{#1}{#2}{#3}%
|
|
||||||
}%
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\let\o:NRorg@begintheorem\@begintheorem
|
|
||||||
\def\@begintheorem#1#2{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1 #2}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
|
|
||||||
\defineautorefname{\@currenvir}{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\NR@gettitle{}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NRorg@begintheorem{#1}{#2}%
|
|
||||||
}%
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
% I don't know if this was useful for anything
|
|
||||||
% but we cannot use it anymore
|
|
||||||
% \AtBeginDocument{%
|
|
||||||
\@ifpackageloaded{listings}{%
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempc#1{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{listing}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{lstlisting}%
|
|
||||||
\o:NROrg@lst@MakeCaption:{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\@currentlabelname{listing}}
|
|
||||||
\HLet\NROrg@lst@MakeCaption\:tempc
|
|
||||||
}{}%
|
|
||||||
% bug [348]
|
|
||||||
\def\:tempams{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{equation}}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{equation}%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\@currentlabelname{equation}%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/581856/2891
|
|
||||||
\@ifpackageloaded{caption}{
|
|
||||||
\pend:defIII\caption@beginex{%
|
|
||||||
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
|
|
||||||
% handle \label and \index in Caption's package
|
|
||||||
% version of \caption
|
|
||||||
\begingroup%
|
|
||||||
\a:captioncommandsfix
|
|
||||||
\protected@xdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{##2}}%
|
|
||||||
\endgroup%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}{}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\@ifpackageloaded{amsmath}{%
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{align}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{multline}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{equation}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{boxed}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{equations}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{equation}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{gather*}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{gather}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{genfrac}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{measure@}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{multline*}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{multline}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{overset}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{smallmatrix}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{split}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{subarray}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{substack}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{underset}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{xleftarrow}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{xrightarrow}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
}{
|
|
||||||
\Configure{@begin}{equation}{\:tempams}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\let\T:ref=\::ref
|
|
||||||
\def\::ref{\@ifstar{\protect\T@ref}{\protect\T@ref}}
|
|
||||||
\def\T@ref#1{%
|
|
||||||
\@safe@activestrue%
|
|
||||||
\let\::ref\T:ref%
|
|
||||||
\expandafter\@setref\csname r@#1\endcsname\@firstoffive{#1}%
|
|
||||||
\def\::ref{\@ifstar{\protect\T@ref}{\protect\T@ref}}%
|
|
||||||
\@safe@activesfalse%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\gdef\defineautorefname#1#2{%
|
|
||||||
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1autorefname\endcsname{#2}}
|
|
||||||
\defineautorefname{theorem}{Theorem}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\Configure{newlabel}
|
|
||||||
{\csname cur:th\endcsname \csname :currentlabel\endcsname}
|
|
||||||
{\string\csname\space :autoref\string\endcsname
|
|
||||||
{\NR:Type}#1}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\ifx \@currentlabelname\:UnDef
|
|
||||||
\let\@currentlabelname\empty
|
|
||||||
\fi
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\pend:defIII\@setref{\edef\RefArg{##3}}
|
|
||||||
\append:defIII\@setref{\let\:autoref\:gobble}
|
|
||||||
\let\:autoref\:gobble
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\Hinput{nameref}
|
|
||||||
\endinput
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
|
\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
|
||||||
\label{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}
|
\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
|
||||||
\begin{quoting}
|
\begin{quoting}
|
||||||
In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
|
In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
|
||||||
using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
|
using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
|
||||||
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ convenient time for you.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
|
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
|
||||||
just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
|
just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
|
||||||
Chapter~\ref{ch:baking}. One challenging aspect
|
Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
|
||||||
of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
|
of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
|
||||||
dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
|
dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
|
||||||
and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal
|
and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -448,13 +448,6 @@
|
|||||||
note = {Accessed: 2023-02-03}
|
note = {Accessed: 2023-02-03}
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@article{bread+temperature+baking,
|
|
||||||
author = {Athanasius},
|
|
||||||
title = {What is the maximum internal temperature of baked goods?},
|
|
||||||
url = {https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/54068/what-is-the-maximum-internal-temperature-of-baked-goods},
|
|
||||||
note = {Accessed: 2023-03-03}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@misc{wheat+kernel,
|
@misc{wheat+kernel,
|
||||||
author = {W. Berghoff},
|
author = {W. Berghoff},
|
||||||
title = {A wheat kernel and its nutritional value.},
|
title = {A wheat kernel and its nutritional value.},
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
|
|||||||
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
|
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Liquid starter}%
|
\section{Liquid starter}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:liquid-starter}
|
\label{section:liquid-starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ By introducing this layer of water, less oxygen is available throughout the
|
|||||||
course of fermentation. This means that your starter will no longer be
|
course of fermentation. This means that your starter will no longer be
|
||||||
producing acetic acid. The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria will thrive
|
producing acetic acid. The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria will thrive
|
||||||
in this environment. This is a neat little trick to change your starter's
|
in this environment. This is a neat little trick to change your starter's
|
||||||
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop dairy
|
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop
|
||||||
creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
|
dairy creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
|
||||||
is going to maintain the liquid starter flavor profile, but then benefit again
|
is going to maintain the liquid starter flavor profile, but then benefit again
|
||||||
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is irreversible.
|
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is nonreversible.
|
||||||
By changing to a liquid starter you will permanently select a subset of
|
By changing to a liquid starter you will permanently select a subset of
|
||||||
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going
|
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going back to a regular
|
||||||
back to a regular or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the
|
or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the liquid conversion
|
||||||
liquid conversion will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a
|
will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a backup of the starter
|
||||||
backup of the starter before the liquid starter conversion.
|
before the liquid starter conversion.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To begin with the
|
To begin with the
|
||||||
conversion, simply take around \qty{1}{\gram} of your starter, mix with \qty{5}{\gram} flour and
|
conversion, simply take around \qty{1}{\gram} of your starter, mix with \qty{5}{\gram} flour and
|
||||||
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
|
|||||||
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
|
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Stiff starter}%
|
\section{Stiff starter}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:stiff-starter}
|
\label{section:stiff-starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
|
||||||
@@ -225,10 +225,9 @@ mixing the starter there should be no chunks of flour left. Test placing
|
|||||||
the starter on your kitchen counter. When lifting it should slightly stick
|
the starter on your kitchen counter. When lifting it should slightly stick
|
||||||
to your counter's surface. This test indicates that you hydrated the flour sufficiently.
|
to your counter's surface. This test indicates that you hydrated the flour sufficiently.
|
||||||
When the mixture is too dry, the fermentation speed is greatly reduced and
|
When the mixture is too dry, the fermentation speed is greatly reduced and
|
||||||
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier than a
|
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier
|
||||||
regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to
|
than a regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check}
|
||||||
Figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check} for a visual example of the starter's
|
for a visual example of the starter's required hydration level.
|
||||||
required hydration level.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stiff-starter-dry-check.jpg}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stiff-starter-dry-check.jpg}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
\chapter{Making a sourdough starter}%
|
\chapter{Making a sourdough starter}%
|
||||||
\label{ch:sourdough-starter}
|
\label{chapter:sourdough-starter}
|
||||||
\begin{quoting}
|
\begin{quoting}
|
||||||
In this chapter you will learn how to make your
|
In this chapter you will learn how to make your
|
||||||
own sourdough starter, but before doing so you will
|
own sourdough starter, but before doing so you will
|
||||||
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
|
|||||||
\end{quoting}
|
\end{quoting}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Baker's math}%
|
\section{Baker's math}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:bakers-math}
|
\label{section:bakers-math}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
|
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
|
||||||
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
|
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
|
||||||
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ are completely lost when trying to scale it up.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Making a sourdough starter is very easy, all you need
|
Making a sourdough starter is very easy, all you need
|
||||||
is a little bit of patience. It is in fact so easy that it can be summarized
|
is a little bit of patience. It is in fact so easy that it can be summarized
|
||||||
in a simple Flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
|
in a simple flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
|
||||||
use to bootstrap your starter is ideally a whole flour.
|
use to bootstrap your starter is ideally a whole flour.
|
||||||
You could use whole-wheat, whole-rye, whole-spelt or
|
You could use whole-wheat, whole-rye, whole-spelt or
|
||||||
any other flour you have. In fact gluten free flours such
|
any other flour you have. In fact gluten free flours such
|
||||||
@@ -101,14 +101,6 @@ as rice or corn would also work. Don't worry, you can always
|
|||||||
change the flour later. Use whatever whole flour you
|
change the flour later. Use whatever whole flour you
|
||||||
already have at hand.
|
already have at hand.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
|
|
||||||
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
|
|
||||||
starter from scratch.}%
|
|
||||||
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
|
|
||||||
\end{flowchart}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Your flour is contaminated with millions of microbes. As explained
|
Your flour is contaminated with millions of microbes. As explained
|
||||||
before in the chapter about wild yeast and bacteria, these
|
before in the chapter about wild yeast and bacteria, these
|
||||||
microbes live on the surface of the plant. That's why
|
microbes live on the surface of the plant. That's why
|
||||||
@@ -139,30 +131,22 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible.
|
|||||||
I~like to use a glass and place another
|
I~like to use a glass and place another
|
||||||
inverted one on top.
|
inverted one on top.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
|
\centering
|
||||||
study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified
|
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
|
||||||
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
|
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
|
||||||
|
starter from scratch.}%
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
|
||||||
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Now an epic battle begins. In one study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}
|
||||||
|
scientists have identified more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
|
||||||
on a single leaf of a plant.
|
on a single leaf of a plant.
|
||||||
All of the different yeasts and bacteria are trying to get
|
All of the different yeasts and bacteria are trying to get
|
||||||
the upper hand in this battle. Other pathogens such as mold
|
the upper hand in this battle. Other pathogens such as mold
|
||||||
are also being activated as we added water. Only the strongest
|
are also being activated as we added water. Only the strongest
|
||||||
most adaptable microorganisms will survive.
|
most adaptable microorganisms will survive.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
|
|
||||||
\caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple
|
|
||||||
visualization of the microbial warfare that happens during the making of
|
|
||||||
a sourdough starter. The wild spores on the plant and flour become
|
|
||||||
activated the moment flour and water is mixed. Only the most adapted
|
|
||||||
flour-fermenting microbes will survive. Because of unwanted microbial
|
|
||||||
fermentation it is advised to discard the feeding-leftovers of the first
|
|
||||||
days. The surviving yeast and bacteria continuously try to outcompete
|
|
||||||
each other for resources. New microbes have a hard time entering the
|
|
||||||
starter and are eliminated.}%
|
|
||||||
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
|
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By adding water to the
|
By adding water to the
|
||||||
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
|
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
|
||||||
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
|
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
|
||||||
@@ -204,19 +188,35 @@ days my new starter seems to be quite alive already. This might
|
|||||||
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
|
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
|
||||||
my kitchen.
|
my kitchen.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
|
||||||
|
\caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple
|
||||||
|
visualization of the microbial warfare that happens during the making of
|
||||||
|
a sourdough starter. The wild spores on the plant and flour become
|
||||||
|
activated the moment flour and water is mixed. Only the most adapted
|
||||||
|
flour-fermenting microbes will survive. Because of unwanted microbial
|
||||||
|
fermentation it is advised to discard the feeding-leftovers of the first
|
||||||
|
days. The surviving yeast and bacteria continuously try to outcompete
|
||||||
|
each other for resources. New microbes have a hard time entering the
|
||||||
|
starter and are eliminated.}%
|
||||||
|
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
|
||||||
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Wait for around 24~hours and observe what happens to your starter.
|
Wait for around 24~hours and observe what happens to your starter.
|
||||||
You might see some early signs of fermentation already. Use your nose
|
You might see some early signs of fermentation already. Use your nose
|
||||||
to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough
|
to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough
|
||||||
might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever
|
might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever
|
||||||
you see and notice is a sign of the first battle.
|
you see and notice is a sign of the first battle.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some microbes have already been outperformed. Others have won the first
|
Some microbes
|
||||||
battle. After around \qty{24}{hours} most of the starch has been broken down
|
have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
|
||||||
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around
|
After around 24~hours most of the starch has been broken down
|
||||||
\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
|
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
|
||||||
container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
|
take around \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place
|
||||||
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
|
it in a new container. Again --- you could also simply eye ball
|
||||||
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram}
|
||||||
|
from the previous day with another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
|
||||||
|
and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
|
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
|
||||||
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
|
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
|
||||||
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ don't use this test and can't recommend it.
|
|||||||
Once you see your starter is ready I~would recommend giving it
|
Once you see your starter is ready I~would recommend giving it
|
||||||
one last feeding and then you are ready to make your dough in the
|
one last feeding and then you are ready to make your dough in the
|
||||||
evening or the next day. For the instructions on how to make your
|
evening or the next day. For the instructions on how to make your
|
||||||
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{ch:wheat-sourdough}
|
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
|
||||||
and~\ref{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
|
and~\ref{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your first bread failed, chances are your fermentation hasn't
|
If your first bread failed, chances are your fermentation hasn't
|
||||||
worked as expected. In many cases the reason is your sourdough starter. Maybe
|
worked as expected. In many cases the reason is your sourdough starter. Maybe
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
|
|||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
% Caption and figure size below images
|
% Caption and figure size below images
|
||||||
\addtokomafont{captionlabel}{\textbf}
|
\usepackage{caption}
|
||||||
\addtokomafont{caption}{\small}
|
\captionsetup[figure]{font=footnotesize}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F}
|
\DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ Krawontka
|
|||||||
Krzysztof
|
Krzysztof
|
||||||
Kuchengnom
|
Kuchengnom
|
||||||
Kuriyama
|
Kuriyama
|
||||||
|
Labelling
|
||||||
Lausuch
|
Lausuch
|
||||||
Lecloux
|
Lecloux
|
||||||
Leeuwen
|
Leeuwen
|
||||||
@@ -198,6 +199,7 @@ Mitelski
|
|||||||
Moj
|
Moj
|
||||||
Monicaks
|
Monicaks
|
||||||
MqH3GVfjfBc
|
MqH3GVfjfBc
|
||||||
|
NONINFRINGEMENT
|
||||||
Napoli
|
Napoli
|
||||||
Nic
|
Nic
|
||||||
Nirpf
|
Nirpf
|
||||||
@@ -324,6 +326,7 @@ caco
|
|||||||
cagno
|
cagno
|
||||||
calc
|
calc
|
||||||
captionsetup
|
captionsetup
|
||||||
|
caramelise
|
||||||
carbonarius
|
carbonarius
|
||||||
cerevisiae
|
cerevisiae
|
||||||
chapappifchapterprefix
|
chapappifchapterprefix
|
||||||
@@ -340,10 +343,12 @@ citecolor
|
|||||||
codeblack
|
codeblack
|
||||||
codeblue
|
codeblue
|
||||||
coeliac
|
coeliac
|
||||||
|
colour
|
||||||
countertop
|
countertop
|
||||||
crum
|
crum
|
||||||
defaultfontfeatures
|
defaultfontfeatures
|
||||||
degF
|
degF
|
||||||
|
dependant
|
||||||
diastatic
|
diastatic
|
||||||
dimexpr
|
dimexpr
|
||||||
discard2
|
discard2
|
||||||
@@ -399,6 +404,7 @@ hscale
|
|||||||
hspace
|
hspace
|
||||||
htb
|
htb
|
||||||
htp
|
htp
|
||||||
|
hydrations
|
||||||
hyperref
|
hyperref
|
||||||
hypersetup
|
hypersetup
|
||||||
ie
|
ie
|
||||||
@@ -407,6 +413,7 @@ ifnextchar
|
|||||||
ifthenelse
|
ifthenelse
|
||||||
ifwidelayout
|
ifwidelayout
|
||||||
includegraphics
|
includegraphics
|
||||||
|
industrialisation
|
||||||
injera
|
injera
|
||||||
isaccessible
|
isaccessible
|
||||||
jalapeño
|
jalapeño
|
||||||
@@ -415,6 +422,7 @@ kao
|
|||||||
karl
|
karl
|
||||||
keepaspectratio
|
keepaspectratio
|
||||||
kitchenaid
|
kitchenaid
|
||||||
|
labelled
|
||||||
lacto
|
lacto
|
||||||
le
|
le
|
||||||
leavevmode
|
leavevmode
|
||||||
@@ -492,6 +500,7 @@ scandinavia
|
|||||||
scorings
|
scorings
|
||||||
selectfont
|
selectfont
|
||||||
semibold
|
semibold
|
||||||
|
sep
|
||||||
setchapterimage
|
setchapterimage
|
||||||
setchapterpreamble
|
setchapterpreamble
|
||||||
setchapterstyle
|
setchapterstyle
|
||||||
@@ -548,6 +557,7 @@ vspace
|
|||||||
wahlfeld
|
wahlfeld
|
||||||
wait1
|
wait1
|
||||||
wait2
|
wait2
|
||||||
|
wetted
|
||||||
xsep
|
xsep
|
||||||
xshift
|
xshift
|
||||||
yYkTrGHNW2w
|
yYkTrGHNW2w
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
\chapter{Storing bread}%
|
\chapter{Storing bread}%
|
||||||
\label{ch:storing-bread}
|
\label{chapter:storing-bread}
|
||||||
\begin{quoting}
|
\begin{quoting}
|
||||||
In this chapter you will discuss different methods of storing your bread, each
|
In this chapter you will discuss different methods of storing your bread, each
|
||||||
with their own pro and cons. This way your bread can be best enjoyed at a
|
with their own pro and cons. This way your bread can be best enjoyed at a
|
||||||
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ This option is great for very long-term storage. Personally
|
|||||||
I~like having a few slices of bread frozen as an emergency
|
I~like having a few slices of bread frozen as an emergency
|
||||||
backup when I~have had no time to bake.
|
backup when I~have had no time to bake.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health benefits to freezing and
|
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health
|
||||||
toasting your bread. By doing so the starch molecules could become more
|
benefits to freezing and toasting your bread. By doing so
|
||||||
resistant to digestion and thus lower your body's blood sugar response by
|
the starch molecules could become more resistant to digestion
|
||||||
almost \qty{40}{\percent}~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.
|
and thus lower your body's blood sugar
|
||||||
|
response by almost 40\%~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -535,22 +535,6 @@ figure.figure p.noindent {
|
|||||||
text-align: center;
|
text-align: center;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
main.main-content h2.chapterHead.home-content-title {
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.5em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.download-description {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: var(--fw-bold);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.download-links {
|
|
||||||
p.indent, p.noindent {
|
|
||||||
text-align: unset;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@media (max-width: 768px) {
|
@media (max-width: 768px) {
|
||||||
.header {
|
.header {
|
||||||
display: none;
|
display: none;
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
|
|||||||
122 / 252 & Lactic acid evaporation & The dairy tasting lactic acid begins to evaporate, sourness further decreases.\\
|
122 / 252 & Lactic acid evaporation & The dairy tasting lactic acid begins to evaporate, sourness further decreases.\\
|
||||||
140 / 284 & Maillard reaction & The Maillard reaction starts to deform starches and proteins.
|
140 / 284 & Maillard reaction & The Maillard reaction starts to deform starches and proteins.
|
||||||
The dough starts browning.\\
|
The dough starts browning.\\
|
||||||
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelize giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
|
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelise giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
|
||||||
\end{tabular}
|
\end{tabular}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -33,13 +33,4 @@
|
|||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
\makeatother
|
\makeatother
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
% Warnig from Michal: Note that once you get the updated TeX Live with a new
|
|
||||||
% `chemfig.4ht` file, you can remove this from the config file:
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
%```latex \pend:def\schemestart{\Picture+{}}
|
|
||||||
%\append:def\CF_schemestop{\EndPicture} ```
|
|
||||||
%
|
|
||||||
%You could get an error otherwise, as there would be nested `\Picture+{}` and
|
|
||||||
%`\EndPicture` commands.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\EndPreamble
|
\EndPreamble
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
|
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
|
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
|
||||||
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
|
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
|
||||||
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
|
|||||||
that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
|
||||||
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
|
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
|
||||||
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
|
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
|
||||||
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
|
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
|
||||||
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
|
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
|
||||||
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
|
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
|
||||||
@@ -51,7 +49,6 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
|
|||||||
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
|
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
|
||||||
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
|
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
|
||||||
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
|
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
|
||||||
@@ -78,10 +75,8 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
|
|||||||
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
|
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
|
||||||
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
|
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
||||||
many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
|
||||||
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
|
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -159,11 +154,10 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Underfermented}
|
\subsection{Underfermented}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
||||||
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
|
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
|
||||||
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
|
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user wahlfeld
|
||||||
\emph{wahlfeld} from our community Discord server.}%
|
from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
\label{fig:fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -195,12 +189,11 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
|
|||||||
of time.
|
of time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
|
||||||
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
|
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
|
||||||
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
|
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
|
||||||
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
|
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:fools-crumb}
|
\label{fools-crumb}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
|
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
|
||||||
@@ -231,10 +224,9 @@ and less bacterial activity.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
|
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
|
||||||
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
|
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:flat-bread}
|
\label{flat-bread}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
|
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
|
||||||
@@ -257,10 +249,9 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
|
|||||||
\subsection{Baked too hot}
|
\subsection{Baked too hot}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}
|
\begin{figure}
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
|
||||||
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
|
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:baked-too-hot}
|
\label{baked-too-hot}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
|
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
|
||||||
@@ -289,11 +280,10 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
|
|||||||
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
|
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[h]
|
\begin{figure}[h]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
|
||||||
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
|
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
|
||||||
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
|
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:no-steam}
|
\label{no-steam}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
|
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
|
||||||
@@ -314,12 +304,11 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
|
|||||||
of the oven.
|
of the oven.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||||
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
|
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
|
||||||
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
|
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
|
||||||
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
|
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
\label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
|
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
|
||||||
@@ -336,21 +325,19 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
|
|||||||
I~would achieve less oven spring.
|
I~would achieve less oven spring.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
|
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
|
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
|
||||||
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
|
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
|
||||||
steaming techniques.}%
|
steaming techniques.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
|
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
|
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
|
||||||
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
|
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
|
||||||
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
|
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
|
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -8,37 +8,60 @@ situation. You can then apply the appropriate measures and squash each
|
|||||||
\section{Starter}
|
\section{Starter}
|
||||||
\subsection{My starter does not double in size}
|
\subsection{My starter does not double in size}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to double in size before using it.
|
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to
|
||||||
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at peak performance to ensure a
|
double in size before using it.
|
||||||
|
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at
|
||||||
|
peak performance to ensure a
|
||||||
balanced fermentation in the main dough.
|
balanced fermentation in the main dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The doubling in size metric should be taken with a grain of salt when judging
|
The doubling in size metric should be
|
||||||
your starter. Depending on the flour you use to feed the starter, different
|
taken with a grain of salt when judging
|
||||||
levels of its rising can be expected. For instance, if you use rye flour then
|
your starter. Depending on the flour
|
||||||
only very little gas from the fermentation can be retained inside the starter.
|
you use to feed the starter, different levels
|
||||||
In consequence, your sourdough starter will not rise as much. It could still
|
of its rising can be expected.
|
||||||
be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten, the starter will
|
For instance, if you use rye flour then only
|
||||||
not rise as much either. The reason is that you have a weaker gluten network
|
very little gas from the
|
||||||
resulting in more gas dispersing out of your dough.
|
fermentation can be retained inside the
|
||||||
|
starter. In consequence, your
|
||||||
|
sourdough starter will not rise as much. It
|
||||||
|
could still be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten,
|
||||||
|
the starter will not rise as
|
||||||
|
much either. The reason is that you have a weaker
|
||||||
|
gluten network resulting in
|
||||||
|
more gas dispersing out of your dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
That being said, it is recommended that you develop your volume increase
|
That being said, it is recommended that you develop
|
||||||
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then ultimately lose structure
|
your volume increase
|
||||||
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. This is the point when
|
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then
|
||||||
you should use your starter. This could be a \qty{50}{\percent} volume
|
ultimately lose structure
|
||||||
increase, \qty{100}{\percent} or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to
|
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
|
||||||
use the starter a little bit too early rather than too late. If you use the
|
This is the point when
|
||||||
starter later, reduce the quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a
|
you should use your starter. This could be a
|
||||||
\qty{20}{\percent} starter quantity, use only \qty{10}{\percent} starter in
|
\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
|
||||||
that case. Your starter will regrow in your main dough.
|
percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
|
||||||
|
the starter a little bit
|
||||||
|
too early rather than too late. If you use the
|
||||||
|
starter later, reduce the
|
||||||
|
quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a 20
|
||||||
|
percent starter quantity,
|
||||||
|
use only 10
|
||||||
|
percent starter in that case. Your starter will
|
||||||
|
regrow in your main dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On top of relying on the size increase, start taking note of your starter's
|
On top of relying on the size increase, start
|
||||||
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its fermentation state based on the
|
taking note of your starter's
|
||||||
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further your dough has fermented.
|
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its
|
||||||
This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough.
|
fermentation state based on the
|
||||||
|
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further
|
||||||
|
your dough has fermented.
|
||||||
|
This is a sign that you should use less starter
|
||||||
|
when making the actual dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Please refer to
|
Please refer to
|
||||||
Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{sec:readying-starter}'' for more
|
Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
|
||||||
information on the topic.
|
for more information on the topic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
|
\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -64,9 +87,9 @@ process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
|
|||||||
can speed up the process.
|
can speed up the process.
|
||||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
|
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of flour and water
|
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
|
||||||
(\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer sourdough starter features a
|
flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
|
||||||
hydration level of \qtyrange{50}{60}{\percent}.
|
sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
|
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
|
||||||
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
|
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
|
||||||
@@ -74,7 +97,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
|
|||||||
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
|
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
|
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
|
||||||
starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
|
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -101,7 +124,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
|
|||||||
this type of starter.
|
this type of starter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can read more about the liquid starter in
|
You can read more about the liquid starter in
|
||||||
Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter}
|
Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
|
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -172,14 +195,15 @@ the top.
|
|||||||
\label{fig:hooch}
|
\label{fig:hooch}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back into your
|
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back
|
||||||
starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of your sourdough
|
into your starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of
|
||||||
starter to set up the starter for your next bread. Once hooch appears, your
|
your sourdough starter to set up the starter for your next bread.
|
||||||
starter has likely fermented for a long period of time. It might be very sour.
|
Once hooch appears, your starter has likely fermented for a long
|
||||||
This state of starter is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard
|
period of time. It might be very sour. This state of starter
|
||||||
bread. Don't throw anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long
|
is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard bread. Don't throw
|
||||||
fermented dough in front of you. Compare it to a two year ripened Parmigiano
|
anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long fermented
|
||||||
cheese. The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
|
dough in front of you. Compare it to a 2 year ripened Parmigiano cheese.
|
||||||
|
The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
|
\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -226,7 +250,6 @@ fewer and fewer. Furthermore, it seems that lactic acid bacteria produce
|
|||||||
metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
|
||||||
\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
|
\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
|
||||||
interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
|
interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
|
||||||
@@ -285,7 +308,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Another approach that can help is to convert your
|
Another approach that can help is to convert your
|
||||||
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
|
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
|
||||||
described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
|
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -297,7 +320,7 @@ When tasting acetic acid, the flavor of your bread is often perceived
|
|||||||
as quite strong.
|
as quite strong.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
|
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
|
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
|
||||||
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
|
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
|
||||||
@@ -338,9 +361,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
|
|||||||
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
|
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
|
||||||
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
|
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
|
||||||
can read more about the autolysis process in
|
can read more about the autolysis process in
|
||||||
Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and
|
Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and
|
||||||
more about the topic of fermentolysis
|
more about the topic of fermentolysis
|
||||||
in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}.
|
in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
|
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
|
||||||
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
|
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
|
||||||
@@ -371,19 +394,18 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
|
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
|
||||||
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
|
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
|
||||||
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
|
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
|
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
|
||||||
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around
|
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
|
||||||
\qty{60}{\percent} hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use
|
percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
|
||||||
around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. This ballpark figure will work for most
|
This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
|
||||||
flours. With this hydration, you can make bread, buns, pizzas, and even
|
make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
|
||||||
baguettes out of the same dough.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more
|
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more yeast
|
||||||
yeast fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
|
fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
|
\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -399,14 +421,13 @@ the more gluten is broken down. As the gluten holds the
|
|||||||
wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
|
wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
|
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
|
||||||
\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
|
\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:tearing-dough}
|
\label{fig:tearing-dough}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
|
In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
|
||||||
using a starter that has not been fed for 30~days at room temperature.
|
using a starter that has not been fed for 30 days at room temperature.
|
||||||
I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
|
I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
|
||||||
Typically after a long period
|
Typically after a long period
|
||||||
without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
|
without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
|
||||||
@@ -462,7 +483,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
|
|||||||
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
|
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
|
||||||
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
|
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
|
||||||
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
|
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
|
||||||
refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
||||||
making a stiff sourdough starter.
|
making a stiff sourdough starter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
|
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
|
||||||
@@ -583,7 +604,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
|
|||||||
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
|
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
|
||||||
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
|
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
|
||||||
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
|
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
|
||||||
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
|
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
|
||||||
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
|
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
|
||||||
@@ -716,7 +737,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
|
|||||||
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
|
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
|
||||||
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
|
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
|
||||||
progress. To read more about this technique refer
|
progress. To read more about this technique refer
|
||||||
to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
|
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
|
||||||
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
|
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
|
||||||
@@ -735,7 +756,7 @@ fermentation at a pH of around 4.1. Please don't just
|
|||||||
follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring
|
follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring
|
||||||
with different doughs to find out a value that works for you.
|
with different doughs to find out a value that works for you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content---what should I~do?}
|
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content --- what should I~do?}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
|
You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
|
||||||
is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.
|
is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
\chapter{Wheat sourdough}%
|
|
||||||
\label{ch:wheat-sourdough}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{quoting}
|
\begin{quoting}
|
||||||
In this chapter, you will learn how to make
|
In this chapter, you will learn how to make
|
||||||
freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
|
freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
|
||||||
\end{quoting}
|
\end{quoting}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
|
||||||
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
|
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
|
||||||
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
|
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
|
||||||
@@ -34,13 +30,14 @@ My key learning was that there is no recipe that
|
|||||||
you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe
|
you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe
|
||||||
to your locally available tools and environment.
|
to your locally available tools and environment.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know all the signs to
|
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know
|
||||||
look out for. You will be able to read your dough. You will turn into a
|
all the signs to look out for. You will be able to read your dough.
|
||||||
confident hobby baker who can bake bread at home, at high altitudes, at low
|
You will turn into a confident hobby baker who can bake bread
|
||||||
altitudes, in summer, in winter, at your friend's place, and even on vacation.
|
at home, at high altitudes, at low altitudes, in summer, in winter,
|
||||||
Furthermore, you will know how to scale your production from one loaf to
|
at your friend's place, and even on vacation. Furthermore,
|
||||||
hundred loaves of bread. If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider
|
you will know how to scale your production from 1 loaf to 100 loaves of bread.
|
||||||
this knowledge to be your foundation.
|
If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider this knowledge to
|
||||||
|
be your foundation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread
|
Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread
|
||||||
that tastes much better than any store-bought bread.
|
that tastes much better than any store-bought bread.
|
||||||
@@ -90,14 +87,14 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
|
|||||||
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
|
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Readying your starter}%
|
\section{Readying your starter}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:readying-starter}
|
\label{section:readying-starter}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
|
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
|
||||||
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
|
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
|
||||||
If your starter is off, then your main dough is also going
|
If your starter is off, then your main dough is also going
|
||||||
to cause trouble during the fermentation. Your starter's
|
to cause trouble during the fermentation. Your starter's
|
||||||
properties are passed on to your main dough. If your starter
|
properties are passed on to your main dough. If your starter
|
||||||
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, neither will your
|
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, so will your
|
||||||
main dough.
|
main dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
@@ -143,9 +140,9 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
|
|||||||
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
|
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
|
||||||
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
|
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
|
||||||
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
|
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
|
||||||
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
|
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter})
|
||||||
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1~part old starter,
|
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
|
||||||
5~parts flour, 2.5~parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
||||||
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
|
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
|
||||||
way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this
|
way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this
|
||||||
trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule.
|
trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule.
|
||||||
@@ -161,7 +158,7 @@ regrows inside of your main dough. While I~would normally use
|
|||||||
as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have
|
as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have
|
||||||
more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough
|
more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough
|
||||||
starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough
|
starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough
|
||||||
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2~days without feedings,
|
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2 days without feedings,
|
||||||
I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the
|
I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the
|
||||||
previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce,
|
previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce,
|
||||||
your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again
|
your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again
|
||||||
@@ -176,8 +173,8 @@ Furthermore, you want your microorganisms to outcompete
|
|||||||
other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter
|
other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter
|
||||||
you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong
|
you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong
|
||||||
starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of
|
starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of
|
||||||
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option~1 more.
|
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option 1 more.
|
||||||
It will reliably create better bread. Option~2 is typically
|
It will reliably create better bread. Option 2 is typically
|
||||||
what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't
|
what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't
|
||||||
manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed
|
manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed
|
||||||
my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough
|
my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough
|
||||||
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ Especially when getting started I~recommend using bread flour which
|
|||||||
contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential
|
contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential
|
||||||
when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough.
|
when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Find below an example recipe for one loaf including baker's math calculation:
|
Find below an example recipe for 1 loaf including baker's math calculation:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{itemize}
|
\begin{itemize}
|
||||||
\item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour
|
\item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour
|
||||||
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
|
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
|
||||||
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
|
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
|
||||||
full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Hydration}
|
\section{Hydration}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -248,8 +245,8 @@ When a seed gets into contact initially, the outer layers soak up the water.
|
|||||||
That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to
|
That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to
|
||||||
use a little bit more water.
|
use a little bit more water.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix.
|
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix. The higher the
|
||||||
The higher the protein value, the more water can be used.
|
protein value, the more water can be used.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier
|
Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier
|
||||||
bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value
|
bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value
|
||||||
@@ -311,16 +308,16 @@ offers by simply letting your dough ferment for a longer period.
|
|||||||
Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less
|
Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less
|
||||||
sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment.
|
sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages. As explained
|
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages.
|
||||||
earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your gluten network.
|
As explained earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your
|
||||||
So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically become more
|
gluten network. So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically
|
||||||
extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire are slowly
|
become more extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire
|
||||||
converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon that can
|
are slowly converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon
|
||||||
very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the balloon will burst. You
|
that can very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the
|
||||||
will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough becomes very sticky. Finding
|
balloon will burst. You will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough
|
||||||
the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not too much is what the perfect
|
becomes very sticky. Finding the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not
|
||||||
wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry---after reading this chapter
|
too much is what the perfect wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry --- after reading
|
||||||
you will have the right tools at your disposal.
|
this chapter you will have the right tools at your disposal.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting
|
The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting
|
||||||
with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The
|
with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The
|
||||||
@@ -355,8 +352,8 @@ If you are just getting started with a new batch of flour,
|
|||||||
I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to
|
I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to
|
||||||
identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities.
|
identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Make five bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly
|
Make 5 bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly increasing
|
||||||
increasing water amounts to each of the bowls.
|
water amounts to each of the bowls.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{itemize}
|
\begin{itemize}
|
||||||
\item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water
|
\item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water
|
||||||
@@ -378,7 +375,6 @@ to feed your starter.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
|
||||||
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
|
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
|
||||||
developed your gluten well enough.}
|
developed your gluten well enough.}
|
||||||
@@ -456,7 +452,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
|
|||||||
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
|
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Autolysis}%
|
\section{Autolysis}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:autolysis}
|
\label{section:autolysis}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
|
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
|
||||||
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
|
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
|
||||||
@@ -508,7 +504,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
|
|||||||
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
|
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Fermentolysis}%
|
\section{Fermentolysis}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:fermentolysis}
|
\label{section:fermentolysis}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
|
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
|
||||||
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
|
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
|
||||||
@@ -530,25 +526,23 @@ environment and thus reduce the speed at which your microorganisms replicate.
|
|||||||
\end{table}
|
\end{table}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8
|
Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8
|
||||||
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout the
|
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout
|
||||||
day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a
|
the day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a completed
|
||||||
completed fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent}
|
fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent} sourdough starter. If
|
||||||
sourdough starter. If I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for
|
I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}.
|
||||||
less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}. Simply mix all the ingredients and
|
Simply mix all the ingredients and your fermentation begins. The
|
||||||
your fermentation begins. The enzymes and microorganisms commence their work.
|
enzymes and microorganisms commence their work. On a very warm summer day, the
|
||||||
On a very warm summer day, the mentioned quantities no longer work. With a
|
mentioned quantities no longer work. With a \qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough
|
||||||
\qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough would be ready in 5~hours up to a
|
would be ready in 5~hours up to a point of no return. Another additional hour
|
||||||
point of no return. Another additional hour would cause the dough to break
|
would cause the dough to break down too much. In this case, I~would opt for 5
|
||||||
down too much. In this case, I~would opt for \qty{5}{\percent} sourdough
|
percent sourdough starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12
|
||||||
starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12~hour window again.
|
hour window again. If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent}
|
||||||
If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent} sourdough
|
sourdough starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as
|
||||||
starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as they depend
|
they depend on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that
|
||||||
on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that you have
|
you have to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able
|
||||||
to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able to
|
to read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your own.
|
||||||
read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your
|
Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and more precise approach
|
||||||
own. Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and
|
by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered later in this chapter.
|
||||||
more precise approach by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered
|
|
||||||
later in this chapter.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount
|
Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount
|
||||||
of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will
|
of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will
|
||||||
@@ -621,7 +615,7 @@ by adding water and kneading again. This is a great trick to make
|
|||||||
a more extensible dough with lower-gluten flour~\cite{bassinage+technique}.
|
a more extensible dough with lower-gluten flour~\cite{bassinage+technique}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When machine kneading a dough, opt for the same technique shown in
|
When machine kneading a dough, opt for the same technique shown in
|
||||||
Flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
|
flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
|
||||||
speed. This helps the homogenization process.
|
speed. This helps the homogenization process.
|
||||||
After waiting to allow the flour to soak up the water, proceed on a higher speed
|
After waiting to allow the flour to soak up the water, proceed on a higher speed
|
||||||
setting. A good sign of a well-developed gluten network is
|
setting. A good sign of a well-developed gluten network is
|
||||||
@@ -630,7 +624,6 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
|
|||||||
dough to stick to the container.
|
dough to stick to the container.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
|
||||||
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
|
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
|
||||||
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
|
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
|
||||||
@@ -647,7 +640,6 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
|
|||||||
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
|
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
|
||||||
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
|
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
|
||||||
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
|
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
|
||||||
@@ -678,7 +670,7 @@ affecting the quality of the bread~\cite{oxidization+dough}.
|
|||||||
The last step before beginning bulk fermentation is to
|
The last step before beginning bulk fermentation is to
|
||||||
create a smooth dough ball. By making sure your dough's surface is
|
create a smooth dough ball. By making sure your dough's surface is
|
||||||
smooth, you will have fewer touch points when touching the dough.
|
smooth, you will have fewer touch points when touching the dough.
|
||||||
See Figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
|
See figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
|
||||||
of how your hand touches a rugged and smooth dough.
|
of how your hand touches a rugged and smooth dough.
|
||||||
With the smooth surface, your dough is going to stick less on your hands. Applying
|
With the smooth surface, your dough is going to stick less on your hands. Applying
|
||||||
later stretches and folds will be a lot easier. Without a smooth
|
later stretches and folds will be a lot easier. Without a smooth
|
||||||
@@ -687,7 +679,6 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
|
|||||||
new bakers commit.
|
new bakers commit.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
|
||||||
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
|
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
|
||||||
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
|
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
|
||||||
@@ -710,7 +701,7 @@ you can't stretch the gluten. Always imagine you are touching something utterly
|
|||||||
By doing so you will automatically try to touch the dough as little
|
By doing so you will automatically try to touch the dough as little
|
||||||
as possible. Keep repeating the process until you see that the dough
|
as possible. Keep repeating the process until you see that the dough
|
||||||
has a nice smooth surface. The final dough should look like the dough
|
has a nice smooth surface. The final dough should look like the dough
|
||||||
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
|
shown in~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your outer gluten layer tears, you have overstretched your dough. In
|
If your outer gluten layer tears, you have overstretched your dough. In
|
||||||
that case, take a 10-minute break, leaving your dough on the kitchen countertop.
|
that case, take a 10-minute break, leaving your dough on the kitchen countertop.
|
||||||
@@ -725,7 +716,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
|
|||||||
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
|
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
|
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
|
||||||
\label{sec:bulk-fermentation}
|
\label{section:bulk-fermentation}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
|
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
|
||||||
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
|
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
|
||||||
@@ -775,12 +766,12 @@ turning it into a gigantic sticky fermented pancake. This
|
|||||||
is one of the reasons why the current baking industry prefers
|
is one of the reasons why the current baking industry prefers
|
||||||
to make solely yeast-based doughs. By removing the bacteria
|
to make solely yeast-based doughs. By removing the bacteria
|
||||||
from the fermentation, the whole process becomes a lot more
|
from the fermentation, the whole process becomes a lot more
|
||||||
predictable. The room for error (as shown in
|
predictable. The room for error (as shown in figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation})
|
||||||
Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs
|
is much larger. The doughs are perfect to be made in a
|
||||||
are perfect to be made in a machine.
|
machine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
\centering
|
||||||
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
||||||
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
|
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
|
||||||
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
|
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
|
||||||
@@ -830,7 +821,6 @@ dough exactly on point.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
|
||||||
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
|
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
|
||||||
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
|
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
|
||||||
@@ -954,7 +944,6 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
|
|||||||
for your sourdough composition.
|
for your sourdough composition.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
|
||||||
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
|
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
|
||||||
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
|
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
|
||||||
@@ -1002,7 +991,6 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
|
|||||||
\section{Stretch and folds}
|
\section{Stretch and folds}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
|
||||||
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
|
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
|
||||||
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
|
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
|
||||||
@@ -1018,16 +1006,16 @@ fermentation stage. The process involves stretching the dough and then
|
|||||||
folding the dough onto itself. Some recipes call for a single stretch
|
folding the dough onto itself. Some recipes call for a single stretch
|
||||||
and fold, others for multiple.
|
and fold, others for multiple.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The primary goal of this technique is to provide additional dough strength to
|
The primary goal of this technique is to provide
|
||||||
your dough. As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough} there are
|
additional dough strength to your dough. As shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}
|
||||||
multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many
|
there are multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many no-knead
|
||||||
no-knead recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying
|
recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying stretch and folds
|
||||||
stretch and folds during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do
|
during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do all the folds probably
|
||||||
all the folds probably matches the initial kneading time required.}.
|
matches the initial kneading time required.}. If you do not knead as much at
|
||||||
If you do not knead as much at the start, you can reach the same level of
|
the start, you can reach the same level of dough strength by applying stretch
|
||||||
dough strength by applying stretch and folds later. The more stretch and folds
|
and folds later. The more stretch and folds you do, the more dough strength
|
||||||
you do, the more dough strength you add to your dough. The result will be a
|
you add to your dough. The result will be a more aesthetic loaf that has
|
||||||
more aesthetic loaf that has increased vertical oven spring.
|
increased vertical oven spring.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sometimes, if the dough is very extensible
|
Sometimes, if the dough is very extensible
|
||||||
and features very high hydration, stretching and folding is essential.
|
and features very high hydration, stretching and folding is essential.
|
||||||
@@ -1047,12 +1035,11 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
|
|||||||
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
|
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
|
||||||
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
|
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
|
||||||
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
|
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
|
||||||
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||||
``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
||||||
your crumb.
|
your crumb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
||||||
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
|
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
|
||||||
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
|
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
|
||||||
@@ -1080,15 +1067,16 @@ once all around your dough until the dough is free of your container's edges.
|
|||||||
Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with
|
Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with
|
||||||
two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough.
|
two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough.
|
||||||
The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing
|
The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing
|
||||||
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth
|
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth side should
|
||||||
side should not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should
|
not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should tend
|
||||||
tend to stick to your hands. Rotate the container and repeat the same thing
|
to stick to your hands. Rotate the container
|
||||||
from the other side. Rotate the container \ang{90} and then repeat the process
|
and repeat the same thing from the other side. Rotate the container 90°
|
||||||
once again. Rotate the container another \ang{180} in the same direction and
|
and then repeat the process once again. Rotate the container another 180° in
|
||||||
repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied four folds in
|
the same direction
|
||||||
total. Your dough should now stay in place and resist flowing
|
and repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied 4 folds in total. Your
|
||||||
outwards\footnote{Please also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a
|
dough should now stay in place and resist flowing outwards\footnote{Please
|
||||||
video showing you how to best perform the technique.}.
|
also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a video showing you how to
|
||||||
|
best perform the technique.}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could
|
In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could
|
||||||
apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already,
|
apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already,
|
||||||
@@ -1100,10 +1088,9 @@ will tear. In that case, you just have to wait for at least 5--10~minutes until
|
|||||||
the gluten bonds heal and you can try again. When the gluten does not heal
|
the gluten bonds heal and you can try again. When the gluten does not heal
|
||||||
anymore, chances are you have pushed the fermentation for too long. Likely
|
anymore, chances are you have pushed the fermentation for too long. Likely
|
||||||
most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
|
most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
|
||||||
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
in the decay stage shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
|
||||||
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
|
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
|
||||||
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
|
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
|
||||||
@@ -1148,7 +1135,6 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
|
|||||||
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
|
||||||
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
|
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
@@ -1156,7 +1142,7 @@ dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
|||||||
I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge
|
I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge
|
||||||
on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces.
|
on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces.
|
||||||
This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When
|
This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When
|
||||||
I~plan to make 8~loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
|
I~plan to make 8 loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
|
||||||
into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough,
|
into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough,
|
||||||
you can use the aforementioned scale.
|
you can use the aforementioned scale.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1178,16 +1164,14 @@ Pre-shaping is done for several reasons:
|
|||||||
If you are making a single loaf from one dough batch the step is not required.
|
If you are making a single loaf from one dough batch the step is not required.
|
||||||
In that case, you can directly proceed with shaping, skipping this step.
|
In that case, you can directly proceed with shaping, skipping this step.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process
|
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
|
||||||
Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}. Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's
|
Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's surface this could now result in a catastrophe.
|
||||||
surface this could now result in a catastrophe. For this reason, I~recommend
|
For this reason, I~recommend practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading.
|
||||||
practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading. The gluten
|
The gluten network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there
|
||||||
network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there is hardly
|
is hardly any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only
|
||||||
any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to
|
way to save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
||||||
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
|
||||||
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
||||||
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
|
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
|
||||||
@@ -1195,14 +1179,14 @@ save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
|||||||
\label{fig:preshape-direction}
|
\label{fig:preshape-direction}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top surface area. Try
|
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top
|
||||||
to touch the dough as little as possible to reduce its ability to stick to
|
surface area. Try to touch the dough as little as possible
|
||||||
your hands. Drag the dough in the direction where you see a rough surface
|
to reduce its ability to stick to your hands. Drag the dough
|
||||||
area. In case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
|
in the direction where you see a rough surface area. In
|
||||||
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and
|
case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
|
||||||
place it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to
|
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and place
|
||||||
Figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction} for a visualization showing the
|
it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction}
|
||||||
pre-shaping direction.
|
for a visualization showing the pre-shaping direction.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Try to set yourself a limit of movements to finish pre-shaping
|
Try to set yourself a limit of movements to finish pre-shaping
|
||||||
a dough. Then you will be more conscious about each movement
|
a dough. Then you will be more conscious about each movement
|
||||||
@@ -1212,7 +1196,6 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
|
|||||||
structure of your final loaves further.
|
structure of your final loaves further.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
|
||||||
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
|
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
|
||||||
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
|
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
|
||||||
@@ -1288,22 +1271,21 @@ batard bread rolls.
|
|||||||
\label{fig:shaping-flour-surface}
|
\label{fig:shaping-flour-surface}
|
||||||
\end{figure}
|
\end{figure}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you are only making one loaf out of your dough, apply flour
|
If you are only making 1 loaf out of your dough, apply flour
|
||||||
generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your
|
generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your
|
||||||
dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit
|
dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit
|
||||||
to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed
|
to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed
|
||||||
with step~3.
|
with step 3.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's
|
If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's
|
||||||
top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across
|
top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across
|
||||||
the dough's surface. See Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
|
the dough's surface. See figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
|
||||||
visual representation of how your dough should look after coating
|
visual representation of how your dough should look after coating
|
||||||
the surface.
|
the surface.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
|
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||||
@@ -1324,7 +1306,6 @@ sticky side is facing you.
|
|||||||
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
|
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||||
@@ -1341,13 +1322,12 @@ it has a more rectangular shape. While stretching, make sure to touch
|
|||||||
the sticky side as little as possible. Place your hands on the bottom
|
the sticky side as little as possible. Place your hands on the bottom
|
||||||
floured side and the edge of the sticky side. With gentle hands,
|
floured side and the edge of the sticky side. With gentle hands,
|
||||||
stretch the dough until the shape in front of you looks rectangular.
|
stretch the dough until the shape in front of you looks rectangular.
|
||||||
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
|
Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
|
||||||
your dough with the shown dough.
|
your dough with the shown dough.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
|
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
|
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
|
||||||
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
|
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
|
||||||
@@ -1381,7 +1361,7 @@ now faces you.
|
|||||||
Start to roll the dough inwards beginning at the top of the dough.
|
Start to roll the dough inwards beginning at the top of the dough.
|
||||||
Keep rolling the dough inwards until you have created a dough roll.
|
Keep rolling the dough inwards until you have created a dough roll.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
|
Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
|
||||||
representation of the process.
|
representation of the process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If your dough does not hold its shape, chances are you have pushed
|
If your dough does not hold its shape, chances are you have pushed
|
||||||
@@ -1390,7 +1370,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
|
|||||||
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
|
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
|
||||||
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
|
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
|
||||||
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
|
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
|
||||||
Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
||||||
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
|
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
|
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
|
||||||
@@ -1407,7 +1387,6 @@ from the other side as well.
|
|||||||
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
|
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
|
||||||
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
|
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
|
||||||
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
|
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
|
||||||
@@ -1439,16 +1418,16 @@ applies when making other doughs such as baguette doughs. The floured
|
|||||||
surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over
|
surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over
|
||||||
once for baking.}.
|
once for baking.}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Proceed and lift the dough with both hands from the counter. Gently rotate it
|
Proceed and lift the dough with 2 hands from the counter.
|
||||||
once and then place the dough in your banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam
|
Gently rotate it once and then place the dough in your
|
||||||
side should now be facing you. Some bakers like to seal the seam a little
|
banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam side should now be facing you.
|
||||||
more. I~did not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as
|
Some bakers like to seal the seam a little more. I~did
|
||||||
I~can tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side of
|
not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as I~can
|
||||||
the final loaf.}.
|
tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side
|
||||||
If you did everything right, then your dough should look somewhat similar to
|
of the final loaf.}. If you did everything right, then your
|
||||||
the dough shown in Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}. As the last
|
dough should look somewhat similar to the dough shown in figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}.
|
||||||
step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton or bowl and begin
|
As the last step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton
|
||||||
proofing.
|
or bowl and begin proofing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\section{Proofing}
|
\section{Proofing}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1482,20 +1461,20 @@ of retarding and flavor development.
|
|||||||
\label{fig:proofing-process}
|
\label{fig:proofing-process}
|
||||||
\end{flowchart}
|
\end{flowchart}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you to better
|
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you
|
||||||
manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping your
|
to better manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping
|
||||||
dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another 2~hours to
|
your dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another
|
||||||
proof the dough and then another hour to bake it. In this case, you can move
|
2~hours to proof the dough and then another 1 hour to bake it. In this case,
|
||||||
your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your dough will be proofing
|
you can move your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your
|
||||||
overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time the following day
|
dough will be proofing overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time
|
||||||
(there are a few exceptions; more on that later). This is especially handy
|
the following day (there are a few exceptions; more on that later).
|
||||||
for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing extensively. Some of the
|
This is especially handy for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing
|
||||||
doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge. Early in the
|
extensively. Some of the doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge.
|
||||||
morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2~hours they
|
Early in the morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2
|
||||||
will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If throughout the
|
hours they will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If
|
||||||
day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out of the
|
throughout the day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out
|
||||||
fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded dough is
|
of the fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded
|
||||||
big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
|
dough is big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning,
|
Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning,
|
||||||
the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly
|
the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly
|
||||||
@@ -1514,7 +1493,6 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
|
|||||||
morning.
|
morning.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
|
||||||
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
|
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
|
||||||
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
|
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
|
||||||
@@ -1525,15 +1503,15 @@ morning.
|
|||||||
The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and
|
The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and
|
||||||
3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test.
|
3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Flour your thumb and gently press around \qtyrange{0.5}{1}{cm} deep into the
|
Flour your thumb and gently press around 0.5cm up to 1cm deep into the dough.
|
||||||
dough. Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent
|
Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent will
|
||||||
will recover quickly. It will be gone again after one minute.
|
recover quickly. It will be gone again after 1 minute.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the
|
As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the
|
||||||
same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the
|
same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the
|
||||||
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more
|
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more slowly.
|
||||||
slowly. Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still
|
Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still be visible after
|
||||||
be visible after one minute of waiting.
|
1 minute of waiting.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout
|
I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout
|
||||||
the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least
|
the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least
|
||||||
@@ -1608,7 +1586,6 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
|
|||||||
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
|
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
|
||||||
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
|
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
|
||||||
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
|
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
|
||||||
@@ -1624,7 +1601,6 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
|
|||||||
banneton should now be facing you.
|
banneton should now be facing you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
|
||||||
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
|
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
|
||||||
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
|
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
|
||||||
@@ -1644,7 +1620,6 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
|
|||||||
a good loaf into a great loaf.
|
a good loaf into a great loaf.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
|
||||||
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
|
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
|
||||||
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
|
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
|
||||||
@@ -1673,7 +1648,6 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
|
|||||||
will become a lot easier.
|
will become a lot easier.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||||
\centering
|
|
||||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
|
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
|
||||||
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
|
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
|
||||||
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
|
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
|
||||||
@@ -1697,7 +1671,7 @@ Once you notice your dough is almost done proofing, move it to the
|
|||||||
freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further
|
freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further
|
||||||
while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier.
|
while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30~seconds without steam.
|
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30 seconds without steam.
|
||||||
The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify
|
The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify
|
||||||
the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal
|
the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal
|
||||||
sweet spot.
|
sweet spot.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
5
makefile
5
makefile
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ DOCKER_CMD := docker run --rm -it -v $(PWD):/opt/repo --platform linux/x86_64 $(
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
.PHONY: bake build_pdf build_docker_image push_docker_image validate website
|
.PHONY: bake build_pdf build_docker_image push_docker_image validate website
|
||||||
.PHONY: print_os_version start_shell printvars show_tools_version mrproper
|
.PHONY: print_os_version start_shell printvars show_tools_version mrproper
|
||||||
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook
|
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook booklet
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Dockers targets
|
# Dockers targets
|
||||||
build_docker_image:
|
build_docker_image:
|
||||||
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ bake:
|
|||||||
website:
|
website:
|
||||||
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make website"
|
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make website"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
booklet:
|
||||||
|
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make booklet"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mrproper:
|
mrproper:
|
||||||
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make mrproper"
|
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make mrproper"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||||||
3.3.7
|
3.1.2
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ GEM
|
|||||||
specs:
|
specs:
|
||||||
coderay (1.1.3)
|
coderay (1.1.3)
|
||||||
method_source (1.0.0)
|
method_source (1.0.0)
|
||||||
mini_portile2 (2.8.8)
|
nokogiri (1.15.3-arm64-darwin)
|
||||||
nokogiri (1.15.3)
|
racc (~> 1.4)
|
||||||
mini_portile2 (~> 2.8.2)
|
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-darwin)
|
||||||
|
racc (~> 1.4)
|
||||||
|
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-linux)
|
||||||
racc (~> 1.4)
|
racc (~> 1.4)
|
||||||
pry (0.14.2)
|
pry (0.14.2)
|
||||||
coderay (~> 1.1)
|
coderay (~> 1.1)
|
||||||
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ GEM
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
PLATFORMS
|
PLATFORMS
|
||||||
arm64-darwin-22
|
arm64-darwin-22
|
||||||
arm64-darwin-24
|
|
||||||
x86_64-darwin-22
|
x86_64-darwin-22
|
||||||
x86_64-linux
|
x86_64-linux
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
|
|||||||
pry
|
pry
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
RUBY VERSION
|
RUBY VERSION
|
||||||
ruby 3.3.7p123
|
ruby 3.1.2p20
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
BUNDLED WITH
|
BUNDLED WITH
|
||||||
2.4.12
|
2.4.12
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -341,12 +341,6 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
|||||||
<span class="link_text">Book .EPUB</span>
|
<span class="link_text">Book .EPUB</span>
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
</span>
|
</span>
|
||||||
<span class="chapterToc">
|
|
||||||
<a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">
|
|
||||||
<span class="chapter_number">⬇️</span>
|
|
||||||
<span class="link_text">Short TL;DR .PDF</span>
|
|
||||||
</a>
|
|
||||||
</span>
|
|
||||||
<span class="chapterToc">
|
<span class="chapterToc">
|
||||||
<a href="https://breadco.de/hardcover-book">
|
<a href="https://breadco.de/hardcover-book">
|
||||||
<span class="chapter_number">📚</span>
|
<span class="chapter_number">📚</span>
|
||||||
@@ -632,16 +626,15 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
|||||||
Creating this book has been a labor of love. My
|
Creating this book has been a labor of love. My
|
||||||
main goal has always been to spread the joy of baking and empower bread
|
main goal has always been to spread the joy of baking and empower bread
|
||||||
enthusiasts like yourself. To ensure that the book remains accessible
|
enthusiasts like yourself. To ensure that the book remains accessible
|
||||||
to everyone, I have decided to make it available free of charge.
|
to everyone, I have decided to make it available as a free digital download.
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<a href="bread.jpg">
|
<a href="bread.jpg">
|
||||||
<img alt="One of my best Sourdough Breads" class="home-bread" src="bread.jpg" />
|
<img alt="One of my best Sourdough Breads" class="home-bread" src="bread.jpg" />
|
||||||
</a>
|
</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⭐ Support this project</h2>
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
Producing and maintaining resources like this requires
|
However, producing and maintaining resources like this requires
|
||||||
considerable time, effort, and financial investment. If you find value
|
considerable time, effort, and financial investment. If you find value
|
||||||
in "The Sourdough Framework" and appreciate the effort that went into
|
in "The Sourdough Framework" and appreciate the effort that went into
|
||||||
creating it, I kindly request your support <a href="https://breadco.de/book">
|
creating it, I kindly request your support <a href="https://breadco.de/book">
|
||||||
@@ -653,7 +646,18 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
|||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
Your generous contribution will not only help me cover the costs associated
|
Your generous contribution will not only help me cover the costs associated
|
||||||
with this project but will also enable me to continue creating more valuable
|
with this project but will also enable me to continue creating more valuable
|
||||||
content in the future. Your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
|
content in the future.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
|
If you feel inspired to contribute, please consider making a donation of
|
||||||
|
any amount through <a href="https://breadco.de/book">my donation page</a>.
|
||||||
|
Your support will go a long way in ensuring
|
||||||
|
that this knowledge can reach even more bread enthusiasts worldwide.
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
|
Remember, your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
|
||||||
contribute is deeply appreciated. If you are unable to make a donation at
|
contribute is deeply appreciated. If you are unable to make a donation at
|
||||||
this time, please know that your readership and support in spreading the
|
this time, please know that your readership and support in spreading the
|
||||||
word about "The Sourdough Framework" are invaluable contributions as well.
|
word about "The Sourdough Framework" are invaluable contributions as well.
|
||||||
@@ -665,34 +669,30 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
|||||||
Together, we can continue to share the love of baking and cultivate a
|
Together, we can continue to share the love of baking and cultivate a
|
||||||
community passionate about the art of sourdough.
|
community passionate about the art of sourdough.
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⬇️ Versions</h2>
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
You can either browse through this website or download the full book to read it on your preferred device:
|
You can either browse through this page or download the full book directly:
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="download-links">
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">PDF:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
|
PDF: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">PDF (no serif):</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
|
PDF (no serif): <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">EPUB:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
|
EPUB: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">EPUB black & white:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
|
EPUB in Black & White, size optimized for screen readers : <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
|
||||||
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
|
The full source code of the book can be found here:
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version:</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf</a><br>
|
There's also a hardcover version of the book available featuring an even more awesome design. You can read more information here:
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version (print):</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf</a><br>
|
<a href="https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book">https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book</a>
|
||||||
</p>
|
</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
|
||||||
<span class="download-description">Sauce code:</span>
|
|
||||||
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>. Contributions and improvements are highly appreciated!
|
|
||||||
</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<p class="noindent">
|
<p class="noindent">
|
||||||
Thank you and may the gluten be strong with you,<br>
|
Thank you and may the gluten be strong with you,<br>
|
||||||
Hendrik
|
Hendrik
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user