69 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Cedric
ac8f2038ee Merge branch 'chemical' into 225-ebook-situation
Some checks failed
Test book and website for given image / test-book-website (push) Has been cancelled
2025-01-21 21:05:56 +00:00
Cedric
75dc8432bb Merge remote-tracking branch 'hendiricus/main' into 225-ebook-situation 2025-01-21 21:04:46 +00:00
Cedric
8fd1df9d33 Fix the chemical equation.
All credits due to @michal-h21
https://github.com/michal-h21/tex4ebook/issues/137
2025-01-21 21:01:17 +00:00
Cedric
70d90781c8 Add latest dvisvgm drive for tex4ht
commit f1707125de2f058634523b0b3391a7c7be2d6784
Author: Michal Hoftich <michal.h21@gmail.com>
Date:   Tue Oct 29 18:12:59 2024 +0100

    use \Picture* instead of \Picture+

from:
https://github.com/michal-h21/dvisvgm4ht.git (fetch)
2025-01-21 21:01:05 +00:00
Ced
d02e99c46e Fix merge errors 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
9e267a2b4b Modernize target names in makefile
Names might have made sense at some point... but not so sure anymore

build_pdf            => pdf
build_booklet        => booklet
build_serif_pdf      => serif
build_sans_serif_pdf => sans_serif
build_ebook          => ebook
build_bw_ebook       => bw_ebook
build_low_res_ebook  => low_res_ebook

Old names kept not to break backward compatibility
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
a93a19d40d Reorder and add comments in makefile
Also added markers {{{ for folding
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
7f2f010571 Simplify the epub size check 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
75b015cda6 Remove debug flag on default website build 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
d0a5d6d37e Fix duplicate font loading 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
2c86529981 Use sans-serif fonts with tex4ht
This has to be done in the config file..:

All fonts are suppressed in the --lua mode of TeX4ht, because we need to
prevent the loading of OpenType fonts, which causes a fatal error.:
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/705948/change-font-of-tikz-diagrams-in-html-produced-by-make4ht
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
e73b0f331a Use a sans-serif math font for pgfplots
pgfplots uses math fonts for graphs ticks... and it looks weird when
building sans serif.

Not sure Fira is necessarily a great choice with open-sans but we have
very little math so that should do...
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
3b8dfd8d81 Layout "Repeat 3 Times" loops in better way. 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
374fb7adfa Delete rogue draft file 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
d1e3390360 Fix more uppercase in flowcharts 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
bcdaf79479 Fix merge error in starter-process flowchart 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
8b581f3bc4 Use uppercase in flowcharts conditions 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
f6cf15156a Remove the MWE from git
was added for the debug branches but shall not go to main.
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
864127e571 Reworked flowchart as per discussions 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
d884d588d6 Change plots to use "Latex" arrows for the axes 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
42c9f31673 Change "Repeat 3 times" elements to use "Latex" arrows 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
d5ae1315ce Rearrange starter process flowchart
- Added an extra state for clarity
- Made it more compact
- Added details section
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
311bd55a7f Update all flowchart arrows to LaTeX arrows
- Change tikzstyle definition for "line" so that all flowchart arrows
  have the "Latex" styling.
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
b57089b777 Chang arrowheads to be cleaner LaTex style.
Update flowcharts_tikz.tex to use arrows.meta instead of arrows, which
is not nice and deprecated.
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
ad94b9fabc Enable abbreviations in standalone flowcharts
Spun the file out for inclusion basically... we want to be able to use
\eg in flowcharts even when built standalone.

Fixed dependencies in makefile as well
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
194511d5cf Enable standalone chemical figures generation 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
7f6fde9e42 Fix makefile standalone flowchart png generation 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
7014b1f5ea Simplify epub test file
Some checks failed
Test book and website for given image / test-book-website (push) Has been cancelled
2025-01-05 22:04:36 +00:00
Cedric
69c7b8bc5f Use updated makefile 2025-01-05 21:26:40 +00:00
Cedric
b2dfd2e71c Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2025-01-05 21:23:29 +00:00
Ced
fad09e9b26 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-06-15 21:06:03 +01:00
Ced
574eca71e6 Add unredable table in full book
https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework/issues/358 does
look ok here though...
2024-05-26 11:53:30 +01:00
Ced
7f86f2fc20 Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/225-ebook-situation' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-05-26 00:22:33 +01:00
Ced
266de7b7ee Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-05-25 21:55:33 +01:00
Ced
92c5e418b3 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-04-27 17:33:41 +01:00
Cedric
66e8a57b51 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-01-16 20:19:08 +00:00
Ced
cf1e2b03be Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-12-14 09:01:14 +00:00
Cedric
8ae707a1c6 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-12-10 18:53:49 +00:00
Cedric
9faf2cfc63 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-12-08 20:10:29 +00:00
Cedric
d31372e063 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-29 18:22:31 +00:00
Cedric
20b058fbc6 DRAFT: try png 2023-11-26 11:00:31 +00:00
Cedric
c799d65826 Fix few things on the timeline
1) Use arrows <--> to indicate duration
 2) Use : to introduce date
 3) Move some text around so slightly... First data moved right so we have
    full text width for the timeline
2023-11-26 11:00:31 +00:00
Cedric
d6dfb50beb Fix date typo 2023-11-26 11:00:31 +00:00
Cedric
240d6f4591 Fix epub MWE building on Github CI
does not build the epub on my machine but that can be sorted later.
2023-11-25 17:17:57 +00:00
Cedric
fd9924a7c4 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-24 14:57:35 +00:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
c987ddfa92 Add Example chemfig 2023-11-17 12:37:19 -10:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
996a6e6e47 Add example for chemfig 2023-11-17 12:32:52 -10:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
93fb6bce30 add comment 2023-11-17 12:26:13 -10:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
e8748b7137 Add example of how adding pre generated pdfs works 2023-11-17 12:24:06 -10:00
Ced
4af4287561 Add sourdough timeline to the MWE
this is broken on website at least...
2023-11-10 14:30:55 +00:00
Ced
0fc8bf911b Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-10 14:29:26 +00:00
Ced
ae7e518106 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-08 13:12:21 +00:00
Ced
e3a04ca337 Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-26 09:15:22 +01:00
Ced
5cd2b6862f Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-13 14:17:27 +01:00
Ced
ec6f9b335d Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-11 09:40:47 +01:00
Ced
dbc7d84610 Add jpg picture in mwe 2023-10-04 10:17:03 +01:00
Ced
9c7e75b104 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-04 09:49:03 +01:00
Ced
a31d4c5e70 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-28 09:39:43 +01:00
Ced
ae8ece92f0 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-26 13:25:33 +01:00
Ced
042343819e Add list of flowcharts in ebook 2023-09-24 10:06:04 +01:00
Ced
29461db9ab Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-24 08:44:06 +01:00
Ced
11580d4647 Simplify test flowchart 2023-09-18 08:51:22 +01:00
Ced
a4235fd028 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-17 15:51:36 +01:00
Ced
b8c080d17f Remove azw3 and mobi ebook format from build
they take a lot of time and are being deprecated on main branch.
2023-09-16 11:35:59 +01:00
Ced
f104287988 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-15 10:41:35 +01:00
Ced
c73e297585 Make ebook the default again 2023-09-15 09:54:28 +01:00
Ced
2c78aeb92d Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-15 09:50:43 +01:00
Ced
c85cc7caaa Make ebook the default target 2023-09-11 13:31:30 +01:00
Ced
400305a172 Create a MWE showing (known) ebook issues
Those issues are:
- Temp in flowchart
- No front image
- Chemical formula
- No list of flowcharts
- Weird looking table

Also test fonts, accents, etc.. seems ok.
2023-09-11 13:31:30 +01:00
35 changed files with 885 additions and 950 deletions

View File

@@ -65,16 +65,15 @@ jobs:
run: | run: |
cd /app/book cd /app/book
make -j -O bake make -j -O bake
- name: Copy book to downloads server - name: Release baked book to S3
uses: burnett01/rsync-deployments@7.0.2 uses: shallwefootball/s3-upload-action@master
with: with:
switches: "-avzr" aws_key_id: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
remote_host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }} aws_secret_access_key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}}
remote_user: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }} aws_bucket: ${{ secrets.AWS_BUCKET_BOOK }}
remote_key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }} source_dir: book/release
path: "book/release/*" destination_dir: release
remote_path: "~/downloads/the-sourdough-framework/" - name: Upload book Artifacts
- name: Upload book artifacts to GitHub
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4 uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with: with:
name: books name: books
@@ -82,17 +81,36 @@ jobs:
book/book_serif/book.log book/book_serif/book.log
book/book_serif/book.pdf book/book_serif/book.pdf
book/book-epub/book.epub book/book-epub/book.epub
- name: Copy website to downloads server - name: Release baked website to S3
uses: burnett01/rsync-deployments@7.0.2 uses: shallwefootball/s3-upload-action@master
with: with:
switches: "-avzr --delete" aws_key_id: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
remote_host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }} aws_secret_access_key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}}
remote_user: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }} aws_bucket: ${{ secrets.AWS_BUCKET_WEBSITE }}
remote_key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }} source_dir: website/static_website_html
path: "website/static_website_html/*" destination_dir: static_html_root
remote_path: "~/the-sourdough-framework/" - name: Upload website Artifacts
- name: Upload website artifacts to GitHub
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4 uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with: with:
name: website name: website
path: website/static_website_html path: website/static_website_html
invalidate-book-website-cache:
needs: release-book-website
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Invalidate Cloudfront book cache
uses: chetan/invalidate-cloudfront-action@v2
env:
DISTRIBUTION: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_BOOK }}
PATHS: "/*"
AWS_REGION: "us-east-1"
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
- name: Invalidate Cloudfront website cache
uses: chetan/invalidate-cloudfront-action@v2
env:
DISTRIBUTION: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_WEBSITE }}
PATHS: "/*"
AWS_REGION: "us-east-1"
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
run: | run: |
cd /app/book cd /app/book
make -j -O serif ebook website make -j -O serif ebook website
- name: Upload book artifacts to GitHub - name: Upload book Artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4 uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with: with:
name: books name: books
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
book/book_serif/book.log book/book_serif/book.log
book/book_serif/book.pdf book/book_serif/book.pdf
book/book-epub/book.epub book/book-epub/book.epub
- name: Upload website artifacts to GitHub - name: Upload website Artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4 uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with: with:
name: website name: website

View File

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
zip \ zip \
git \ git \
wget \ wget \
ruby3.3 \ ruby3.1 \
ruby-dev \ ruby-dev \
imagemagick \ imagemagick \
rsync \ rsync \

View File

@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ make -j bake
You can check the files in the folder `book/release/` You can check the files in the folder `book/release/`
Please note that while everything should build without any errors but you will get a fair amount of warnings, especially when building the ebook/website.
You can get some help on building various versions with: You can get some help on building various versions with:
```console ```console
@@ -86,15 +84,12 @@ size. This shrinks the book from more than 20MB down to ~5MB:
* [Download compiled B&W .epub version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub) * [Download compiled B&W .epub version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub)
For those who prefer a concise reference (about 15 pages), we offer a "too long;didn't read" (TL;DR) If you prefer a very short version (about 10 pages) with main flowcharts and
version. This condensed guide contains the essential flowcharts, crucial information, crucial information needed while you are in the kitchen, we also provide a
and space for your notes - perfect for quick kitchen reference. "too long;didn't read" version you could print. Having read the full book is
It provides the key information you need without reading the complete book. highly recommended to understand this leaflet:
* [Read TL;DR version on your device](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf) * [Download a condensed version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/booklet.pdf)
* [Download TL;DR version for printing](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf)
We recommend using double-sided printing if your printer supports it.
## Online HTML version ## Online HTML version

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Baking}% \chapter{Baking}%
\label{ch:baking} \label{chapter:baking}
\begin{quoting} \begin{quoting}
Baking refers to the part of the process where you are loading your dough into Baking refers to the part of the process where you are loading your dough into
the oven\footnote{While some breads like flatbreads could also be baked on the the oven\footnote{While some breads like flatbreads could also be baked on the
@@ -39,16 +39,10 @@ for oven spring as it retains the gas inside your dough.
At around \qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}) the water starts to evaporate out of your At around \qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}) the water starts to evaporate out of your
dough. If this weren't the case, your dough would taste soggy and dough. If this weren't the case, your dough would taste soggy and
doughy. The higher the hydration your dough has, the more water your bread doughy. The higher hydration your dough has, the more water your bread
still contains after the bake, changing its consistency. As a result the still contains after the bake, changing its consistency. As a result the
crumb is going to taste a bit more moist. crumb is going to taste a bit more moist.
The water starts to boil out of the
dough. As the water evaporates the surrounding dough is being cooled.
For this reason, the internal temperature of the dough never exceeds the aforementioned
\qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}). The bread's crust can exceed the boiling point
and continues increasing in size from the outer layer inwards~\cite{bread+temperature+baking}.
Another often undervalued step is the evaporation of acids. Another often undervalued step is the evaporation of acids.
At~\qty{118}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{244}{\degF}) the acetic acid in your dough At~\qty{118}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{244}{\degF}) the acetic acid in your dough
starts to evaporate. starts to evaporate.

View File

@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases \caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
interact with flour.}% interact with flour.}%
\label{fig:infographic-enzymes} \label{infographic-enzymes}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\section{Enzymatic reactions} \section{Enzymatic reactions}
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ activity so that it can thrive in its new environment.
Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that
trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to
mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of
these enzymes\footnote{In a recent these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that
milling flour milling flour
at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting
@@ -76,13 +75,12 @@ is used to create sugars out of the starch to then produce more plant matter.
Normally, Normally,
the microorganisms on the surface of the grain can't consume the freed maltose the microorganisms on the surface of the grain can't consume the freed maltose
molecules, which remain hidden inside the germ. But as we grind the flour, a molecules, which remain hidden inside the germ. But as we grind the flour, a
feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster
this reaction occurs. However, it takes time for the amylase this reaction occurs. That's why a long fermentation is key to making great
to break down most of the starch into simple sugars---which are not only bread. It takes time for the amylase to break down most of the starch into
consumed by the yeast but are also simple sugars, which are not only consumed by the yeast but are also essential
essential to the \emph{Maillard reaction}---responsible for to the \emph{Maillard reaction}, responsible for enhanced browning during the
enhanced browning during the baking process. baking process.
That's why a long fermentation is key to making great bread.
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
@@ -178,13 +176,13 @@ gluten content, however, my bread always turned out great.
At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for
mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start, recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start, and
and in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective alternative,
alternative, you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used---in you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used --- in the case of
the case of sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same biochemical
biochemical reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you to mix your
to mix your dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically after I~stopped
after I~stopped autolysing my doughs. autolysing my doughs.
Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense. Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense.
In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and
@@ -192,19 +190,17 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
hull. As a result, they are activated result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour. doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}% \caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb} \label{whole-wheat-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
@@ -217,20 +213,21 @@ tweak just by adjusting the speed of your dough's fermentation.
Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They
can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found undamaged
undamaged spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide variety of
variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike species --- so far, about \num{1500}
other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily have been identified. Unlike other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold,
create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one yeasts do not ordinarily create a mycelium
interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one interesting
page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.} exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the \caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
microscope.}% microscope.}%
\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope} \label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
@@ -325,7 +322,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}. sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}% \phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
@@ -344,11 +341,10 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}. breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope} \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus \caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}% sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope} \label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
@@ -372,15 +368,14 @@ Others have reported that bacteria feed on the byproducts of yeast and vice
versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting
and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}. and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}.
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis between
between yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both coexist and
coexist and sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example, sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example, tolerate the
tolerate the acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are thus protected
thus protected from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research demonstrates that both
demonstrates that both types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent the other from
the other from metabolizing food---an interesting observation, by the way, as metabolizing food --- an interesting observation, by the way, as it could help to
it could help to identify additional antibiotics or identify additional antibiotics or fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium
attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of

View File

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
\input{cover/cover.tex} \input{cover/cover.tex}
\titlepage \titlepage
\frontmatter
{% {%
\hypersetup{hidelinks} \hypersetup{hidelinks}
\ifdefined\HCode\else\tableofcontents\fi \ifdefined\HCode\else\tableofcontents\fi
@@ -21,41 +20,89 @@
\input{intro/preface} \input{intro/preface}
\input{intro/acknowledgments} \input{intro/acknowledgments}
\mainmatter \begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
\caption[Baking process with a dutch oven]{A visualization of the baking
process using a dutch oven (DO). The dough is steamed for the first half
of the bake and then baked without cover for the second half of the
bake. The desired darkness and thickness of the crust depends on your
personal preference. Some bakers prefer a lighter crust and others a
darker.}%
\label{fig:dutch-oven-process}
\end{center}
\end{flowchart}
\input{history/sourdough-history} At around \qty{60}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{140}{\degF}) the microbes in your
dough start to die. There are rumors that until this happens the microbes
produce a lot of \ch{CO2}.
\input{basics/how-sourdough-works} % Does not work
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
\label{fig:ethanol-oxidation}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter} %% Works
%% Generate first with: cd figures && pdflatex fig-ethanol-oxidation-external.tex
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
% \begin{center}
% \includegraphics{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation-external.png}
% \caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
% acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
% \end{center}
%\end{figure}
%
%% Does not work
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
%\begin{center}
% \input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
% \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline giberrish on website}%
%\end{center}
%\end{figure}
%
%% Works
%% Generate first with: cd figures && pdflatex fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline-external.pdf
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
% \includegraphics{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline-external.png}
% \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline works embedded as png}%
%\end{figure}
%
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baking-experiment-temperatures.png}
% \caption[Surface temperature for different steaming methods]{png file}
%\end{figure}
\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types} \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baking-process-steam.jpg}
\caption[Steam building with inverted tray]{jpg file}%
\label{flc:inverted-tray}
\end{figure}
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
starches into sugar~\cite{beer+amylase}.
This test, called the \emph{Iodine Starch Test}, involves mixing iodine into
a sample of your brew and checking the color.
\input{flour-types/flour-types} % https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework/issues/358
\begin{table}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{tables/table-starter-usage-activity.tex}
\caption[Different oven types]{An overview of different oven types and
eheir different baking methods.}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\input{bread-types/bread-types} \begin{table}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough} \input{tables/table-oven-baking-overview.tex}
\caption[Different oven types]{An overview of different oven types and their
\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough} different baking methods.}
\end{center}
\input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex} \end{table}
\input{baking/baking}
\input{storing-bread/storing-bread}
\chapter{Troubleshooting}
\input{troubleshooting/misc}
\backmatter
\input{glossary/glossary}
{%
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
\listofflowcharts
\listoftables
\listoffigures
}
\printbibliography
\end{document} \end{document}

174
book/booklet.tex Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
\documentclass[paper=a4, twoside=false, fontsize=12pt]{scrbook}
% General packages
\usepackage{sourdough}
\usepackage[
paperwidth=210mm,
paperheight=260mm,
top=10mm,
bottom=80mm,
inner=10mm,
outer=10mm,
marginparsep=7mm,
marginparwidth=48mm,
]{geometry}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\pagenumbering{gobble}
% Basic attributes
\author{Hendrik Kleinwächter}
\title{The Sourdough Framework\\\texttt{tl;dr Booklet Version}}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section*{Sourdough starter}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
\caption*{How to setup a sourdough starter}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-readiness.tex}
\caption*{Preparing your starter for baking}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-maintenance.tex}
\caption*{Maintaining your starter, change ratio as per starter hydration
type}
\end{flowchart}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Baker's math}
\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\input{tables/table-bakers-math-example.tex}
\caption*{An example table demonstrating how to properly calculate using
baker's math. All the ingredients are calculated as a percentage of the
flour quantity.}
\end{table}
\section*{Basic recipes}
\subsection*{Flat bread}
\input{recipes/flat-bread.tex}
\clearpage{}
\subsection*{Freestanding \& sandwich wheat-based breads}
\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{@{}lrrrp{0.4\linewidth}@{}}
\toprule
\thead{Ingredient}& & \thead{Percentage} & \thead{Calculation} & \thead{Comments} \\ \midrule
Flour & \qty{400}{g} & & & \\
Whole-wheat flour & \qty{100}{g} & & & \\
Total flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & \qty{500}{g} & \\
Water & & \qty{60}{\percent} & \qty{300}{g} & \\
Sourdough starter & & \qty{10}{\percent} & \qty{50}{g} & \\
Salt & & \qty{2}{\percent} & \qty{10}{g} & \\ \midrule
Flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & & \\
Water & & & & \\
Sourdough starter & & & & \\
Salt & & & & \\ \midrule
Flour & & & & \\
& & & & \\
& & & & \\
& & & & \\
& & & & \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption*{Table for your own calculation using baker's math}
\end{table}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-wheat-sourdough-process.tex}
\caption*{The whole process of making wheat based sourdough breads}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-kneading-process.tex}
\caption*{The kneading process to create dough strength}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
\caption*{How to properly manage bulk fermentation}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
\caption*{An overview of the steps involved to perform stretch and folds for
wheat-based doughs. They are optional and should only be done when the dough
flattened out a lot.}%
\end{figure*}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Shaping}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{preshape-direction}
\caption*{Preshaping: Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
surface area.}%
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-1-flour-applied}
\caption*{Step 1: Apply flour to the dough's surface.}%
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
\medskip % create some *vertical* separation between the graphs
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
\caption*{Step 2: Flipp-over dough. Note how the sticky side is facing
you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-3-rectangular}
\caption*{Step 3: Make the dough rectangular, keep the sticky side
facing you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}%
\end{subfigure}
\caption*{First steps of shaping process}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
\caption*{Step 4: The process of folding a batard. Note how the rectangle
is first glued together and then rolled inwards to create a dough roll.
Ultimately the edges are sealed to create a more uniform dough.}%
\end{figure*}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Proofing}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-proofing-process.tex}
\end{flowchart}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Baking}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-baking-process.tex}
\caption*{Summary of different bread baking processes}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-inverted-tray-method.tex}
\caption*{Baking with the inverted tray method}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart*}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
\caption*{Baking with a Dutch Oven}
\end{flowchart*}
\clearpage{}
\end{document}

View File

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ of them. Some breads will require investment and technique, as depicted in
Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most
accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person
and/or dont have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should and/or dont have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should
consider. consider.
\begin{table}[!htb] \begin{table}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex} \input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex}
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex} \input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person. \caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} Section~\ref{section:bakers-math}
``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and ``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
use the percentages properly.}% use the percentages properly.}%
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients} \label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
\end{table} \end{table}
@@ -348,4 +348,4 @@ But after baking you will be rewarded with a beautiful bread
with great taste and consistency. with great taste and consistency.
There is a dedicated recipe and tutorial for this type of bread in the There is a dedicated recipe and tutorial for this type of bread in the
\nameref{ch:wheat-sourdough} chapter. \nameref{chapter:wheat-sourdough} chapter.

View File

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
done done
else else
target=figures/`basename $1 .png.pdf`.png target=figures/`basename $1 .png.pdf`.png
echo ${target}
echo "Converting: " $1 " to: " ${target} echo "Converting: " $1 " to: " ${target}
convert -density 900 -trim $1 -quality 100 ${target} convert -density 900 -trim $1 -quality 100 ${target}
fi fi

View File

@@ -1,32 +1,8 @@
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 3cm, auto] \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 3cm, auto]
\node [start] (heat_oven) {Preheat DO to \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF}) for 30~minutes}; \node [start] (heat_oven) {Preheat DO to \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF}) for 30~minutes};
\node [block, right of=heat_oven] (remove_oven) {Remove DO from oven }; \node [block, right of=heat_oven] (remove_oven) {Remove DO from oven ° \text{°} \textup{°}};
\node [block, right of=remove_oven] (open_load_dough) {Open DO \& load your dough}; \node [decision, below of=heat_oven, node distance=4cm] (is_ready_check) {Core temperature \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF})?};
\node [block, right of=open_load_dough] (score) {Score your dough}; \node [block, right of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (remove_do_lid) {%
\node [block, right of=score] (spritz) {Spritz dough with water}; Jörg bäckt quasi zwei Haxenfüße vom Wildpony .Dès Noël, où un zéphyr haï me
\node [block, below of=spritz] (close) {Close DO}; vêt};
\node [block, left of=close] (back_oven) {Place DO back in oven};
\node [block, left of=back_oven] (bake) {Bake 30~minutes at \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF})};
\node [decision, below right= 5cm and -1 cm of heat_oven] (is_ready_check)
{Core temperature \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF})?};
\node [block, below of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (wait_5_minutes) {Wait\\ 5 minutes};
\node [block, right of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (remove_do_lid) {Remove DO lid};
\node [decision, right of=remove_do_lid, node distance=3.5cm] (dark_enough_decision) {Crust color dark enough?};
\node [success, below of=dark_enough_decision, node distance=4cm] (finish_baking) {Bread is finished};
\node [block, right of=dark_enough_decision, node distance=3.5cm] (bake_5_more_minutes) {Bake another 5~minutes};
\path [line] (heat_oven) -- (remove_oven);
\path [line] (remove_oven) -- (open_load_dough);
\path [line] (open_load_dough) -- (score);
\path [line] (score) -- (spritz);
\path [line] (spritz) -- (close);
\path [line] (close) -- (back_oven);
\path [line] (back_oven) -- (bake);
\path [line] (bake.west) -- node{} ++(-2, 0) -| (is_ready_check.north);
\path [line] (is_ready_check) -- node{Yes} (remove_do_lid);
\path [line] (is_ready_check) -- node{No} (wait_5_minutes);
\path [line] (wait_5_minutes.west) -- node{} ++(-1.5, 0) |- (is_ready_check.west);
\path [line] (remove_do_lid) -- (dark_enough_decision);
\path [line] (dark_enough_decision) -- node{Yes} (finish_baking);
\path [line] (dark_enough_decision) -- node{No} (bake_5_more_minutes);
\path [line] (bake_5_more_minutes.east) -- node{} ++(1, 0) -- node{} ++(0, 2.3) -| (dark_enough_decision.north);
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}

View File

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ type of flour.
\begin{table}[!htb] \begin{table}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\input{tables/table-flour-types.tex} \input{tables/table-flour-types.tex}
\caption[Labeling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types \caption[Labelling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
of wheat flour are labeled in different countries.}% of wheat flour are labelled in different countries.}%
\label{tab:flour-types-comparison} \label{tab:flour-types-comparison}
\end{table} \end{table}
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ your dough with more flavor.
\centering \centering
\input{tables/table-overview-w-values.tex} \input{tables/table-overview-w-values.tex}
\caption[Fermentation time versus W-value]{An overview of different \caption[Fermentation time versus W-value]{An overview of different
levels of W-values and the respective hydration and fermentation levels of W-values and the respective hydrations and fermentation
times.}% times.}%
\label{tab:w-value} \label{tab:w-value}
\end{table} \end{table}

View File

@@ -140,22 +140,20 @@ a higher amount of gluten and can thus ferment for a longer period of time.
then cooled and mixed with the main dough. This process helps in moisture retention then cooled and mixed with the main dough. This process helps in moisture retention
and can enhance the flavor and texture of the final bread. Also see \emph{scald}. and can enhance the flavor and texture of the final bread. Also see \emph{scald}.
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the \item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the ingredients.
ingredients. The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to a certain volume. The
a certain volume. The volume of increase depends on the flour that is volume of increase depends on the flour that is used. When baking with wheat flour
used. When baking with wheat flour the gluten amount of the flour is the the gluten amount of the flour is the deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has
deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has (protein) the longer you (protein) the longer you can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the
can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the flavor and flavor and texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly increase this to find your
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly flours sweet spot. This is highly dependant from flour to flour. When using low gluten
increase this to find your flour's sweet spot. This is highly dependent flour like rye you need to be careful as the longer fermentation can create a too
from flour to flour. When using low gluten flour like rye you need to be sticky dough which collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
careful as the longer fermentation can create a too sticky dough which
collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower \item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower protein
protein content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods like cakes, cookies,
like cakes, cookies, and pastries. and pastries.
\item[Coil fold] A special stretch and folding technique. The coil fold is \item[Coil fold] A special stretch and folding technique. The coil fold is
very gentle on the dough and is thus excellent throughout the bulk fermentation. very gentle on the dough and is thus excellent throughout the bulk fermentation.
@@ -369,12 +367,11 @@ grains or malted grains can have higher protease activity due to the sprouting o
malting process. Understanding and controlling protease activity is crucial in malting process. Understanding and controlling protease activity is crucial in
achieving desired bread quality and handling characteristics. achieving desired bread quality and handling characteristics.
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly \item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly rectangular
rectangular shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded pan called a Pullman pan
pan called a Pullman pan or \emph{pain de mie} pan. The lid ensures that or pain de mie pan. The lid ensures that the bread rises in a perfectly straight
the bread rises in a perfectly straight shape, without the domed top shape, without the domed top characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are
characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are often sliced very often sliced very thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
\item[Retarding] The process of slowing down fermentation during the proofing \item[Retarding] The process of slowing down fermentation during the proofing
stage by placing the dough in a colder environment, typically a refrigerator. This aids stage by placing the dough in a colder environment, typically a refrigerator. This aids

View File

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters. organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex} \input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
starting from the first day of Earth's existence, starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ Another 25~million years later, or our timeline's 2~days after the dinosaur
extinction, humans appeared. extinction, humans appeared.
A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5~seconds before our revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5 seconds before our metaphorical
metaphorical midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient Jordan. A blink of
Jordan. A blink of an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression, an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression, Pasteur's groundbreaking work
Pasteur's groundbreaking work with yeasts set the stage for modern with yeasts set the stage for modern bread-making. From the moment this book
bread-making. From the moment this book began to take shape to your current began to take shape to your current reading, only milliseconds have ticked
reading, only milliseconds have ticked by~\cite{Yong+2017}. by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
bread can be considered a very recent invention. bread can be considered a very recent invention.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex} \input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and \caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
events leading to modern sourdough bread.}% events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
@@ -81,11 +81,10 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}. sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the \caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
dense crumb structure.}% dense crumb structure.}%
\label{fig:einkorn-crumb} \label{einkorn-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
@@ -186,43 +185,45 @@ of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive,
bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}. in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
Industrialization of the grist milling process, starting in the late As industrialisation began the first steam-powered grain mill was developed by
18\textsuperscript{th}~century with Oliver Evans (\num{1785}) and his mill Oliver Evans in \num{1785}. Evans' design incorporated several innovations,
designs for continuous hands-off flour production~\cite{evans+mill}, and including automated machinery for various milling processes, making it more
evolving to steam-powered mills, made possible significant advancements in efficient than traditional water or animal-powered mills. His steam-powered
bread production. mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
making~\cite{evans+mill}.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}% \caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-stove} \label{sourdough-stove}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}. The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered the process of alcoholic The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered
fermentation. He would prove that yeast microorganisms are the reason for the process of alcoholic fermentation. He would prove that
alcoholic fermentation and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his yeast microorganisms are the reason for alcoholic fermentation
research and was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains. and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his research and
Soon later in \num{1868} the Fleischmann brothers Charles and Maximilian were was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
the first to patent pure yeast strains for bread making. The yeasts offered Soon later in \num{1868} in the Fleischmann brothers Charles
and Maximilian were the first to patent pure yeast strains
for bread making. The yeasts offered
were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}. The to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}.
pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged at leavening bread The pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged
doughs. What would previously take 10~hours to leaven a bread dough could now at leavening bread doughs. What would previously take 10~hours
be done within 1~hour. The process became much more efficient. What to leaven a bread dough could now be done within 1~hour.
ultimately made making large batches of dough possible, was the invention of The process became much more efficient. What ultimately made making large
the electrical kneader. Rufus Eastman, an American inventor, is often batches of dough possible, was the invention of the electrical kneader. Rufus
credited with an important advancement in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he Eastman, an American inventor, is often credited with an important advancement
received a patent for an electric mixer with a mechanical hand-crank in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he received a patent for an electric mixer
mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as widely adopted as later with a mechanical hand-crank mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as
electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to mechanize mixing and kneading widely adopted as later electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to
processes in the kitchen using electricity. Eastman's invention represented mechanize mixing and kneading processes in the kitchen using electricity.
an important step in the development of electric mixers, but it wasn't as Eastman's invention represented an important step in the development of
sophisticated or popular as later models like the KitchenAid mixer. The electric mixers, but it wasn't as sophisticated or popular as later models
KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is often recognized as one of the like the KitchenAid mixer. The KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is
first widely successful electric mixers and played a significant role in often recognized as one of the first widely successful electric mixers and
revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home played a significant role in revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}. cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
@@ -236,8 +237,8 @@ reason, none of the supermarket flour you buy today is single origin. It is
always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years. always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20\textsuperscript{th} commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20th century. This
century. This period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.} period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties, Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,

View File

@@ -84,21 +84,19 @@ bug. That is when the developer must dig deeper to see the \emph{what} and the
the framework is doing. You will need to read other engineers' source code, and you will be forced the framework is doing. You will need to read other engineers' source code, and you will be forced
to understand \emph{why} things are happening. to understand \emph{why} things are happening.
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and I~had
I~had to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my surprise, however,
surprise, however, none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me \emph{why} I~should use amount X
\emph{why} I~should use amount $X$ of water and amount $Y$ of flour, or of water and amount Y of flour, or \emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why
\emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why should I~slap should I~slap my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a standmixer
my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a stand mixer better than better than kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long?
kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long? Why is Why is steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to
steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to get myself an get myself an expensive Dutch oven to bake bread?
expensive Dutch oven to bake bread? The problem compounded when I~started The problem compounded when I~started reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black
reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black magic. Why were some magic. Why were some sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour?
sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour? Why should Why should one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was confused,
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should be made at home.
confused, but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should
be made at home.
The feedback I~received from friends helped me to improve with each The feedback I~received from friends helped me to improve with each
iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months

View File

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ CHECK_1 := lacheck
CHECK_2 := chktex CHECK_2 := chktex
CONVERT_PIC := convert CONVERT_PIC := convert
REDUCE_PIC := -resize '800x800>' \ REDUCE_PIC := -resize '800x800>' \
-strip -interlace Plane -gaussian-blur 0.05 -quality 85\% \ -strip -interlace Plane -gaussian-blur 0.05 -quality 85\% \
-set colorspace Gray -separate -evaluate-sequence Mean -set colorspace Gray -separate -evaluate-sequence Mean
REDUCE_PIC_COLOR := -quality 80\% REDUCE_PIC_COLOR := -quality 80\%
RSYNC := rsync -au --exclude 'book.epub' --exclude '*.jpg' RSYNC := rsync -au --exclude 'book.epub' --exclude '*.jpg'
GIT := git --no-pager GIT := git --no-pager
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ endif
# and building everything take a long time. # and building everything take a long time.
.DEFAULT_GOAL := serif .DEFAULT_GOAL := serif
# Dependencies {{{ # List all files that are dependencies {{{
chapters = baking basics bread-types cover flour-types history intro mix-ins\ chapters = baking basics bread-types cover flour-types history intro mix-ins\
non-wheat-sourdough sourdough-starter storing-bread troubleshooting\ non-wheat-sourdough sourdough-starter storing-bread troubleshooting\
wheat-sourdough glossary wheat-sourdough glossary
@@ -75,17 +75,20 @@ low_res_images := $(filter-out %.png, $(low_res_images))
# All together. # All together.
src_all := $(src_tex) $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(images) $(src_plots) src_all := $(src_tex) $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(images) $(src_plots)
# Format specific configuration files # And format specific configurations
ebook_src := $(src_all) tex4ebook.cfg book.mk4 book-ebook.css ebook_src := $(src_all) tex4ebook.cfg book.mk4 book-ebook.css
website_src := $(src_all) website.cfg style.css website_src := $(src_all) website.cfg style.css
website_dir := static_website_html website_dir := static_website_html
website_assets := $(wildcard ../website/assets/*) website_assets := $(wildcard ../website/assets/*)
ruby_src := ../website/modify_build.rb $(website_assets) ruby_src := ../website/modify_build.rb $(website_assets)
ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
# This is more than what is actually needed but keeps the makefile simple
booklet_src := $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(src_recipes) $(images)
booklet_src += booklet.tex
# }}} # }}}
# Internal build rules {{{
# Flowcharts {{{ # Flowcharts {{{
# TODO: check if it works on github CI # TODO: check if it works on github CI
%.png: %.tex %.png: %.tex
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
ebb -x $< ebb -x $<
# }}} # }}}
# Pdf {{{ # pdf {{{
# Default rules for pdf, getting overwritten when built in a sub-directory # Default rules for pdf, getting overwritten when built in a sub-directory
%.pdf: %.tex %.pdf: %.tex
$(LATEX) $< $(LATEX) $<
@@ -110,6 +113,12 @@ book_serif/book.pdf: $(src_all)
book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all) book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
$(LATEX) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex $(LATEX) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
# We don't want to use latexmk as there is no biber nor references and it
# seems to make it somehow unhappy
booklet/booklet.pdf: $(booklet_src)
mkdir -p booklet
lualatex --output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
# }}} # }}}
# Ebook {{{ # Ebook {{{
@@ -118,15 +127,15 @@ book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
epub/%.epub: %.tex $(ebook_src) cover/cover-page.xbb epub/%.epub: %.tex $(ebook_src) cover/cover-page.xbb
$(EBOOK) $< $(EBOOK) $<
copy_ebook_files: ebook copy_ebook_files: build_ebook
$(RSYNC) --exclude '*.png' epub_build/book-epub/ bw-book-epub/ $(RSYNC) --exclude '*.png' epub_build/book-epub/ bw-book-epub/
# Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions # Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions
# #
# 1) With kindle app on phone we want a colour version with size < 50 MB # 1) With kindle app on phone we want a colour version with size < 50 MB
# 2) A black-white version for actual eink readers # 2) A black-white version for actual eink readers
# #
# In both cases we just convert images and repack the ebpub # In both cases we just convert images and repack the ebpub
# We do not convert SVG to B&W or lower res for now as they are super small # We do not convert SVG to B&W or lower res for now as they are super small
# anyway # anyway
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ low-res-book-epub/OEBPS/%.jpg: %.jpg
epub/low_res_book.epub: copy_ebook_files_low_res $(low_res_images) epub/low_res_book.epub: copy_ebook_files_low_res $(low_res_images)
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q0X ../epub/low_res_book.epub mimetype cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q0X ../epub/low_res_book.epub mimetype
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q9XrD ../epub/low_res_book.epub ./ cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q9XrD ../epub/low_res_book.epub ./
# }}} #}}}
# Website {{{ # Website {{{
################################### ###################################
@@ -183,49 +192,37 @@ website: html ../website/_bundle_install_done $(ruby_src)
export_figures: pdf $(tgt_figures) export_figures: pdf $(tgt_figures)
cd figures/ && bash export_figures.sh cd figures/ && bash export_figures.sh
# }}} # }}}
# }}}
# User level targets {{{ # Now with the targets {{{
# Build targets {{{ # Expected usual targets first
.PHONY: all .PHONY: all
all: bake all: bake
# Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks) # Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks)
.PHONY: pdf serif sans_serif ebook .PHONY: pdf booklet serif sans_serif ebook
pdf: serif sans_serif pdf: serif sans_serif
booklet: booklet/booklet.pdf
serif: book_serif/book.pdf serif: book_serif/book.pdf
sans_serif: book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf sans_serif: book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf
ebook: epub/book.epub ebook: epub/book.epub
bw_ebook: epub/bw_book.epub bw_ebook: epub/bw_book.epub
low_res_ebook: epub/low_res_book.epub low_res_ebook: epub/low_res_book.epub
# }}}
# Old target names are disabled with helpful help message {{{ # We keep the old target names for backward compatibility
build_pdf: build_pdf: pdf
@echo "build_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make pdf" build_booklet: booklet
@exit build_serif_pdf: serif
build_serif_pdf: build_sans_serif_pdf: sans_serif
@echo "build_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make serif" build_ebook: ebook
@exit build_bw_ebook: bw_ebook
build_sans_serif_pdf: build_low_res_ebook: low_res_ebook
@echo "build_sans_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make sans_serif"
@exit
build_ebook:
@echo "build_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make ebook"
@exit
build_bw_ebook:
@echo "build_bw_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make bw_ebook"
@exit
build_low_res_ebook:
@echo "build_low_res_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make low_res_ebook"
@exit
# }}}
# Top level releases rules {{{ # top level releases rules
.PHONY: bake release_serif release_sans_serif .PHONY: bake release_serif release_sans_serif
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif website bake: release_serif release_sans_serif release_booklet website
release: release:
mkdir -p release mkdir -p release
@@ -241,7 +238,10 @@ release_serif: serif ebook bw_ebook low_res_ebook | release
fi fi
release_sans_serif: sans_serif | release release_sans_serif: sans_serif | release
cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf
release_booklet: booklet | release
cp booklet/booklet.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-booklet.pdf
# }}} # }}}
# Clean up {{{ # Clean up {{{
@@ -259,9 +259,12 @@ clean_figures:
clean_ebook_build: clean_ebook_build:
-rm epub_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html} -rm epub_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
-rm epub_build/book*.{idv,lg,loc,log,ncx,run.xml,tmp,xref} -rm epub_build/book*.{idv,lg,loc,log,ncx,run.xml,tmp,xref}
-rm epub_build/{book.css,content.opf} epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
-rm epub_build/book*x.svg -rm epub_build/book*x.svg
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS -rm epub_build/book.css
-rm epub_build/content.opf
-rm epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
clean_website_build: clean_website_build:
-rm website_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html} -rm website_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
@@ -271,18 +274,25 @@ clean_website_build:
clean: clean_ebook_build clean_figures clean_website_build clean: clean_ebook_build clean_figures clean_website_build
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_serif book.tex $(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex $(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
-rm book*/*.{bbl,loc,run.xml} -rm book*/*.{bbl,loc,run.xml}
mrproper: clean mrproper: clean
$(CLEAN) -C $(src_figures) $(CLEAN) -C $(src_figures)
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_serif book.tex $(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex $(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
-rm figures/*.png -rm figures/*.png
-rm -rf epub/
-rm -rf release/ -rm -rf release/
-rm -rf book_serif/ book_sans_serif/ -rm -rf book_serif/
-rm -rf epub/ epub_build/ bw-book-epub/ low-res-book-epub/ -rm -rf book_sans_serif/
-rm -rf website_build/ $(website_dir) -rm -rf booklet/
# }}} -rm -rf *book-epub/
-rm -rf epub_build/
-rm -rf website_build/
-rm -rf $(website_dir)
#}}}
# Help {{{ # Help {{{
################################### ###################################
@@ -328,6 +338,7 @@ help:
@echo "Quick builds:" @echo "Quick builds:"
@echo " quick: compiles serif_pdf but runs lulatex only once" @echo " quick: compiles serif_pdf but runs lulatex only once"
@echo " quick_ebook: compiles ebook but runs lulatex only once" @echo " quick_ebook: compiles ebook but runs lulatex only once"
@echo " quick_booklet: compiles booklet but runs lulatex only once"
@echo "" @echo ""
@echo "Checks:" @echo "Checks:"
@echo " tex-check: runs static analysis checker on LaTeX source to spot" @echo " tex-check: runs static analysis checker on LaTeX source to spot"
@@ -342,9 +353,8 @@ help:
@echo "" @echo ""
@echo "set DEBUG i.e make DEBUG=1 ebook to add debug flags to commands" @echo "set DEBUG i.e make DEBUG=1 ebook to add debug flags to commands"
# }}} # }}}
# }}}
# Debug Stuff {{{ # Debug Stuff from now on {{{
################################### ###################################
# Verify your spelling and TeX warnings {{{ # Verify your spelling and TeX warnings {{{
@@ -370,54 +380,57 @@ spell-check: $(src_tex) spelling_exceptions.txt
.PHONY: quick quick_ebook show_tools_version printvars .PHONY: quick quick_ebook show_tools_version printvars
# Those 2 targets allow fast debug cycles but not resolving references etc # Those 2 targets allow fast debug cycles but not resolving references etc
# They also ignore dependencies and run each time you call them. # They also ignore dependencies and run each time you call them.
quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc... quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc...
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=book_serif book.tex $(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc... quick_booklet:
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc...
$(EBOOK) --mode draft book.tex $(EBOOK) --mode draft book.tex
show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{ show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{
-$(GIT) log -5 --pretty="%h: %s by %an on %as" - $(GIT) log -1 --pretty=%B
@echo "" @echo ""
-uname -a - uname -a
@echo "" @echo ""
-$(SHELL) --version - $(SHELL) --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-@echo "PATH:" - @echo "PATH:"
-@echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n' - @echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
@echo "" @echo ""
-latexmk --version - latexmk --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-lualatex --version - lualatex --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-tex4ebook --version - tex4ebook --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-make4ht --version - make4ht --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-tidy -version - tidy -version
@echo "" @echo ""
-dvisvgm --version - dvisvgm --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-lacheck | head -5 | tail -1 - lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
@echo "" @echo ""
-chktex --version - chktex --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-make --version - make --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-biber -version - biber -version
@echo "" @echo ""
-ruby --version - ruby --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-$(CONVERT_PIC) --version - $(CONVERT_PIC) --version
@echo "" @echo ""
-rsync --version - rsync --version
# }}} # }}}
# You can find the value of variable X with the following command: # You can find the value of variable X with the following command:
# make print-X # make print-X
print-%: ; @echo $* = $($*) # Print a makefile variable print-%: ; @echo $* = $($*) # Print a makefile variable
printvars: # Print all variables in the makefile printvars: # Print all variables in the makefile
@$(foreach V,$(sort $(.VARIABLES)), \ @$(foreach V,$(sort $(.VARIABLES)), \
$(if $(filter-out environ% default automatic, \ $(if $(filter-out environ% default automatic, \
$(origin $V)),$(info $V=$($V) ($(value $V))))) $(origin $V)),$(info $V=$($V) ($(value $V)))))

View File

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals) \item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
\item Coffee \item Coffee
\item Eggs \item Eggs
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors}) \item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors})
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads) \item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{} \item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
\item Mashed potatoes \item Mashed potatoes
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\subsection{Colors}% \subsection{Colors}%
\label{sec:colors} \label{section:colors}
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
include: include:
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ banneton or loaf pan with seeds or oats. When using a loaf pan or banneton
these coverings also help to make the container stick less. these coverings also help to make the container stick less.
Another approach commonly used with buns is to wet the surface or dump the Another approach commonly used with buns is to wet the surface or dump the
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wet piece of dough into your bowl of dough in water. Afterward, dip the wetted piece of dough into your bowl of
mix-ins. This does not work for all mix-ins, as some can't handle the high mix-ins. This does not work for all mix-ins, as some can't handle the high
temperatures during baking and char. Most commonly done with seeds temperatures during baking and char. Most commonly done with seeds
(\eg~sesame, oats, flax-seed). (\eg~sesame, oats, flax-seed).

View File

@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
% nameref.4ht (2024-06-15-13:36), generated from tex4ht-4ht.tex
% Copyright 2005-2009 Eitan M. Gurari
% Copyright 2009-2024 TeX Users Group
%
% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either
% version 1.3c of this license or (at your option) any
% later version. The latest version of this license is in
% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
% and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions
% of LaTeX version 2005/12/01 or later.
%
% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
%
% The Current Maintainer of this work
% is the TeX4ht Project <http://tug.org/tex4ht>.
%
% If you modify this program, changing the
% version identification would be appreciated.
\immediate\write-1{version 2024-06-15-13:36}
\let\NR:Type\relax
\let\ltx@label\label
\def\prf:label{{\ifx \NR:Title\:UnDef \a:newlabel{\@currentlabelname}\else \NR:Title\fi}%
{\ifx \NR:Type\relax \else \NR:Type .1\fi}{}}%
\append:defI\label{\let\NR:Title\undefined}
\let\NR:StartSec\:StartSec
\let\NR:no@sect\no@sect
\def\no@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#7}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
\NR:no@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}[{#7}]{#8}}
\def\:StartSec#1#2#3{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#3}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
\NR:StartSec{#1}{#2}{#3}%
}
\def\:tempc#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#7}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
\o:NR@sect:{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}[{#7}]{#8}}
\HLet\NR@sect\:tempc
\def\:tempc#1#2#3#4#5{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel\ssect:ttl}%
\gdef\NR:Type{#1}%
\o:NR@ssect:{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}%
}
\HLet\NR@ssect\:tempc
\def\:tempc[#1]#2{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{part}%
\o:no@part:[{#1}]{#2}}
% this definition clashes with asmart and amsproc classes, so we
% need to skip if these are active
\@ifundefined{opt@amsart.cls}{%
\@ifundefined{opt@amsproc.cls}{%
\HLet\no@part\:tempc
}{}}{}
\def\:tempc#1{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{part}%
\o:no@spart:{#1}}
\HLet\no@spart\:tempc
\def\:tempc[#1]#2{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
\o:NR@chapter:[{#1}]{#2}}
\HLet\NR@chapter\:tempc
\def\:tempc#1{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel\sch:ttl}%
\o:NR@schapter:{#1}%
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
}
\HLet\NR@schapter\:tempc
\let\o:NR@@caption\@caption
\ifdefined\scr@makechapterhead
% fixes for Komascript
\def\:tempa[#1]#2{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
\o:@chapter:[#1]{#2}%
}
\HLet\@chapter\:tempa
\def\:tempa#1{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{chapter}%
\o:@schapter:{#1}%
}
\HLet\@schapter\:tempa
\fi
%
%
% Keith Andrews <kandrews@iicm.edu> reported that \@captype as
% \NR:Type threw an undefined control sequence error. I think
% \@currenvir is safe, there is nothing special about \@captype.
%
% use of \index and \label inside caption results in a fatal error
% we need to disable them in \NR:Title
% there can be more problematic commands, so we provide a configuration
% that can be used multiple times - the default value fixes known commands
% but a user can add more of them
\def\a:captioncommandsfix{}
\NewConfigure{CaptionCommandsFix}[1]{\concat:config\a:captioncommandsfix{#1}}
\Configure{CaptionCommandsFix}{
\let\index\:gobble%
\let\label\:gobble%
\let\\\relax% causes issues when \centering is active
}
\long\def\@caption#1[#2]{%
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
\begingroup%
\a:captioncommandsfix
\protected@xdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#2}}%
\endgroup%
\o:NR@@caption{#1}[{#2}]%
}
\let\o:NRorg@opargbegintheorem\@opargbegintheorem
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#3}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
\NR@gettitle{#3}%
\defineautorefname{\@currenvir}{#1}%
\o:NRorg@opargbegintheorem{#1}{#2}{#3}%
}%
\let\o:NRorg@begintheorem\@begintheorem
\def\@begintheorem#1#2{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{#1 #2}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
\defineautorefname{\@currenvir}{#1}%
\NR@gettitle{}%
\o:NRorg@begintheorem{#1}{#2}%
}%
% I don't know if this was useful for anything
% but we cannot use it anymore
% \AtBeginDocument{%
\@ifpackageloaded{listings}{%
\def\:tempc#1{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{listing}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{lstlisting}%
\o:NROrg@lst@MakeCaption:{#1}%
\gdef\@currentlabelname{listing}}
\HLet\NROrg@lst@MakeCaption\:tempc
}{}%
% bug [348]
\def\:tempams{%
\gdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{equation}}%
\gdef\NR:Type{equation}%
\gdef\@currentlabelname{equation}%
}
% https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/581856/2891
\@ifpackageloaded{caption}{
\pend:defIII\caption@beginex{%
\gdef\NR:Type{\@currenvir}%
% handle \label and \index in Caption's package
% version of \caption
\begingroup%
\a:captioncommandsfix
\protected@xdef\NR:Title{\a:newlabel{##2}}%
\endgroup%
}
}{}
\@ifpackageloaded{amsmath}{%
\Configure{@begin}{align}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{multline}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{equation}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{boxed}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{equations}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{equation}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{gather*}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{gather}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{genfrac}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{measure@}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{multline*}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{multline}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{overset}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{smallmatrix}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{split}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{subarray}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{substack}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{underset}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{xleftarrow}{\:tempams}
\Configure{@begin}{xrightarrow}{\:tempams}
}{
\Configure{@begin}{equation}{\:tempams}
}
\let\T:ref=\::ref
\def\::ref{\@ifstar{\protect\T@ref}{\protect\T@ref}}
\def\T@ref#1{%
\@safe@activestrue%
\let\::ref\T:ref%
\expandafter\@setref\csname r@#1\endcsname\@firstoffive{#1}%
\def\::ref{\@ifstar{\protect\T@ref}{\protect\T@ref}}%
\@safe@activesfalse%
}
\gdef\defineautorefname#1#2{%
\expandafter\gdef\csname #1autorefname\endcsname{#2}}
\defineautorefname{theorem}{Theorem}
\Configure{newlabel}
{\csname cur:th\endcsname \csname :currentlabel\endcsname}
{\string\csname\space :autoref\string\endcsname
{\NR:Type}#1}
\ifx \@currentlabelname\:UnDef
\let\@currentlabelname\empty
\fi
\pend:defIII\@setref{\edef\RefArg{##3}}
\append:defIII\@setref{\let\:autoref\:gobble}
\let\:autoref\:gobble
\Hinput{nameref}
\endinput

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}% \chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
\label{ch:non-wheat-sourdough} \label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
\begin{quoting} \begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt. using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the
dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
convenient time for you. convenient time for you.
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
Chapter~\ref{ch:baking}. One challenging aspect Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal

View File

@@ -448,13 +448,6 @@
note = {Accessed: 2023-02-03} note = {Accessed: 2023-02-03}
} }
@article{bread+temperature+baking,
author = {Athanasius},
title = {What is the maximum internal temperature of baked goods?},
url = {https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/54068/what-is-the-maximum-internal-temperature-of-baked-goods},
note = {Accessed: 2023-03-03}
}
@misc{wheat+kernel, @misc{wheat+kernel,
author = {W. Berghoff}, author = {W. Berghoff},
title = {A wheat kernel and its nutritional value.}, title = {A wheat kernel and its nutritional value.},

View File

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter. starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
\section{Liquid starter}% \section{Liquid starter}%
\label{sec:liquid-starter} \label{section:liquid-starter}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
\centering \centering
\input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex} \input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex}
\caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular \caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular
or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration 3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration
level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to
keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ By introducing this layer of water, less oxygen is available throughout the
course of fermentation. This means that your starter will no longer be course of fermentation. This means that your starter will no longer be
producing acetic acid. The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria will thrive producing acetic acid. The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria will thrive
in this environment. This is a neat little trick to change your starter's in this environment. This is a neat little trick to change your starter's
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop dairy flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop
creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter dairy creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
is going to maintain the liquid starter flavor profile, but then benefit again is going to maintain the liquid starter flavor profile, but then benefit again
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is irreversible. from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is nonreversible.
By changing to a liquid starter you will permanently select a subset of By changing to a liquid starter you will permanently select a subset of
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going back to a regular
back to a regular or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the liquid conversion
liquid conversion will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a backup of the starter
backup of the starter before the liquid starter conversion. before the liquid starter conversion.
To begin with the To begin with the
conversion, simply take around \qty{1}{\gram} of your starter, mix with \qty{5}{\gram} flour and conversion, simply take around \qty{1}{\gram} of your starter, mix with \qty{5}{\gram} flour and
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces. times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
\section{Stiff starter}% \section{Stiff starter}%
\label{sec:stiff-starter} \label{section:stiff-starter}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
@@ -225,10 +225,9 @@ mixing the starter there should be no chunks of flour left. Test placing
the starter on your kitchen counter. When lifting it should slightly stick the starter on your kitchen counter. When lifting it should slightly stick
to your counter's surface. This test indicates that you hydrated the flour sufficiently. to your counter's surface. This test indicates that you hydrated the flour sufficiently.
When the mixture is too dry, the fermentation speed is greatly reduced and When the mixture is too dry, the fermentation speed is greatly reduced and
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier than a the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier
regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to than a regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check}
Figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check} for a visual example of the starter's for a visual example of the starter's required hydration level.
required hydration level.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stiff-starter-dry-check.jpg} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stiff-starter-dry-check.jpg}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Making a sourdough starter}% \chapter{Making a sourdough starter}%
\label{ch:sourdough-starter} \label{chapter:sourdough-starter}
\begin{quoting} \begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will learn how to make your In this chapter you will learn how to make your
own sourdough starter, but before doing so you will own sourdough starter, but before doing so you will
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
\section{Baker's math}% \section{Baker's math}%
\label{sec:bakers-math} \label{section:bakers-math}
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ are completely lost when trying to scale it up.
Making a sourdough starter is very easy, all you need Making a sourdough starter is very easy, all you need
is a little bit of patience. It is in fact so easy that it can be summarized is a little bit of patience. It is in fact so easy that it can be summarized
in a simple Flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should in a simple flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
use to bootstrap your starter is ideally a whole flour. use to bootstrap your starter is ideally a whole flour.
You could use whole-wheat, whole-rye, whole-spelt or You could use whole-wheat, whole-rye, whole-spelt or
any other flour you have. In fact gluten free flours such any other flour you have. In fact gluten free flours such
@@ -101,14 +101,6 @@ as rice or corn would also work. Don't worry, you can always
change the flour later. Use whatever whole flour you change the flour later. Use whatever whole flour you
already have at hand. already have at hand.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
starter from scratch.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
\end{flowchart}
Your flour is contaminated with millions of microbes. As explained Your flour is contaminated with millions of microbes. As explained
before in the chapter about wild yeast and bacteria, these before in the chapter about wild yeast and bacteria, these
microbes live on the surface of the plant. That's why microbes live on the surface of the plant. That's why
@@ -139,16 +131,63 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible.
I~like to use a glass and place another I~like to use a glass and place another
inverted one on top. inverted one on top.
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in \begin{flowchart}[!htb]
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one \centering
study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified \input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living \caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
starter from scratch.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
\end{flowchart}
Now an epic battle begins. In one study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}
scientists have identified more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
on a single leaf of a plant. on a single leaf of a plant.
All of the different yeasts and bacteria are trying to get All of the different yeasts and bacteria are trying to get
the upper hand in this battle. Other pathogens such as mold the upper hand in this battle. Other pathogens such as mold
are also being activated as we added water. Only the strongest are also being activated as we added water. Only the strongest
most adaptable microorganisms will survive. most adaptable microorganisms will survive.
By adding water to the
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
Luckily for us
bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
glucose. This is what they have been fed in the wild by the plants.
By forming patches on the leaf and protecting the plant from
pathogens they received glucose in return for their services.
Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the
food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
new fungicides or antibiotics.
Depending on where your flour
is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
than the ones from another starter. Some people have also reported
how the microbes from your hand or air can influence your starter's
microorganisms. This makes sense to a certain extent. Your
hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but
probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
niche are going to survive.
This means the microorganisms knowing
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
microbes fermenting the waste of the other microbes. Ethanol created
by the yeast is metabolized by the bacteria in your sourdough. That's
why a sourdough has no alcohol. I~can confirm the role of aerial
contamination to a certain extent, when setting up a new sourdough
starter the whole process is quite quick for me. After a few
days my new starter seems to be quite alive already. This might
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
my kitchen.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
\caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple \caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple
@@ -163,60 +202,21 @@ most adaptable microorganisms will survive.
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war} \label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
By adding water to the
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
Luckily for us
bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
glucose. This is what they have been fed in the wild by the plants.
By forming patches on the leaf and protecting the plant from
pathogens they received glucose in return for their services.
Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the
food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
new fungicides or antibiotics.
Depending on where your flour
is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
than the ones from another starter. Some people have also reported
how the microbes from your hand or air can influence your starter's
microorganisms. This makes sense to a certain extent. Your
hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but
probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
niche are going to survive.
This means the microorganisms knowing
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
microbes fermenting the waste of the other microbes. Ethanol created
by the yeast is metabolized by the bacteria in your sourdough. That's
why a sourdough has no alcohol. I~can confirm the role of aerial
contamination to a certain extent, when setting up a new sourdough
starter the whole process is quite quick for me. After a few
days my new starter seems to be quite alive already. This might
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
my kitchen.
Wait for around 24~hours and observe what happens to your starter. Wait for around 24~hours and observe what happens to your starter.
You might see some early signs of fermentation already. Use your nose You might see some early signs of fermentation already. Use your nose
to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough
might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever
you see and notice is a sign of the first battle. you see and notice is a sign of the first battle.
Some microbes have already been outperformed. Others have won the first Some microbes
battle. After around \qty{24}{hours} most of the starch has been broken down have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around After around 24~hours most of the starch has been broken down
\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does take around \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with it in a new container. Again --- you could also simply eye ball
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water. all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram}
from the previous day with another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water. 1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ the mix again with a glass or a lid. If you notice the top of
your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The
dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as
mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot. the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
You will You will
still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ don't use this test and can't recommend it.
Once you see your starter is ready I~would recommend giving it Once you see your starter is ready I~would recommend giving it
one last feeding and then you are ready to make your dough in the one last feeding and then you are ready to make your dough in the
evening or the next day. For the instructions on how to make your evening or the next day. For the instructions on how to make your
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{ch:wheat-sourdough} first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
and~\ref{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book. and~\ref{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
If your first bread failed, chances are your fermentation hasn't If your first bread failed, chances are your fermentation hasn't
worked as expected. In many cases the reason is your sourdough starter. Maybe worked as expected. In many cases the reason is your sourdough starter. Maybe

View File

@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
} }
% Caption and figure size below images % Caption and figure size below images
\addtokomafont{captionlabel}{\textbf} \usepackage{caption}
\addtokomafont{caption}{\small} \captionsetup[figure]{font=footnotesize}
\DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F} \DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F}

View File

@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ Krawontka
Krzysztof Krzysztof
Kuchengnom Kuchengnom
Kuriyama Kuriyama
Labelling
Lausuch Lausuch
Lecloux Lecloux
Leeuwen Leeuwen
@@ -198,6 +199,7 @@ Mitelski
Moj Moj
Monicaks Monicaks
MqH3GVfjfBc MqH3GVfjfBc
NONINFRINGEMENT
Napoli Napoli
Nic Nic
Nirpf Nirpf
@@ -324,6 +326,7 @@ caco
cagno cagno
calc calc
captionsetup captionsetup
caramelise
carbonarius carbonarius
cerevisiae cerevisiae
chapappifchapterprefix chapappifchapterprefix
@@ -340,10 +343,12 @@ citecolor
codeblack codeblack
codeblue codeblue
coeliac coeliac
colour
countertop countertop
crum crum
defaultfontfeatures defaultfontfeatures
degF degF
dependant
diastatic diastatic
dimexpr dimexpr
discard2 discard2
@@ -399,6 +404,7 @@ hscale
hspace hspace
htb htb
htp htp
hydrations
hyperref hyperref
hypersetup hypersetup
ie ie
@@ -407,6 +413,7 @@ ifnextchar
ifthenelse ifthenelse
ifwidelayout ifwidelayout
includegraphics includegraphics
industrialisation
injera injera
isaccessible isaccessible
jalapeño jalapeño
@@ -415,6 +422,7 @@ kao
karl karl
keepaspectratio keepaspectratio
kitchenaid kitchenaid
labelled
lacto lacto
le le
leavevmode leavevmode
@@ -492,6 +500,7 @@ scandinavia
scorings scorings
selectfont selectfont
semibold semibold
sep
setchapterimage setchapterimage
setchapterpreamble setchapterpreamble
setchapterstyle setchapterstyle
@@ -548,6 +557,7 @@ vspace
wahlfeld wahlfeld
wait1 wait1
wait2 wait2
wetted
xsep xsep
xshift xshift
yYkTrGHNW2w yYkTrGHNW2w

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Storing bread}% \chapter{Storing bread}%
\label{ch:storing-bread} \label{chapter:storing-bread}
\begin{quoting} \begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will discuss different methods of storing your bread, each In this chapter you will discuss different methods of storing your bread, each
with their own pro and cons. This way your bread can be best enjoyed at a with their own pro and cons. This way your bread can be best enjoyed at a
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ This option is great for very long-term storage. Personally
I~like having a few slices of bread frozen as an emergency I~like having a few slices of bread frozen as an emergency
backup when I~have had no time to bake. backup when I~have had no time to bake.
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health benefits to freezing and A 2008 study hints that there might be some health
toasting your bread. By doing so the starch molecules could become more benefits to freezing and toasting your bread. By doing so
resistant to digestion and thus lower your body's blood sugar response by the starch molecules could become more resistant to digestion
almost \qty{40}{\percent}~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}. and thus lower your body's blood sugar
response by almost 40\%~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.

View File

@@ -535,22 +535,6 @@ figure.figure p.noindent {
text-align: center; text-align: center;
} }
main.main-content h2.chapterHead.home-content-title {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.5em;
}
.download-description {
font-weight: var(--fw-bold);
}
.download-links {
p.indent, p.noindent {
text-align: unset;
}
}
@media (max-width: 768px) { @media (max-width: 768px) {
.header { .header {
display: none; display: none;

View File

@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
122 / 252 & Lactic acid evaporation & The dairy tasting lactic acid begins to evaporate, sourness further decreases.\\ 122 / 252 & Lactic acid evaporation & The dairy tasting lactic acid begins to evaporate, sourness further decreases.\\
140 / 284 & Maillard reaction & The Maillard reaction starts to deform starches and proteins. 140 / 284 & Maillard reaction & The Maillard reaction starts to deform starches and proteins.
The dough starts browning.\\ The dough starts browning.\\
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelize giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule 170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelise giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular} \end{tabular}

View File

@@ -33,13 +33,4 @@
} }
\makeatother \makeatother
% Warnig from Michal: Note that once you get the updated TeX Live with a new
% `chemfig.4ht` file, you can remove this from the config file:
%
%```latex \pend:def\schemestart{\Picture+{}}
%\append:def\CF_schemestop{\EndPicture} ```
%
%You could get an error otherwise, as there would be nested `\Picture+{}` and
%`\EndPicture` commands.
\EndPreamble \EndPreamble

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}% \section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} \label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
that you can use to debug your baking process. that you can use to debug your baking process.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of \caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
\subsection{Perfect fermentation} \subsection{Perfect fermentation}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb \caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}% with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
@@ -51,7 +49,6 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
to achieve as open a crumb as possible. to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost \caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}% exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
@@ -78,10 +75,8 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough} \label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has \caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
many tiny pockets of air.}%
\label{fig:fermented-too-long} \label{fig:fermented-too-long}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
@@ -159,11 +154,10 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
\subsection{Underfermented} \subsection{Underfermented}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully \caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user wahlfeld
\emph{wahlfeld} from our community Discord server.}% from our community Discord server.}%
\label{fig:fermented-too-short-underbaked} \label{fig:fermented-too-short-underbaked}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
@@ -195,12 +189,11 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
of time. of time.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb \caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}% provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
\label{fig:fools-crumb} \label{fools-crumb}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough. In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
@@ -222,7 +215,7 @@ do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter
calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram} \qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
consider making a stiff sourdough consider making a stiff sourdough
starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
@@ -231,10 +224,9 @@ and less bacterial activity.
\subsection{Not enough dough strength} \subsection{Not enough dough strength}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}% \caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
\label{fig:flat-bread} \label{flat-bread}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
@@ -257,10 +249,9 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
\subsection{Baked too hot} \subsection{Baked too hot}
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}% \caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
\label{fig:baked-too-hot} \label{baked-too-hot}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
@@ -289,11 +280,10 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
\subsection{Baked with too little steam} \subsection{Baked with too little steam}
\begin{figure}[h] \begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that \caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}% I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
\label{fig:no-steam} \label{no-steam}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
@@ -314,12 +304,11 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
of the oven. of the oven.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes \caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
techniques in a Dutch oven.}% techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures} \label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
@@ -336,21 +325,19 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
I~would achieve less oven spring. I~would achieve less oven spring.
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex} \input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how \caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
steaming techniques.}% steaming techniques.}%
\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures} \label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht] \begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex} \input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows \caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
on the steaming technique that is used.}% on the steaming technique that is used.}%
\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures} \label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only

View File

@@ -8,37 +8,60 @@ situation. You can then apply the appropriate measures and squash each
\section{Starter} \section{Starter}
\subsection{My starter does not double in size} \subsection{My starter does not double in size}
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to double in size before using it. Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at peak performance to ensure a double in size before using it.
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at
peak performance to ensure a
balanced fermentation in the main dough. balanced fermentation in the main dough.
The doubling in size metric should be taken with a grain of salt when judging The doubling in size metric should be
your starter. Depending on the flour you use to feed the starter, different taken with a grain of salt when judging
levels of its rising can be expected. For instance, if you use rye flour then your starter. Depending on the flour
only very little gas from the fermentation can be retained inside the starter. you use to feed the starter, different levels
In consequence, your sourdough starter will not rise as much. It could still of its rising can be expected.
be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten, the starter will For instance, if you use rye flour then only
not rise as much either. The reason is that you have a weaker gluten network very little gas from the
resulting in more gas dispersing out of your dough. fermentation can be retained inside the
starter. In consequence, your
sourdough starter will not rise as much. It
could still be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten,
the starter will not rise as
much either. The reason is that you have a weaker
gluten network resulting in
more gas dispersing out of your dough.
That being said, it is recommended that you develop your volume increase That being said, it is recommended that you develop
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then ultimately lose structure your volume increase
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. This is the point when metric. Your starter will increase in size and then
you should use your starter. This could be a \qty{50}{\percent} volume ultimately lose structure
increase, \qty{100}{\percent} or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
use the starter a little bit too early rather than too late. If you use the This is the point when
starter later, reduce the quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a you should use your starter. This could be a
\qty{20}{\percent} starter quantity, use only \qty{10}{\percent} starter in \qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
that case. Your starter will regrow in your main dough. percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
the starter a little bit
too early rather than too late. If you use the
starter later, reduce the
quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a 20
percent starter quantity,
use only 10
percent starter in that case. Your starter will
regrow in your main dough.
On top of relying on the size increase, start taking note of your starter's On top of relying on the size increase, start
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its fermentation state based on the taking note of your starter's
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further your dough has fermented. smell. Over time you will be able to judge its
This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough. fermentation state based on the
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further
your dough has fermented.
This is a sign that you should use less starter
when making the actual dough.
Please refer to Please refer to
Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{sec:readying-starter}'' for more Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
information on the topic. for more information on the topic.
\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?} \subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
@@ -61,12 +84,12 @@ ferment the dough into which it is later inoculated.
The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial
starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making
process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
can speed up the process. can speed up the process.
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?} \subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of flour and water A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
(\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer sourdough starter features a flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
hydration level of \qtyrange{50}{60}{\percent}. sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
@@ -74,7 +97,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours. is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}. starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?} \subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
@@ -83,7 +106,7 @@ fermentation in your starter. This way your starter
tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic
acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more
yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy
ciabatta-style loaf. ciabatta-style loaf.
@@ -101,7 +124,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
this type of starter. this type of starter.
You can read more about the liquid starter in You can read more about the liquid starter in
Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter} Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter}
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all} \subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
@@ -172,14 +195,15 @@ the top.
\label{fig:hooch} \label{fig:hooch}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back into your Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back
starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of your sourdough into your starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of
starter to set up the starter for your next bread. Once hooch appears, your your sourdough starter to set up the starter for your next bread.
starter has likely fermented for a long period of time. It might be very sour. Once hooch appears, your starter has likely fermented for a long
This state of starter is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard period of time. It might be very sour. This state of starter
bread. Don't throw anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard bread. Don't throw
fermented dough in front of you. Compare it to a two year ripened Parmigiano anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long fermented
cheese. The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor. dough in front of you. Compare it to a 2 year ripened Parmigiano cheese.
The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter} \subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
@@ -226,7 +250,6 @@ fewer and fewer. Furthermore, it seems that lactic acid bacteria produce
metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}. metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The \caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi. interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
@@ -285,7 +308,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
Another approach that can help is to convert your Another approach that can help is to convert your
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}. described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?} \subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
@@ -297,7 +320,7 @@ When tasting acetic acid, the flavor of your bread is often perceived
as quite strong. as quite strong.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex} \input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic \caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}% acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
@@ -338,9 +361,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
can read more about the autolysis process in can read more about the autolysis process in
Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and
more about the topic of fermentolysis more about the topic of fermentolysis
in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}. in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}.
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
@@ -371,19 +394,18 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}. bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?} \subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
\qty{60}{\percent} hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. This ballpark figure will work for most This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
flours. With this hydration, you can make bread, buns, pizzas, and even make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
baguettes out of the same dough.
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more yeast
yeast fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk. fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation} \subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
@@ -399,14 +421,13 @@ the more gluten is broken down. As the gluten holds the
wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear. wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough} \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}% \caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
\label{fig:tearing-dough} \label{fig:tearing-dough}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
using a starter that has not been fed for 30~days at room temperature. using a starter that has not been fed for 30 days at room temperature.
I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter. I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
Typically after a long period Typically after a long period
without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
@@ -462,7 +483,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on
making a stiff sourdough starter. making a stiff sourdough starter.
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
@@ -583,7 +604,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2} starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}. about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
@@ -716,7 +737,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
progress. To read more about this technique refer progress. To read more about this technique refer
to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}. to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
@@ -735,7 +756,7 @@ fermentation at a pH of around 4.1. Please don't just
follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring
with different doughs to find out a value that works for you. with different doughs to find out a value that works for you.
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content---what should I~do?} \subsection{My flour has low gluten content --- what should I~do?}
You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour. is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.

View File

@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
\chapter{Wheat sourdough}%
\label{ch:wheat-sourdough}
\begin{quoting} \begin{quoting}
In this chapter, you will learn how to make In this chapter, you will learn how to make
freestanding wheat sourdough bread. freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
\end{quoting} \end{quoting}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread \caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
@@ -34,13 +30,14 @@ My key learning was that there is no recipe that
you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe
to your locally available tools and environment. to your locally available tools and environment.
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know all the signs to But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know
look out for. You will be able to read your dough. You will turn into a all the signs to look out for. You will be able to read your dough.
confident hobby baker who can bake bread at home, at high altitudes, at low You will turn into a confident hobby baker who can bake bread
altitudes, in summer, in winter, at your friend's place, and even on vacation. at home, at high altitudes, at low altitudes, in summer, in winter,
Furthermore, you will know how to scale your production from one loaf to at your friend's place, and even on vacation. Furthermore,
hundred loaves of bread. If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider you will know how to scale your production from 1 loaf to 100 loaves of bread.
this knowledge to be your foundation. If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider this knowledge to
be your foundation.
Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread
that tastes much better than any store-bought bread. that tastes much better than any store-bought bread.
@@ -90,14 +87,14 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
the steps right to make the perfect bread. the steps right to make the perfect bread.
\section{Readying your starter}% \section{Readying your starter}%
\label{sec:readying-starter} \label{section:readying-starter}
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter. The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough. The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
If your starter is off, then your main dough is also going If your starter is off, then your main dough is also going
to cause trouble during the fermentation. Your starter's to cause trouble during the fermentation. Your starter's
properties are passed on to your main dough. If your starter properties are passed on to your main dough. If your starter
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, neither will your doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, so will your
main dough. main dough.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb] \begin{flowchart}[!htb]
@@ -143,9 +140,9 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost 1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}) yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter})
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1~part old starter, my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
5~parts flour, 2.5~parts water). If it is very warm where you live 5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this
trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule. trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule.
@@ -161,7 +158,7 @@ regrows inside of your main dough. While I~would normally use
as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have
more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough
starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2~days without feedings, to make a dough. If I~push this to 2 days without feedings,
I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the
previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce, previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce,
your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again
@@ -176,8 +173,8 @@ Furthermore, you want your microorganisms to outcompete
other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter
you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong
starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option~1 more. reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option 1 more.
It will reliably create better bread. Option~2 is typically It will reliably create better bread. Option 2 is typically
what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't
manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed
my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ Especially when getting started I~recommend using bread flour which
contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential
when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough. when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough.
Find below an example recipe for one loaf including baker's math calculation: Find below an example recipe for 1 loaf including baker's math calculation:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour \item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail. full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
\section{Hydration} \section{Hydration}
@@ -248,8 +245,8 @@ When a seed gets into contact initially, the outer layers soak up the water.
That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to
use a little bit more water. use a little bit more water.
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix. By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix. The higher the
The higher the protein value, the more water can be used. protein value, the more water can be used.
Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier
bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value
@@ -311,16 +308,16 @@ offers by simply letting your dough ferment for a longer period.
Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less
sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment. sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment.
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages. As explained There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages.
earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your gluten network. As explained earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your
So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically become more gluten network. So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically
extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire are slowly become more extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire
converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon that can are slowly converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon
very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the balloon will burst. You that can very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the
will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough becomes very sticky. Finding balloon will burst. You will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough
the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not too much is what the perfect becomes very sticky. Finding the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not
wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry---after reading this chapter too much is what the perfect wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry --- after reading
you will have the right tools at your disposal. this chapter you will have the right tools at your disposal.
The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting
with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The
@@ -355,8 +352,8 @@ If you are just getting started with a new batch of flour,
I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to
identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities. identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities.
Make five bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly Make 5 bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly increasing
increasing water amounts to each of the bowls. water amounts to each of the bowls.
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water \item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water
@@ -378,7 +375,6 @@ to feed your starter.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you \caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
developed your gluten well enough.} developed your gluten well enough.}
@@ -456,7 +452,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
This greatly simplifies the whole process. This greatly simplifies the whole process.
\section{Autolysis}% \section{Autolysis}%
\label{sec:autolysis} \label{section:autolysis}
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
@@ -508,7 +504,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process. which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
\section{Fermentolysis}% \section{Fermentolysis}%
\label{sec:fermentolysis} \label{section:fermentolysis}
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
@@ -530,25 +526,23 @@ environment and thus reduce the speed at which your microorganisms replicate.
\end{table} \end{table}
Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8 Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout the to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout
day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a the day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a completed
completed fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent} fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent} sourdough starter. If
sourdough starter. If I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}.
less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}. Simply mix all the ingredients and Simply mix all the ingredients and your fermentation begins. The
your fermentation begins. The enzymes and microorganisms commence their work. enzymes and microorganisms commence their work. On a very warm summer day, the
On a very warm summer day, the mentioned quantities no longer work. With a mentioned quantities no longer work. With a \qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough
\qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough would be ready in 5~hours up to a would be ready in 5~hours up to a point of no return. Another additional hour
point of no return. Another additional hour would cause the dough to break would cause the dough to break down too much. In this case, I~would opt for 5
down too much. In this case, I~would opt for \qty{5}{\percent} sourdough percent sourdough starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12
starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12~hour window again. hour window again. If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent}
If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent} sourdough sourdough starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as
starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as they depend they depend on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that
on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that you have you have to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able
to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able to to read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your own.
read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and more precise approach
own. Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered later in this chapter.
more precise approach by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered
later in this chapter.
Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount
of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will
@@ -621,7 +615,7 @@ by adding water and kneading again. This is a great trick to make
a more extensible dough with lower-gluten flour~\cite{bassinage+technique}. a more extensible dough with lower-gluten flour~\cite{bassinage+technique}.
When machine kneading a dough, opt for the same technique shown in When machine kneading a dough, opt for the same technique shown in
Flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
speed. This helps the homogenization process. speed. This helps the homogenization process.
After waiting to allow the flour to soak up the water, proceed on a higher speed After waiting to allow the flour to soak up the water, proceed on a higher speed
setting. A good sign of a well-developed gluten network is setting. A good sign of a well-developed gluten network is
@@ -630,7 +624,6 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
dough to stick to the container. dough to stick to the container.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization \caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques. of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
@@ -647,7 +640,6 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network. the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough \caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
@@ -678,7 +670,7 @@ affecting the quality of the bread~\cite{oxidization+dough}.
The last step before beginning bulk fermentation is to The last step before beginning bulk fermentation is to
create a smooth dough ball. By making sure your dough's surface is create a smooth dough ball. By making sure your dough's surface is
smooth, you will have fewer touch points when touching the dough. smooth, you will have fewer touch points when touching the dough.
See Figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization See figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
of how your hand touches a rugged and smooth dough. of how your hand touches a rugged and smooth dough.
With the smooth surface, your dough is going to stick less on your hands. Applying With the smooth surface, your dough is going to stick less on your hands. Applying
later stretches and folds will be a lot easier. Without a smooth later stretches and folds will be a lot easier. Without a smooth
@@ -687,7 +679,6 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
new bakers commit. new bakers commit.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough \caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
@@ -710,7 +701,7 @@ you can't stretch the gluten. Always imagine you are touching something utterly
By doing so you will automatically try to touch the dough as little By doing so you will automatically try to touch the dough as little
as possible. Keep repeating the process until you see that the dough as possible. Keep repeating the process until you see that the dough
has a nice smooth surface. The final dough should look like the dough has a nice smooth surface. The final dough should look like the dough
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}. shown in~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
If your outer gluten layer tears, you have overstretched your dough. In If your outer gluten layer tears, you have overstretched your dough. In
that case, take a 10-minute break, leaving your dough on the kitchen countertop. that case, take a 10-minute break, leaving your dough on the kitchen countertop.
@@ -725,7 +716,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover. An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
\section{Bulk fermentation}% \section{Bulk fermentation}%
\label{sec:bulk-fermentation} \label{section:bulk-fermentation}
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
@@ -775,12 +766,12 @@ turning it into a gigantic sticky fermented pancake. This
is one of the reasons why the current baking industry prefers is one of the reasons why the current baking industry prefers
to make solely yeast-based doughs. By removing the bacteria to make solely yeast-based doughs. By removing the bacteria
from the fermentation, the whole process becomes a lot more from the fermentation, the whole process becomes a lot more
predictable. The room for error (as shown in predictable. The room for error (as shown in figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation})
Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs is much larger. The doughs are perfect to be made in a
are perfect to be made in a machine. machine.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb] \begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering \centering
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex} \input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk \caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
@@ -830,7 +821,6 @@ dough exactly on point.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation \caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent} progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
@@ -954,7 +944,6 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
for your sourdough composition. for your sourdough composition.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to \caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface. finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
@@ -1002,7 +991,6 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
\section{Stretch and folds} \section{Stretch and folds}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued \caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
@@ -1018,16 +1006,16 @@ fermentation stage. The process involves stretching the dough and then
folding the dough onto itself. Some recipes call for a single stretch folding the dough onto itself. Some recipes call for a single stretch
and fold, others for multiple. and fold, others for multiple.
The primary goal of this technique is to provide additional dough strength to The primary goal of this technique is to provide
your dough. As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough} there are additional dough strength to your dough. As shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}
multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many there are multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many no-knead
no-knead recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying stretch and folds
stretch and folds during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do all the folds probably
all the folds probably matches the initial kneading time required.}. matches the initial kneading time required.}. If you do not knead as much at
If you do not knead as much at the start, you can reach the same level of the start, you can reach the same level of dough strength by applying stretch
dough strength by applying stretch and folds later. The more stretch and folds and folds later. The more stretch and folds you do, the more dough strength
you do, the more dough strength you add to your dough. The result will be a you add to your dough. The result will be a more aesthetic loaf that has
more aesthetic loaf that has increased vertical oven spring. increased vertical oven spring.
Sometimes, if the dough is very extensible Sometimes, if the dough is very extensible
and features very high hydration, stretching and folding is essential. and features very high hydration, stretching and folding is essential.
@@ -1047,12 +1035,11 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading ``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
your crumb. your crumb.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform \caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}% stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
@@ -1080,15 +1067,16 @@ once all around your dough until the dough is free of your container's edges.
Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with
two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough. two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough.
The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth side should
side should not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should tend
tend to stick to your hands. Rotate the container and repeat the same thing to stick to your hands. Rotate the container
from the other side. Rotate the container \ang{90} and then repeat the process and repeat the same thing from the other side. Rotate the container 90°
once again. Rotate the container another \ang{180} in the same direction and and then repeat the process once again. Rotate the container another 180° in
repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied four folds in the same direction
total. Your dough should now stay in place and resist flowing and repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied 4 folds in total. Your
outwards\footnote{Please also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a dough should now stay in place and resist flowing outwards\footnote{Please
video showing you how to best perform the technique.}. also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a video showing you how to
best perform the technique.}.
In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could
apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already, apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already,
@@ -1100,10 +1088,9 @@ will tear. In that case, you just have to wait for at least 5--10~minutes until
the gluten bonds heal and you can try again. When the gluten does not heal the gluten bonds heal and you can try again. When the gluten does not heal
anymore, chances are you have pushed the fermentation for too long. Likely anymore, chances are you have pushed the fermentation for too long. Likely
most of the gluten has broken down and you are already most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}. in the decay stage shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has \caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
@@ -1148,7 +1135,6 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
dough from sticking too much to your tools. dough from sticking too much to your tools.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.} \caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
@@ -1156,7 +1142,7 @@ dough from sticking too much to your tools.
I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge
on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces. on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces.
This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When
I~plan to make 8~loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough I~plan to make 8 loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough, into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough,
you can use the aforementioned scale. you can use the aforementioned scale.
@@ -1178,16 +1164,14 @@ Pre-shaping is done for several reasons:
If you are making a single loaf from one dough batch the step is not required. If you are making a single loaf from one dough batch the step is not required.
In that case, you can directly proceed with shaping, skipping this step. In that case, you can directly proceed with shaping, skipping this step.
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}. Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's surface this could now result in a catastrophe.
surface this could now result in a catastrophe. For this reason, I~recommend For this reason, I~recommend practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading.
practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading. The gluten The gluten network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there
network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there is hardly is hardly any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only
any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to way to save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough \caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
@@ -1195,14 +1179,14 @@ save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
\label{fig:preshape-direction} \label{fig:preshape-direction}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top surface area. Try Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top
to touch the dough as little as possible to reduce its ability to stick to surface area. Try to touch the dough as little as possible
your hands. Drag the dough in the direction where you see a rough surface to reduce its ability to stick to your hands. Drag the dough
area. In case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might in the direction where you see a rough surface area. In
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
place it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and place
Figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction} for a visualization showing the it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction}
pre-shaping direction. for a visualization showing the pre-shaping direction.
Try to set yourself a limit of movements to finish pre-shaping Try to set yourself a limit of movements to finish pre-shaping
a dough. Then you will be more conscious about each movement a dough. Then you will be more conscious about each movement
@@ -1212,7 +1196,6 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
structure of your final loaves further. structure of your final loaves further.
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}% \caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping} \label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
@@ -1288,22 +1271,21 @@ batard bread rolls.
\label{fig:shaping-flour-surface} \label{fig:shaping-flour-surface}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
If you are only making one loaf out of your dough, apply flour If you are only making 1 loaf out of your dough, apply flour
generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your
dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit
to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed
with step~3. with step 3.
If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's
top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across
the dough's surface. See Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a the dough's surface. See figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
visual representation of how your dough should look after coating visual representation of how your dough should look after coating
the surface. the surface.
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over} \subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
\begin{figure}[!htb] \begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the \caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
@@ -1324,7 +1306,6 @@ sticky side is facing you.
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular} \subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the \caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
@@ -1341,13 +1322,12 @@ it has a more rectangular shape. While stretching, make sure to touch
the sticky side as little as possible. Place your hands on the bottom the sticky side as little as possible. Place your hands on the bottom
floured side and the edge of the sticky side. With gentle hands, floured side and the edge of the sticky side. With gentle hands,
stretch the dough until the shape in front of you looks rectangular. stretch the dough until the shape in front of you looks rectangular.
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
your dough with the shown dough. your dough with the shown dough.
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together} \subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note \caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
@@ -1381,7 +1361,7 @@ now faces you.
Start to roll the dough inwards beginning at the top of the dough. Start to roll the dough inwards beginning at the top of the dough.
Keep rolling the dough inwards until you have created a dough roll. Keep rolling the dough inwards until you have created a dough roll.
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
representation of the process. representation of the process.
If your dough does not hold its shape, chances are you have pushed If your dough does not hold its shape, chances are you have pushed
@@ -1390,7 +1370,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure. details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges} \subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
@@ -1407,7 +1387,6 @@ from the other side as well.
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing} \subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing \caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
@@ -1439,16 +1418,16 @@ applies when making other doughs such as baguette doughs. The floured
surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over
once for baking.}. once for baking.}.
Proceed and lift the dough with both hands from the counter. Gently rotate it Proceed and lift the dough with 2 hands from the counter.
once and then place the dough in your banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam Gently rotate it once and then place the dough in your
side should now be facing you. Some bakers like to seal the seam a little banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam side should now be facing you.
more. I~did not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as Some bakers like to seal the seam a little more. I~did
I~can tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side of not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as I~can
the final loaf.}. tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side
If you did everything right, then your dough should look somewhat similar to of the final loaf.}. If you did everything right, then your
the dough shown in Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}. As the last dough should look somewhat similar to the dough shown in figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}.
step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton or bowl and begin As the last step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton
proofing. or bowl and begin proofing.
\section{Proofing} \section{Proofing}
@@ -1482,20 +1461,20 @@ of retarding and flavor development.
\label{fig:proofing-process} \label{fig:proofing-process}
\end{flowchart} \end{flowchart}
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you to better To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you
manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping your to better manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping
dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another 2~hours to your dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another
proof the dough and then another hour to bake it. In this case, you can move 2~hours to proof the dough and then another 1 hour to bake it. In this case,
your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your dough will be proofing you can move your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your
overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time the following day dough will be proofing overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time
(there are a few exceptions; more on that later). This is especially handy the following day (there are a few exceptions; more on that later).
for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing extensively. Some of the This is especially handy for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing
doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge. Early in the extensively. Some of the doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge.
morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2~hours they Early in the morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2
will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If throughout the hours they will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If
day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out of the throughout the day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out
fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded dough is of the fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded
big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later. dough is big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning, Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning,
the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly
@@ -1514,7 +1493,6 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
morning. morning.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable \caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
@@ -1525,15 +1503,15 @@ morning.
The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and
3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test. 3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test.
Flour your thumb and gently press around \qtyrange{0.5}{1}{cm} deep into the Flour your thumb and gently press around 0.5cm up to 1cm deep into the dough.
dough. Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent will
will recover quickly. It will be gone again after one minute. recover quickly. It will be gone again after 1 minute.
As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the
same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more slowly.
slowly. Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still be visible after
be visible after one minute of waiting. 1 minute of waiting.
I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout
the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least
@@ -1608,7 +1586,6 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing. makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on \caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
@@ -1624,7 +1601,6 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
banneton should now be facing you. banneton should now be facing you.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic \caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
@@ -1644,7 +1620,6 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
a good loaf into a great loaf. a good loaf into a great loaf.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the \caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
@@ -1673,7 +1648,6 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
will become a lot easier. will become a lot easier.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface} \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface \caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
@@ -1697,7 +1671,7 @@ Once you notice your dough is almost done proofing, move it to the
freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further
while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier. while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier.
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30~seconds without steam. Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30 seconds without steam.
The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify
the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal
sweet spot. sweet spot.

View File

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ DOCKER_CMD := docker run --rm -it -v $(PWD):/opt/repo --platform linux/x86_64 $(
.PHONY: bake build_pdf build_docker_image push_docker_image validate website .PHONY: bake build_pdf build_docker_image push_docker_image validate website
.PHONY: print_os_version start_shell printvars show_tools_version mrproper .PHONY: print_os_version start_shell printvars show_tools_version mrproper
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook .PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook booklet
# Dockers targets # Dockers targets
build_docker_image: build_docker_image:
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ bake:
website: website:
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make website" $(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make website"
booklet:
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make booklet"
mrproper: mrproper:
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make mrproper" $(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make mrproper"

View File

@@ -1 +1 @@
3.3.7 3.1.2

View File

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ GEM
specs: specs:
coderay (1.1.3) coderay (1.1.3)
method_source (1.0.0) method_source (1.0.0)
mini_portile2 (2.8.8) nokogiri (1.15.3-arm64-darwin)
nokogiri (1.15.3) racc (~> 1.4)
mini_portile2 (~> 2.8.2) nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-darwin)
racc (~> 1.4)
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-linux)
racc (~> 1.4) racc (~> 1.4)
pry (0.14.2) pry (0.14.2)
coderay (~> 1.1) coderay (~> 1.1)
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ GEM
PLATFORMS PLATFORMS
arm64-darwin-22 arm64-darwin-22
arm64-darwin-24
x86_64-darwin-22 x86_64-darwin-22
x86_64-linux x86_64-linux
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
pry pry
RUBY VERSION RUBY VERSION
ruby 3.3.7p123 ruby 3.1.2p20
BUNDLED WITH BUNDLED WITH
2.4.12 2.4.12

View File

@@ -341,12 +341,6 @@ class ModifyBuild
<span class="link_text">Book .EPUB</span> <span class="link_text">Book .EPUB</span>
</a> </a>
</span> </span>
<span class="chapterToc">
<a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">
<span class="chapter_number">⬇️</span>
<span class="link_text">Short TL;DR .PDF</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="chapterToc"> <span class="chapterToc">
<a href="https://breadco.de/hardcover-book"> <a href="https://breadco.de/hardcover-book">
<span class="chapter_number">📚</span> <span class="chapter_number">📚</span>
@@ -632,16 +626,15 @@ class ModifyBuild
Creating this book has been a labor of love. My Creating this book has been a labor of love. My
main goal has always been to spread the joy of baking and empower bread main goal has always been to spread the joy of baking and empower bread
enthusiasts like yourself. To ensure that the book remains accessible enthusiasts like yourself. To ensure that the book remains accessible
to everyone, I have decided to make it available free of charge. to everyone, I have decided to make it available as a free digital download.
</p> </p>
<a href="bread.jpg"> <a href="bread.jpg">
<img alt="One of my best Sourdough Breads" class="home-bread" src="bread.jpg" /> <img alt="One of my best Sourdough Breads" class="home-bread" src="bread.jpg" />
</a> </a>
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⭐ Support this project</h2>
<p class="noindent"> <p class="noindent">
Producing and maintaining resources like this requires However, producing and maintaining resources like this requires
considerable time, effort, and financial investment. If you find value considerable time, effort, and financial investment. If you find value
in "The Sourdough Framework" and appreciate the effort that went into in "The Sourdough Framework" and appreciate the effort that went into
creating it, I kindly request your support <a href="https://breadco.de/book"> creating it, I kindly request your support <a href="https://breadco.de/book">
@@ -653,7 +646,18 @@ class ModifyBuild
<p class="noindent"> <p class="noindent">
Your generous contribution will not only help me cover the costs associated Your generous contribution will not only help me cover the costs associated
with this project but will also enable me to continue creating more valuable with this project but will also enable me to continue creating more valuable
content in the future. Your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you content in the future.
</p>
<p class="noindent">
If you feel inspired to contribute, please consider making a donation of
any amount through <a href="https://breadco.de/book">my donation page</a>.
Your support will go a long way in ensuring
that this knowledge can reach even more bread enthusiasts worldwide.
</p>
<p class="noindent">
Remember, your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
contribute is deeply appreciated. If you are unable to make a donation at contribute is deeply appreciated. If you are unable to make a donation at
this time, please know that your readership and support in spreading the this time, please know that your readership and support in spreading the
word about "The Sourdough Framework" are invaluable contributions as well. word about "The Sourdough Framework" are invaluable contributions as well.
@@ -665,33 +669,29 @@ class ModifyBuild
Together, we can continue to share the love of baking and cultivate a Together, we can continue to share the love of baking and cultivate a
community passionate about the art of sourdough. community passionate about the art of sourdough.
</p> </p>
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⬇️ Versions</h2>
<p class="noindent"> <p class="noindent">
You can either browse through this website or download the full book to read it on your preferred device: You can either browse through this page or download the full book directly:
</p>
<p class="noindent">
PDF: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
PDF (no serif): <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
</p> </p>
<div class="download-links"> <p class="noindent">
<p class="noindent"> EPUB: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
<span class="download-description">PDF:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br> EPUB in Black & White, size optimized for screen readers : <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
<span class="download-description">PDF (no serif):</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a> </p>
</p>
<p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">EPUB:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
<span class="download-description">EPUB black & white:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
</p>
<p class="noindent"> <p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version:</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf</a><br> The full source code of the book can be found here:
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version (print):</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf</a><br> <a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>
</p> </p>
<p class="noindent"> <p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">Sauce code:</span> There's also a hardcover version of the book available featuring an even more awesome design. You can read more information here:
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>. Contributions and improvements are highly appreciated! <a href="https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book">https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book</a>
</p> </p>
</div>
<p class="noindent"> <p class="noindent">
Thank you and may the gluten be strong with you,<br> Thank you and may the gluten be strong with you,<br>