69 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Cedric
ac8f2038ee Merge branch 'chemical' into 225-ebook-situation
Some checks failed
Test book and website for given image / test-book-website (push) Has been cancelled
2025-01-21 21:05:56 +00:00
Cedric
75dc8432bb Merge remote-tracking branch 'hendiricus/main' into 225-ebook-situation 2025-01-21 21:04:46 +00:00
Cedric
8fd1df9d33 Fix the chemical equation.
All credits due to @michal-h21
https://github.com/michal-h21/tex4ebook/issues/137
2025-01-21 21:01:17 +00:00
Cedric
70d90781c8 Add latest dvisvgm drive for tex4ht
commit f1707125de2f058634523b0b3391a7c7be2d6784
Author: Michal Hoftich <michal.h21@gmail.com>
Date:   Tue Oct 29 18:12:59 2024 +0100

    use \Picture* instead of \Picture+

from:
https://github.com/michal-h21/dvisvgm4ht.git (fetch)
2025-01-21 21:01:05 +00:00
Ced
d02e99c46e Fix merge errors 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
9e267a2b4b Modernize target names in makefile
Names might have made sense at some point... but not so sure anymore

build_pdf            => pdf
build_booklet        => booklet
build_serif_pdf      => serif
build_sans_serif_pdf => sans_serif
build_ebook          => ebook
build_bw_ebook       => bw_ebook
build_low_res_ebook  => low_res_ebook

Old names kept not to break backward compatibility
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
a93a19d40d Reorder and add comments in makefile
Also added markers {{{ for folding
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
7f2f010571 Simplify the epub size check 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
75b015cda6 Remove debug flag on default website build 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
d0a5d6d37e Fix duplicate font loading 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
2c86529981 Use sans-serif fonts with tex4ht
This has to be done in the config file..:

All fonts are suppressed in the --lua mode of TeX4ht, because we need to
prevent the loading of OpenType fonts, which causes a fatal error.:
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/705948/change-font-of-tikz-diagrams-in-html-produced-by-make4ht
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
e73b0f331a Use a sans-serif math font for pgfplots
pgfplots uses math fonts for graphs ticks... and it looks weird when
building sans serif.

Not sure Fira is necessarily a great choice with open-sans but we have
very little math so that should do...
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
3b8dfd8d81 Layout "Repeat 3 Times" loops in better way. 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
374fb7adfa Delete rogue draft file 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
d1e3390360 Fix more uppercase in flowcharts 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
bcdaf79479 Fix merge error in starter-process flowchart 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
8b581f3bc4 Use uppercase in flowcharts conditions 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
f6cf15156a Remove the MWE from git
was added for the debug branches but shall not go to main.
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ced
864127e571 Reworked flowchart as per discussions 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
d884d588d6 Change plots to use "Latex" arrows for the axes 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
42c9f31673 Change "Repeat 3 times" elements to use "Latex" arrows 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
d5ae1315ce Rearrange starter process flowchart
- Added an extra state for clarity
- Made it more compact
- Added details section
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
311bd55a7f Update all flowchart arrows to LaTeX arrows
- Change tikzstyle definition for "line" so that all flowchart arrows
  have the "Latex" styling.
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Ramin Kamal
b57089b777 Chang arrowheads to be cleaner LaTex style.
Update flowcharts_tikz.tex to use arrows.meta instead of arrows, which
is not nice and deprecated.
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
ad94b9fabc Enable abbreviations in standalone flowcharts
Spun the file out for inclusion basically... we want to be able to use
\eg in flowcharts even when built standalone.

Fixed dependencies in makefile as well
2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
194511d5cf Enable standalone chemical figures generation 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
7f6fde9e42 Fix makefile standalone flowchart png generation 2025-01-21 20:56:40 +00:00
Cedric
7014b1f5ea Simplify epub test file
Some checks failed
Test book and website for given image / test-book-website (push) Has been cancelled
2025-01-05 22:04:36 +00:00
Cedric
69c7b8bc5f Use updated makefile 2025-01-05 21:26:40 +00:00
Cedric
b2dfd2e71c Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2025-01-05 21:23:29 +00:00
Ced
fad09e9b26 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-06-15 21:06:03 +01:00
Ced
574eca71e6 Add unredable table in full book
https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework/issues/358 does
look ok here though...
2024-05-26 11:53:30 +01:00
Ced
7f86f2fc20 Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/225-ebook-situation' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-05-26 00:22:33 +01:00
Ced
266de7b7ee Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-05-25 21:55:33 +01:00
Ced
92c5e418b3 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-04-27 17:33:41 +01:00
Cedric
66e8a57b51 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2024-01-16 20:19:08 +00:00
Ced
cf1e2b03be Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-12-14 09:01:14 +00:00
Cedric
8ae707a1c6 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-12-10 18:53:49 +00:00
Cedric
9faf2cfc63 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-12-08 20:10:29 +00:00
Cedric
d31372e063 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-29 18:22:31 +00:00
Cedric
20b058fbc6 DRAFT: try png 2023-11-26 11:00:31 +00:00
Cedric
c799d65826 Fix few things on the timeline
1) Use arrows <--> to indicate duration
 2) Use : to introduce date
 3) Move some text around so slightly... First data moved right so we have
    full text width for the timeline
2023-11-26 11:00:31 +00:00
Cedric
d6dfb50beb Fix date typo 2023-11-26 11:00:31 +00:00
Cedric
240d6f4591 Fix epub MWE building on Github CI
does not build the epub on my machine but that can be sorted later.
2023-11-25 17:17:57 +00:00
Cedric
fd9924a7c4 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-24 14:57:35 +00:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
c987ddfa92 Add Example chemfig 2023-11-17 12:37:19 -10:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
996a6e6e47 Add example for chemfig 2023-11-17 12:32:52 -10:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
93fb6bce30 add comment 2023-11-17 12:26:13 -10:00
Hendrik Kleinwaechter
e8748b7137 Add example of how adding pre generated pdfs works 2023-11-17 12:24:06 -10:00
Ced
4af4287561 Add sourdough timeline to the MWE
this is broken on website at least...
2023-11-10 14:30:55 +00:00
Ced
0fc8bf911b Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-10 14:29:26 +00:00
Ced
ae7e518106 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-11-08 13:12:21 +00:00
Ced
e3a04ca337 Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-26 09:15:22 +01:00
Ced
5cd2b6862f Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-13 14:17:27 +01:00
Ced
ec6f9b335d Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-11 09:40:47 +01:00
Ced
dbc7d84610 Add jpg picture in mwe 2023-10-04 10:17:03 +01:00
Ced
9c7e75b104 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-10-04 09:49:03 +01:00
Ced
a31d4c5e70 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-28 09:39:43 +01:00
Ced
ae8ece92f0 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-26 13:25:33 +01:00
Ced
042343819e Add list of flowcharts in ebook 2023-09-24 10:06:04 +01:00
Ced
29461db9ab Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-24 08:44:06 +01:00
Ced
11580d4647 Simplify test flowchart 2023-09-18 08:51:22 +01:00
Ced
a4235fd028 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-17 15:51:36 +01:00
Ced
b8c080d17f Remove azw3 and mobi ebook format from build
they take a lot of time and are being deprecated on main branch.
2023-09-16 11:35:59 +01:00
Ced
f104287988 Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-15 10:41:35 +01:00
Ced
c73e297585 Make ebook the default again 2023-09-15 09:54:28 +01:00
Ced
2c78aeb92d Merge branch 'main' into 225-ebook-situation 2023-09-15 09:50:43 +01:00
Ced
c85cc7caaa Make ebook the default target 2023-09-11 13:31:30 +01:00
Ced
400305a172 Create a MWE showing (known) ebook issues
Those issues are:
- Temp in flowchart
- No front image
- Chemical formula
- No list of flowcharts
- Weird looking table

Also test fonts, accents, etc.. seems ok.
2023-09-11 13:31:30 +01:00
35 changed files with 885 additions and 950 deletions

View File

@@ -65,16 +65,15 @@ jobs:
run: |
cd /app/book
make -j -O bake
- name: Copy book to downloads server
uses: burnett01/rsync-deployments@7.0.2
- name: Release baked book to S3
uses: shallwefootball/s3-upload-action@master
with:
switches: "-avzr"
remote_host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }}
remote_user: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }}
remote_key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }}
path: "book/release/*"
remote_path: "~/downloads/the-sourdough-framework/"
- name: Upload book artifacts to GitHub
aws_key_id: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
aws_secret_access_key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}}
aws_bucket: ${{ secrets.AWS_BUCKET_BOOK }}
source_dir: book/release
destination_dir: release
- name: Upload book Artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: books
@@ -82,17 +81,36 @@ jobs:
book/book_serif/book.log
book/book_serif/book.pdf
book/book-epub/book.epub
- name: Copy website to downloads server
uses: burnett01/rsync-deployments@7.0.2
- name: Release baked website to S3
uses: shallwefootball/s3-upload-action@master
with:
switches: "-avzr --delete"
remote_host: ${{ secrets.SSH_HOST }}
remote_user: ${{ secrets.SSH_USERNAME }}
remote_key: ${{ secrets.SSH_KEY }}
path: "website/static_website_html/*"
remote_path: "~/the-sourdough-framework/"
- name: Upload website artifacts to GitHub
aws_key_id: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
aws_secret_access_key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}}
aws_bucket: ${{ secrets.AWS_BUCKET_WEBSITE }}
source_dir: website/static_website_html
destination_dir: static_html_root
- name: Upload website Artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: website
path: website/static_website_html
invalidate-book-website-cache:
needs: release-book-website
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- name: Invalidate Cloudfront book cache
uses: chetan/invalidate-cloudfront-action@v2
env:
DISTRIBUTION: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_BOOK }}
PATHS: "/*"
AWS_REGION: "us-east-1"
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
- name: Invalidate Cloudfront website cache
uses: chetan/invalidate-cloudfront-action@v2
env:
DISTRIBUTION: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_WEBSITE }}
PATHS: "/*"
AWS_REGION: "us-east-1"
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_KEY_ID }}
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
run: |
cd /app/book
make -j -O serif ebook website
- name: Upload book artifacts to GitHub
- name: Upload book Artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: books
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
book/book_serif/book.log
book/book_serif/book.pdf
book/book-epub/book.epub
- name: Upload website artifacts to GitHub
- name: Upload website Artifacts
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: website

View File

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
zip \
git \
wget \
ruby3.3 \
ruby3.1 \
ruby-dev \
imagemagick \
rsync \

View File

@@ -62,8 +62,6 @@ make -j bake
You can check the files in the folder `book/release/`
Please note that while everything should build without any errors but you will get a fair amount of warnings, especially when building the ebook/website.
You can get some help on building various versions with:
```console
@@ -86,15 +84,12 @@ size. This shrinks the book from more than 20MB down to ~5MB:
* [Download compiled B&W .epub version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub)
For those who prefer a concise reference (about 15 pages), we offer a "too long;didn't read" (TL;DR)
version. This condensed guide contains the essential flowcharts, crucial information,
and space for your notes - perfect for quick kitchen reference.
It provides the key information you need without reading the complete book.
If you prefer a very short version (about 10 pages) with main flowcharts and
crucial information needed while you are in the kitchen, we also provide a
"too long;didn't read" version you could print. Having read the full book is
highly recommended to understand this leaflet:
* [Read TL;DR version on your device](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf)
* [Download TL;DR version for printing](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf)
We recommend using double-sided printing if your printer supports it.
* [Download a condensed version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/booklet.pdf)
## Online HTML version

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Baking}%
\label{ch:baking}
\label{chapter:baking}
\begin{quoting}
Baking refers to the part of the process where you are loading your dough into
the oven\footnote{While some breads like flatbreads could also be baked on the
@@ -39,16 +39,10 @@ for oven spring as it retains the gas inside your dough.
At around \qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}) the water starts to evaporate out of your
dough. If this weren't the case, your dough would taste soggy and
doughy. The higher the hydration your dough has, the more water your bread
doughy. The higher hydration your dough has, the more water your bread
still contains after the bake, changing its consistency. As a result the
crumb is going to taste a bit more moist.
The water starts to boil out of the
dough. As the water evaporates the surrounding dough is being cooled.
For this reason, the internal temperature of the dough never exceeds the aforementioned
\qty{100}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{212}{\degF}). The bread's crust can exceed the boiling point
and continues increasing in size from the outer layer inwards~\cite{bread+temperature+baking}.
Another often undervalued step is the evaporation of acids.
At~\qty{118}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{244}{\degF}) the acetic acid in your dough
starts to evaporate.

View File

@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
\end{quoting}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
interact with flour.}%
\label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
\label{infographic-enzymes}
\end{figure}
\section{Enzymatic reactions}
@@ -77,12 +76,11 @@ Normally,
the microorganisms on the surface of the grain can't consume the freed maltose
molecules, which remain hidden inside the germ. But as we grind the flour, a
feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster
this reaction occurs. However, it takes time for the amylase
to break down most of the starch into simple sugars---which are not only
consumed by the yeast but are also
essential to the \emph{Maillard reaction}---responsible for
enhanced browning during the baking process.
That's why a long fermentation is key to making great bread.
this reaction occurs. That's why a long fermentation is key to making great
bread. It takes time for the amylase to break down most of the starch into
simple sugars, which are not only consumed by the yeast but are also essential
to the \emph{Maillard reaction}, responsible for enhanced browning during the
baking process.
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
@@ -178,13 +176,13 @@ gluten content, however, my bread always turned out great.
At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for
mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start,
and in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective
alternative, you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used---in
the case of sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same
biochemical reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you
to mix your dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically
after I~stopped autolysing my doughs.
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start, and
in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective alternative,
you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used --- in the case of
sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same biochemical
reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you to mix your
dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically after I~stopped
autolysing my doughs.
Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense.
In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and
@@ -192,19 +190,17 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
hull. As a result, they are activated
first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
\label{whole-wheat-crumb}
\end{figure}
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
@@ -217,20 +213,21 @@ tweak just by adjusting the speed of your dough's fermentation.
Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They
can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found
undamaged spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide
variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found undamaged
spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide variety of
species --- so far, about \num{1500}
have been identified. Unlike other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold,
yeasts do not ordinarily create a mycelium
network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one interesting
exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
microscope.}%
\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
\end{figure}
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
@@ -325,7 +322,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
@@ -344,11 +341,10 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
\end{figure}
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
@@ -372,15 +368,14 @@ Others have reported that bacteria feed on the byproducts of yeast and vice
versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting
and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}.
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis
between yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both
coexist and sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example,
tolerate the acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are
thus protected from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research
demonstrates that both types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent
the other from metabolizing food---an interesting observation, by the way, as
it could help to identify additional antibiotics or
fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis between
yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both coexist and
sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example, tolerate the
acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are thus protected
from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research demonstrates that both
types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent the other from
metabolizing food --- an interesting observation, by the way, as it could help to
identify additional antibiotics or fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium
attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of

View File

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
\input{cover/cover.tex}
\titlepage
\frontmatter
{%
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
\ifdefined\HCode\else\tableofcontents\fi
@@ -21,41 +20,89 @@
\input{intro/preface}
\input{intro/acknowledgments}
\mainmatter
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
\caption[Baking process with a dutch oven]{A visualization of the baking
process using a dutch oven (DO). The dough is steamed for the first half
of the bake and then baked without cover for the second half of the
bake. The desired darkness and thickness of the crust depends on your
personal preference. Some bakers prefer a lighter crust and others a
darker.}%
\label{fig:dutch-oven-process}
\end{center}
\end{flowchart}
\input{history/sourdough-history}
At around \qty{60}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{140}{\degF}) the microbes in your
dough start to die. There are rumors that until this happens the microbes
produce a lot of \ch{CO2}.
\input{basics/how-sourdough-works}
% Does not work
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
\label{fig:ethanol-oxidation}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter}
%% Works
%% Generate first with: cd figures && pdflatex fig-ethanol-oxidation-external.tex
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
% \begin{center}
% \includegraphics{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation-external.png}
% \caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
% acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
% \end{center}
%\end{figure}
%
%% Does not work
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
%\begin{center}
% \input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
% \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline giberrish on website}%
%\end{center}
%\end{figure}
%
%% Works
%% Generate first with: cd figures && pdflatex fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline-external.pdf
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
% \includegraphics{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline-external.png}
% \caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline works embedded as png}%
%\end{figure}
%
%\begin{figure}[!htb]
% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baking-experiment-temperatures.png}
% \caption[Surface temperature for different steaming methods]{png file}
%\end{figure}
\input{sourdough-starter/sourdough-starter-types}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baking-process-steam.jpg}
\caption[Steam building with inverted tray]{jpg file}%
\label{flc:inverted-tray}
\end{figure}
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
starches into sugar~\cite{beer+amylase}.
This test, called the \emph{Iodine Starch Test}, involves mixing iodine into
a sample of your brew and checking the color.
\input{flour-types/flour-types}
% https://github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework/issues/358
\begin{table}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{tables/table-starter-usage-activity.tex}
\caption[Different oven types]{An overview of different oven types and
eheir different baking methods.}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\input{bread-types/bread-types}
\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough}
\input{mix-ins/mix-ins.tex}
\input{baking/baking}
\input{storing-bread/storing-bread}
\chapter{Troubleshooting}
\input{troubleshooting/misc}
\backmatter
\input{glossary/glossary}
{%
\hypersetup{hidelinks}
\listofflowcharts
\listoftables
\listoffigures
}
\printbibliography
\begin{table}[!htb]
\begin{center}
\input{tables/table-oven-baking-overview.tex}
\caption[Different oven types]{An overview of different oven types and their
different baking methods.}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\end{document}

174
book/booklet.tex Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
\documentclass[paper=a4, twoside=false, fontsize=12pt]{scrbook}
% General packages
\usepackage{sourdough}
\usepackage[
paperwidth=210mm,
paperheight=260mm,
top=10mm,
bottom=80mm,
inner=10mm,
outer=10mm,
marginparsep=7mm,
marginparwidth=48mm,
]{geometry}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\pagenumbering{gobble}
% Basic attributes
\author{Hendrik Kleinwächter}
\title{The Sourdough Framework\\\texttt{tl;dr Booklet Version}}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section*{Sourdough starter}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
\caption*{How to setup a sourdough starter}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-readiness.tex}
\caption*{Preparing your starter for baking}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-maintenance.tex}
\caption*{Maintaining your starter, change ratio as per starter hydration
type}
\end{flowchart}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Baker's math}
\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\input{tables/table-bakers-math-example.tex}
\caption*{An example table demonstrating how to properly calculate using
baker's math. All the ingredients are calculated as a percentage of the
flour quantity.}
\end{table}
\section*{Basic recipes}
\subsection*{Flat bread}
\input{recipes/flat-bread.tex}
\clearpage{}
\subsection*{Freestanding \& sandwich wheat-based breads}
\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{@{}lrrrp{0.4\linewidth}@{}}
\toprule
\thead{Ingredient}& & \thead{Percentage} & \thead{Calculation} & \thead{Comments} \\ \midrule
Flour & \qty{400}{g} & & & \\
Whole-wheat flour & \qty{100}{g} & & & \\
Total flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & \qty{500}{g} & \\
Water & & \qty{60}{\percent} & \qty{300}{g} & \\
Sourdough starter & & \qty{10}{\percent} & \qty{50}{g} & \\
Salt & & \qty{2}{\percent} & \qty{10}{g} & \\ \midrule
Flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & & \\
Water & & & & \\
Sourdough starter & & & & \\
Salt & & & & \\ \midrule
Flour & & & & \\
& & & & \\
& & & & \\
& & & & \\
& & & & \\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption*{Table for your own calculation using baker's math}
\end{table}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-wheat-sourdough-process.tex}
\caption*{The whole process of making wheat based sourdough breads}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-kneading-process.tex}
\caption*{The kneading process to create dough strength}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
\caption*{How to properly manage bulk fermentation}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
\caption*{An overview of the steps involved to perform stretch and folds for
wheat-based doughs. They are optional and should only be done when the dough
flattened out a lot.}%
\end{figure*}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Shaping}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{preshape-direction}
\caption*{Preshaping: Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
surface area.}%
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-1-flour-applied}
\caption*{Step 1: Apply flour to the dough's surface.}%
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
\medskip % create some *vertical* separation between the graphs
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
\caption*{Step 2: Flipp-over dough. Note how the sticky side is facing
you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-3-rectangular}
\caption*{Step 3: Make the dough rectangular, keep the sticky side
facing you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}%
\end{subfigure}
\caption*{First steps of shaping process}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
\caption*{Step 4: The process of folding a batard. Note how the rectangle
is first glued together and then rolled inwards to create a dough roll.
Ultimately the edges are sealed to create a more uniform dough.}%
\end{figure*}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Proofing}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-proofing-process.tex}
\end{flowchart}
\clearpage{}
\section*{Baking}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-baking-process.tex}
\caption*{Summary of different bread baking processes}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-inverted-tray-method.tex}
\caption*{Baking with the inverted tray method}
\end{flowchart}
\begin{flowchart*}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
\caption*{Baking with a Dutch Oven}
\end{flowchart*}
\clearpage{}
\end{document}

View File

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
Section~\ref{section:bakers-math}
``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
use the percentages properly.}%
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
\end{table}
@@ -348,4 +348,4 @@ But after baking you will be rewarded with a beautiful bread
with great taste and consistency.
There is a dedicated recipe and tutorial for this type of bread in the
\nameref{ch:wheat-sourdough} chapter.
\nameref{chapter:wheat-sourdough} chapter.

View File

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ if [ "$#" -ne 1 ]; then
done
else
target=figures/`basename $1 .png.pdf`.png
echo ${target}
echo "Converting: " $1 " to: " ${target}
convert -density 900 -trim $1 -quality 100 ${target}
fi

View File

@@ -1,32 +1,8 @@
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 3cm, auto]
\node [start] (heat_oven) {Preheat DO to \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF}) for 30~minutes};
\node [block, right of=heat_oven] (remove_oven) {Remove DO from oven };
\node [block, right of=remove_oven] (open_load_dough) {Open DO \& load your dough};
\node [block, right of=open_load_dough] (score) {Score your dough};
\node [block, right of=score] (spritz) {Spritz dough with water};
\node [block, below of=spritz] (close) {Close DO};
\node [block, left of=close] (back_oven) {Place DO back in oven};
\node [block, left of=back_oven] (bake) {Bake 30~minutes at \qty{230}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{446}{\degF})};
\node [decision, below right= 5cm and -1 cm of heat_oven] (is_ready_check)
{Core temperature \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF})?};
\node [block, below of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (wait_5_minutes) {Wait\\ 5 minutes};
\node [block, right of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (remove_do_lid) {Remove DO lid};
\node [decision, right of=remove_do_lid, node distance=3.5cm] (dark_enough_decision) {Crust color dark enough?};
\node [success, below of=dark_enough_decision, node distance=4cm] (finish_baking) {Bread is finished};
\node [block, right of=dark_enough_decision, node distance=3.5cm] (bake_5_more_minutes) {Bake another 5~minutes};
\path [line] (heat_oven) -- (remove_oven);
\path [line] (remove_oven) -- (open_load_dough);
\path [line] (open_load_dough) -- (score);
\path [line] (score) -- (spritz);
\path [line] (spritz) -- (close);
\path [line] (close) -- (back_oven);
\path [line] (back_oven) -- (bake);
\path [line] (bake.west) -- node{} ++(-2, 0) -| (is_ready_check.north);
\path [line] (is_ready_check) -- node{Yes} (remove_do_lid);
\path [line] (is_ready_check) -- node{No} (wait_5_minutes);
\path [line] (wait_5_minutes.west) -- node{} ++(-1.5, 0) |- (is_ready_check.west);
\path [line] (remove_do_lid) -- (dark_enough_decision);
\path [line] (dark_enough_decision) -- node{Yes} (finish_baking);
\path [line] (dark_enough_decision) -- node{No} (bake_5_more_minutes);
\path [line] (bake_5_more_minutes.east) -- node{} ++(1, 0) -- node{} ++(0, 2.3) -| (dark_enough_decision.north);
\node [block, right of=heat_oven] (remove_oven) {Remove DO from oven ° \text{°} \textup{°}};
\node [decision, below of=heat_oven, node distance=4cm] (is_ready_check) {Core temperature \qty{92}{\degreeCelsius} (\qty{197}{\degF})?};
\node [block, right of=is_ready_check, node distance=4cm] (remove_do_lid) {%
Jörg bäckt quasi zwei Haxenfüße vom Wildpony .Dès Noël, où un zéphyr haï me
vêt};
\end{tikzpicture}

View File

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ type of flour.
\begin{table}[!htb]
\centering
\input{tables/table-flour-types.tex}
\caption[Labeling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
of wheat flour are labeled in different countries.}%
\caption[Labelling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
of wheat flour are labelled in different countries.}%
\label{tab:flour-types-comparison}
\end{table}
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ your dough with more flavor.
\centering
\input{tables/table-overview-w-values.tex}
\caption[Fermentation time versus W-value]{An overview of different
levels of W-values and the respective hydration and fermentation
levels of W-values and the respective hydrations and fermentation
times.}%
\label{tab:w-value}
\end{table}

View File

@@ -140,22 +140,20 @@ a higher amount of gluten and can thus ferment for a longer period of time.
then cooled and mixed with the main dough. This process helps in moisture retention
and can enhance the flavor and texture of the final bread. Also see \emph{scald}.
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the
ingredients. The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to
a certain volume. The volume of increase depends on the flour that is
used. When baking with wheat flour the gluten amount of the flour is the
deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has (protein) the longer you
can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the flavor and
texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly
increase this to find your flour's sweet spot. This is highly dependent
from flour to flour. When using low gluten flour like rye you need to be
careful as the longer fermentation can create a too sticky dough which
collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the ingredients.
The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to a certain volume. The
volume of increase depends on the flour that is used. When baking with wheat flour
the gluten amount of the flour is the deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has
(protein) the longer you can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the
flavor and texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly increase this to find your
flours sweet spot. This is highly dependant from flour to flour. When using low gluten
flour like rye you need to be careful as the longer fermentation can create a too
sticky dough which collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower
protein content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods
like cakes, cookies, and pastries.
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower protein
content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods like cakes, cookies,
and pastries.
\item[Coil fold] A special stretch and folding technique. The coil fold is
very gentle on the dough and is thus excellent throughout the bulk fermentation.
@@ -369,12 +367,11 @@ grains or malted grains can have higher protease activity due to the sprouting o
malting process. Understanding and controlling protease activity is crucial in
achieving desired bread quality and handling characteristics.
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly
rectangular shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded
pan called a Pullman pan or \emph{pain de mie} pan. The lid ensures that
the bread rises in a perfectly straight shape, without the domed top
characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are often sliced very
thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly rectangular
shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded pan called a Pullman pan
or pain de mie pan. The lid ensures that the bread rises in a perfectly straight
shape, without the domed top characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are
often sliced very thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
\item[Retarding] The process of slowing down fermentation during the proofing
stage by placing the dough in a colder environment, typically a refrigerator. This aids

View File

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\centering
\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ Another 25~million years later, or our timeline's 2~days after the dinosaur
extinction, humans appeared.
A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5~seconds before our
metaphorical midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient
Jordan. A blink of an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression,
Pasteur's groundbreaking work with yeasts set the stage for modern
bread-making. From the moment this book began to take shape to your current
reading, only milliseconds have ticked by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5 seconds before our metaphorical
midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient Jordan. A blink of
an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression, Pasteur's groundbreaking work
with yeasts set the stage for modern bread-making. From the moment this book
began to take shape to your current reading, only milliseconds have ticked
by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
bread can be considered a very recent invention.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\centering
\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
@@ -81,11 +81,10 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
dense crumb structure.}%
\label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
\label{einkorn-crumb}
\end{figure}
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
@@ -186,43 +185,45 @@ of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive,
bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
Industrialization of the grist milling process, starting in the late
18\textsuperscript{th}~century with Oliver Evans (\num{1785}) and his mill
designs for continuous hands-off flour production~\cite{evans+mill}, and
evolving to steam-powered mills, made possible significant advancements in
bread production.
As industrialisation began the first steam-powered grain mill was developed by
Oliver Evans in \num{1785}. Evans' design incorporated several innovations,
including automated machinery for various milling processes, making it more
efficient than traditional water or animal-powered mills. His steam-powered
mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
making~\cite{evans+mill}.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
\label{sourdough-stove}
\end{figure}
The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}.
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered the process of alcoholic
fermentation. He would prove that yeast microorganisms are the reason for
alcoholic fermentation and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his
research and was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
Soon later in \num{1868} the Fleischmann brothers Charles and Maximilian were
the first to patent pure yeast strains for bread making. The yeasts offered
The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered
the process of alcoholic fermentation. He would prove that
yeast microorganisms are the reason for alcoholic fermentation
and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his research and
was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
Soon later in \num{1868} in the Fleischmann brothers Charles
and Maximilian were the first to patent pure yeast strains
for bread making. The yeasts offered
were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}. The
pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged at leavening bread
doughs. What would previously take 10~hours to leaven a bread dough could now
be done within 1~hour. The process became much more efficient. What
ultimately made making large batches of dough possible, was the invention of
the electrical kneader. Rufus Eastman, an American inventor, is often
credited with an important advancement in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he
received a patent for an electric mixer with a mechanical hand-crank
mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as widely adopted as later
electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to mechanize mixing and kneading
processes in the kitchen using electricity. Eastman's invention represented
an important step in the development of electric mixers, but it wasn't as
sophisticated or popular as later models like the KitchenAid mixer. The
KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is often recognized as one of the
first widely successful electric mixers and played a significant role in
revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}.
The pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged
at leavening bread doughs. What would previously take 10~hours
to leaven a bread dough could now be done within 1~hour.
The process became much more efficient. What ultimately made making large
batches of dough possible, was the invention of the electrical kneader. Rufus
Eastman, an American inventor, is often credited with an important advancement
in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he received a patent for an electric mixer
with a mechanical hand-crank mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as
widely adopted as later electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to
mechanize mixing and kneading processes in the kitchen using electricity.
Eastman's invention represented an important step in the development of
electric mixers, but it wasn't as sophisticated or popular as later models
like the KitchenAid mixer. The KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is
often recognized as one of the first widely successful electric mixers and
played a significant role in revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
@@ -236,8 +237,8 @@ reason, none of the supermarket flour you buy today is single origin. It is
always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20\textsuperscript{th}
century. This period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20th century. This
period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,

View File

@@ -84,21 +84,19 @@ bug. That is when the developer must dig deeper to see the \emph{what} and the
the framework is doing. You will need to read other engineers' source code, and you will be forced
to understand \emph{why} things are happening.
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and
I~had to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my
surprise, however, none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me
\emph{why} I~should use amount $X$ of water and amount $Y$ of flour, or
\emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why should I~slap
my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a stand mixer better than
kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long? Why is
steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to get myself an
expensive Dutch oven to bake bread? The problem compounded when I~started
reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black magic. Why were some
sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour? Why should
one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was
confused, but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should
be made at home.
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and I~had
to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my surprise, however,
none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me \emph{why} I~should use amount X
of water and amount Y of flour, or \emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why
should I~slap my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a standmixer
better than kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long?
Why is steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to
get myself an expensive Dutch oven to bake bread?
The problem compounded when I~started reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black
magic. Why were some sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour?
Why should one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was confused,
but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should be made at home.
The feedback I~received from friends helped me to improve with each
iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months

View File

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ endif
# and building everything take a long time.
.DEFAULT_GOAL := serif
# Dependencies {{{
# List all files that are dependencies {{{
chapters = baking basics bread-types cover flour-types history intro mix-ins\
non-wheat-sourdough sourdough-starter storing-bread troubleshooting\
wheat-sourdough glossary
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ low_res_images := $(filter-out %.png, $(low_res_images))
# All together.
src_all := $(src_tex) $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(images) $(src_plots)
# Format specific configuration files
# And format specific configurations
ebook_src := $(src_all) tex4ebook.cfg book.mk4 book-ebook.css
website_src := $(src_all) website.cfg style.css
@@ -83,9 +83,12 @@ website_dir := static_website_html
website_assets := $(wildcard ../website/assets/*)
ruby_src := ../website/modify_build.rb $(website_assets)
ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
# This is more than what is actually needed but keeps the makefile simple
booklet_src := $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(src_recipes) $(images)
booklet_src += booklet.tex
# }}}
# Internal build rules {{{
# Flowcharts {{{
# TODO: check if it works on github CI
%.png: %.tex
@@ -100,7 +103,7 @@ ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
ebb -x $<
# }}}
# Pdf {{{
# pdf {{{
# Default rules for pdf, getting overwritten when built in a sub-directory
%.pdf: %.tex
$(LATEX) $<
@@ -110,6 +113,12 @@ book_serif/book.pdf: $(src_all)
book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
$(LATEX) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
# We don't want to use latexmk as there is no biber nor references and it
# seems to make it somehow unhappy
booklet/booklet.pdf: $(booklet_src)
mkdir -p booklet
lualatex --output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
# }}}
# Ebook {{{
@@ -118,7 +127,7 @@ book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
epub/%.epub: %.tex $(ebook_src) cover/cover-page.xbb
$(EBOOK) $<
copy_ebook_files: ebook
copy_ebook_files: build_ebook
$(RSYNC) --exclude '*.png' epub_build/book-epub/ bw-book-epub/
# Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions
@@ -153,7 +162,7 @@ low-res-book-epub/OEBPS/%.jpg: %.jpg
epub/low_res_book.epub: copy_ebook_files_low_res $(low_res_images)
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q0X ../epub/low_res_book.epub mimetype
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q9XrD ../epub/low_res_book.epub ./
# }}}
#}}}
# Website {{{
###################################
@@ -183,49 +192,37 @@ website: html ../website/_bundle_install_done $(ruby_src)
export_figures: pdf $(tgt_figures)
cd figures/ && bash export_figures.sh
# }}}
# }}}
# User level targets {{{
# Build targets {{{
# Now with the targets {{{
# Expected usual targets first
.PHONY: all
all: bake
# Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks)
.PHONY: pdf serif sans_serif ebook
.PHONY: pdf booklet serif sans_serif ebook
pdf: serif sans_serif
booklet: booklet/booklet.pdf
serif: book_serif/book.pdf
sans_serif: book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf
ebook: epub/book.epub
bw_ebook: epub/bw_book.epub
low_res_ebook: epub/low_res_book.epub
# }}}
# Old target names are disabled with helpful help message {{{
build_pdf:
@echo "build_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make pdf"
@exit
build_serif_pdf:
@echo "build_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make serif"
@exit
build_sans_serif_pdf:
@echo "build_sans_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make sans_serif"
@exit
build_ebook:
@echo "build_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make ebook"
@exit
build_bw_ebook:
@echo "build_bw_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make bw_ebook"
@exit
build_low_res_ebook:
@echo "build_low_res_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make low_res_ebook"
@exit
# }}}
# We keep the old target names for backward compatibility
build_pdf: pdf
build_booklet: booklet
build_serif_pdf: serif
build_sans_serif_pdf: sans_serif
build_ebook: ebook
build_bw_ebook: bw_ebook
build_low_res_ebook: low_res_ebook
# Top level releases rules {{{
# top level releases rules
.PHONY: bake release_serif release_sans_serif
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif website
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif release_booklet website
release:
mkdir -p release
@@ -242,6 +239,9 @@ release_serif: serif ebook bw_ebook low_res_ebook | release
release_sans_serif: sans_serif | release
cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf
release_booklet: booklet | release
cp booklet/booklet.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-booklet.pdf
# }}}
# Clean up {{{
@@ -259,9 +259,12 @@ clean_figures:
clean_ebook_build:
-rm epub_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
-rm epub_build/book*.{idv,lg,loc,log,ncx,run.xml,tmp,xref}
-rm epub_build/{book.css,content.opf} epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
-rm epub_build/book*x.svg
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
-rm epub_build/book.css
-rm epub_build/content.opf
-rm epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
clean_website_build:
-rm website_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
@@ -271,18 +274,25 @@ clean_website_build:
clean: clean_ebook_build clean_figures clean_website_build
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
-rm book*/*.{bbl,loc,run.xml}
mrproper: clean
$(CLEAN) -C $(src_figures)
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
-rm figures/*.png
-rm -rf epub/
-rm -rf release/
-rm -rf book_serif/ book_sans_serif/
-rm -rf epub/ epub_build/ bw-book-epub/ low-res-book-epub/
-rm -rf website_build/ $(website_dir)
# }}}
-rm -rf book_serif/
-rm -rf book_sans_serif/
-rm -rf booklet/
-rm -rf *book-epub/
-rm -rf epub_build/
-rm -rf website_build/
-rm -rf $(website_dir)
#}}}
# Help {{{
###################################
@@ -328,6 +338,7 @@ help:
@echo "Quick builds:"
@echo " quick: compiles serif_pdf but runs lulatex only once"
@echo " quick_ebook: compiles ebook but runs lulatex only once"
@echo " quick_booklet: compiles booklet but runs lulatex only once"
@echo ""
@echo "Checks:"
@echo " tex-check: runs static analysis checker on LaTeX source to spot"
@@ -342,9 +353,8 @@ help:
@echo ""
@echo "set DEBUG i.e make DEBUG=1 ebook to add debug flags to commands"
# }}}
# }}}
# Debug Stuff {{{
# Debug Stuff from now on {{{
###################################
# Verify your spelling and TeX warnings {{{
@@ -373,44 +383,47 @@ spell-check: $(src_tex) spelling_exceptions.txt
quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc...
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
quick_booklet:
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc...
$(EBOOK) --mode draft book.tex
show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{
-$(GIT) log -5 --pretty="%h: %s by %an on %as"
- $(GIT) log -1 --pretty=%B
@echo ""
-uname -a
- uname -a
@echo ""
-$(SHELL) --version
- $(SHELL) --version
@echo ""
-@echo "PATH:"
-@echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
- @echo "PATH:"
- @echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
@echo ""
-latexmk --version
- latexmk --version
@echo ""
-lualatex --version
- lualatex --version
@echo ""
-tex4ebook --version
- tex4ebook --version
@echo ""
-make4ht --version
- make4ht --version
@echo ""
-tidy -version
- tidy -version
@echo ""
-dvisvgm --version
- dvisvgm --version
@echo ""
-lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
- lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
@echo ""
-chktex --version
- chktex --version
@echo ""
-make --version
- make --version
@echo ""
-biber -version
- biber -version
@echo ""
-ruby --version
- ruby --version
@echo ""
-$(CONVERT_PIC) --version
- $(CONVERT_PIC) --version
@echo ""
-rsync --version
- rsync --version
# }}}
# You can find the value of variable X with the following command:

View File

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
\item Coffee
\item Eggs
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors})
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors})
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
\item Mashed potatoes
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Colors}%
\label{sec:colors}
\label{section:colors}
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
include:
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ banneton or loaf pan with seeds or oats. When using a loaf pan or banneton
these coverings also help to make the container stick less.
Another approach commonly used with buns is to wet the surface or dump the
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wet piece of dough into your bowl of
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wetted piece of dough into your bowl of
mix-ins. This does not work for all mix-ins, as some can't handle the high
temperatures during baking and char. Most commonly done with seeds
(\eg~sesame, oats, flax-seed).

View File

@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
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%
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View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
\label{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}
\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
\begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ convenient time for you.
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
Chapter~\ref{ch:baking}. One challenging aspect
Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal

View File

@@ -448,13 +448,6 @@
note = {Accessed: 2023-02-03}
}
@article{bread+temperature+baking,
author = {Athanasius},
title = {What is the maximum internal temperature of baked goods?},
url = {https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/54068/what-is-the-maximum-internal-temperature-of-baked-goods},
note = {Accessed: 2023-03-03}
}
@misc{wheat+kernel,
author = {W. Berghoff},
title = {A wheat kernel and its nutritional value.},

View File

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
\section{Liquid starter}%
\label{sec:liquid-starter}
\label{section:liquid-starter}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ By introducing this layer of water, less oxygen is available throughout the
course of fermentation. This means that your starter will no longer be
producing acetic acid. The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria will thrive
in this environment. This is a neat little trick to change your starter's
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop dairy
creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop
dairy creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
is going to maintain the liquid starter flavor profile, but then benefit again
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is irreversible.
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is nonreversible.
By changing to a liquid starter you will permanently select a subset of
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going
back to a regular or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the
liquid conversion will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a
backup of the starter before the liquid starter conversion.
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going back to a regular
or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the liquid conversion
will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a backup of the starter
before the liquid starter conversion.
To begin with the
conversion, simply take around \qty{1}{\gram} of your starter, mix with \qty{5}{\gram} flour and
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
\section{Stiff starter}%
\label{sec:stiff-starter}
\label{section:stiff-starter}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
@@ -225,10 +225,9 @@ mixing the starter there should be no chunks of flour left. Test placing
the starter on your kitchen counter. When lifting it should slightly stick
to your counter's surface. This test indicates that you hydrated the flour sufficiently.
When the mixture is too dry, the fermentation speed is greatly reduced and
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier than a
regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to
Figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check} for a visual example of the starter's
required hydration level.
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier
than a regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check}
for a visual example of the starter's required hydration level.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stiff-starter-dry-check.jpg}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Making a sourdough starter}%
\label{ch:sourdough-starter}
\label{chapter:sourdough-starter}
\begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will learn how to make your
own sourdough starter, but before doing so you will
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
\end{quoting}
\section{Baker's math}%
\label{sec:bakers-math}
\label{section:bakers-math}
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ are completely lost when trying to scale it up.
Making a sourdough starter is very easy, all you need
is a little bit of patience. It is in fact so easy that it can be summarized
in a simple Flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
in a simple flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
use to bootstrap your starter is ideally a whole flour.
You could use whole-wheat, whole-rye, whole-spelt or
any other flour you have. In fact gluten free flours such
@@ -101,14 +101,6 @@ as rice or corn would also work. Don't worry, you can always
change the flour later. Use whatever whole flour you
already have at hand.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
starter from scratch.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
\end{flowchart}
Your flour is contaminated with millions of microbes. As explained
before in the chapter about wild yeast and bacteria, these
microbes live on the surface of the plant. That's why
@@ -139,30 +131,22 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible.
I~like to use a glass and place another
inverted one on top.
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
starter from scratch.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
\end{flowchart}
Now an epic battle begins. In one study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}
scientists have identified more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
on a single leaf of a plant.
All of the different yeasts and bacteria are trying to get
the upper hand in this battle. Other pathogens such as mold
are also being activated as we added water. Only the strongest
most adaptable microorganisms will survive.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
\caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple
visualization of the microbial warfare that happens during the making of
a sourdough starter. The wild spores on the plant and flour become
activated the moment flour and water is mixed. Only the most adapted
flour-fermenting microbes will survive. Because of unwanted microbial
fermentation it is advised to discard the feeding-leftovers of the first
days. The surviving yeast and bacteria continuously try to outcompete
each other for resources. New microbes have a hard time entering the
starter and are eliminated.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
\end{figure}
By adding water to the
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
@@ -204,19 +188,35 @@ days my new starter seems to be quite alive already. This might
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
my kitchen.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
\caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple
visualization of the microbial warfare that happens during the making of
a sourdough starter. The wild spores on the plant and flour become
activated the moment flour and water is mixed. Only the most adapted
flour-fermenting microbes will survive. Because of unwanted microbial
fermentation it is advised to discard the feeding-leftovers of the first
days. The surviving yeast and bacteria continuously try to outcompete
each other for resources. New microbes have a hard time entering the
starter and are eliminated.}%
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
\end{figure}
Wait for around 24~hours and observe what happens to your starter.
You might see some early signs of fermentation already. Use your nose
to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough
might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever
you see and notice is a sign of the first battle.
Some microbes have already been outperformed. Others have won the first
battle. After around \qty{24}{hours} most of the starch has been broken down
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around
\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
Some microbes
have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
After around 24~hours most of the starch has been broken down
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
take around \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place
it in a new container. Again --- you could also simply eye ball
all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram}
from the previous day with another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ don't use this test and can't recommend it.
Once you see your starter is ready I~would recommend giving it
one last feeding and then you are ready to make your dough in the
evening or the next day. For the instructions on how to make your
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{ch:wheat-sourdough}
and~\ref{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
and~\ref{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
If your first bread failed, chances are your fermentation hasn't
worked as expected. In many cases the reason is your sourdough starter. Maybe

View File

@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
}
% Caption and figure size below images
\addtokomafont{captionlabel}{\textbf}
\addtokomafont{caption}{\small}
\usepackage{caption}
\captionsetup[figure]{font=footnotesize}
\DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F}

View File

@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@ Krawontka
Krzysztof
Kuchengnom
Kuriyama
Labelling
Lausuch
Lecloux
Leeuwen
@@ -198,6 +199,7 @@ Mitelski
Moj
Monicaks
MqH3GVfjfBc
NONINFRINGEMENT
Napoli
Nic
Nirpf
@@ -324,6 +326,7 @@ caco
cagno
calc
captionsetup
caramelise
carbonarius
cerevisiae
chapappifchapterprefix
@@ -340,10 +343,12 @@ citecolor
codeblack
codeblue
coeliac
colour
countertop
crum
defaultfontfeatures
degF
dependant
diastatic
dimexpr
discard2
@@ -399,6 +404,7 @@ hscale
hspace
htb
htp
hydrations
hyperref
hypersetup
ie
@@ -407,6 +413,7 @@ ifnextchar
ifthenelse
ifwidelayout
includegraphics
industrialisation
injera
isaccessible
jalapeño
@@ -415,6 +422,7 @@ kao
karl
keepaspectratio
kitchenaid
labelled
lacto
le
leavevmode
@@ -492,6 +500,7 @@ scandinavia
scorings
selectfont
semibold
sep
setchapterimage
setchapterpreamble
setchapterstyle
@@ -548,6 +557,7 @@ vspace
wahlfeld
wait1
wait2
wetted
xsep
xshift
yYkTrGHNW2w

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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\chapter{Storing bread}%
\label{ch:storing-bread}
\label{chapter:storing-bread}
\begin{quoting}
In this chapter you will discuss different methods of storing your bread, each
with their own pro and cons. This way your bread can be best enjoyed at a
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ This option is great for very long-term storage. Personally
I~like having a few slices of bread frozen as an emergency
backup when I~have had no time to bake.
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health benefits to freezing and
toasting your bread. By doing so the starch molecules could become more
resistant to digestion and thus lower your body's blood sugar response by
almost \qty{40}{\percent}~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health
benefits to freezing and toasting your bread. By doing so
the starch molecules could become more resistant to digestion
and thus lower your body's blood sugar
response by almost 40\%~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.

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@@ -535,22 +535,6 @@ figure.figure p.noindent {
text-align: center;
}
main.main-content h2.chapterHead.home-content-title {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.5em;
}
.download-description {
font-weight: var(--fw-bold);
}
.download-links {
p.indent, p.noindent {
text-align: unset;
}
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {
.header {
display: none;

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@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
122 / 252 & Lactic acid evaporation & The dairy tasting lactic acid begins to evaporate, sourness further decreases.\\
140 / 284 & Maillard reaction & The Maillard reaction starts to deform starches and proteins.
The dough starts browning.\\
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelize giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelise giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
\end{tabular}

View File

@@ -33,13 +33,4 @@
}
\makeatother
% Warnig from Michal: Note that once you get the updated TeX Live with a new
% `chemfig.4ht` file, you can remove this from the config file:
%
%```latex \pend:def\schemestart{\Picture+{}}
%\append:def\CF_schemestop{\EndPicture} ```
%
%You could get an error otherwise, as there would be nested `\Picture+{}` and
%`\EndPicture` commands.
\EndPreamble

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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
that you can use to debug your baking process.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
@@ -51,7 +49,6 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
@@ -78,10 +75,8 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
many tiny pockets of air.}%
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
\end{figure}
@@ -159,11 +154,10 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
\subsection{Underfermented}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
\emph{wahlfeld} from our community Discord server.}%
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user wahlfeld
from our community Discord server.}%
\label{fig:fermented-too-short-underbaked}
\end{figure}
@@ -195,12 +189,11 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
of time.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
\label{fig:fools-crumb}
\label{fools-crumb}
\end{figure}
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
@@ -231,10 +224,9 @@ and less bacterial activity.
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
\label{fig:flat-bread}
\label{flat-bread}
\end{figure}
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
@@ -257,10 +249,9 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
\subsection{Baked too hot}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
\label{fig:baked-too-hot}
\label{baked-too-hot}
\end{figure}
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
@@ -289,11 +280,10 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
\label{fig:no-steam}
\label{no-steam}
\end{figure}
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
@@ -314,12 +304,11 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
of the oven.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
\label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
\end{figure}
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
@@ -336,21 +325,19 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
I~would achieve less oven spring.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
steaming techniques.}%
\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
\end{figure}
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only

View File

@@ -8,37 +8,60 @@ situation. You can then apply the appropriate measures and squash each
\section{Starter}
\subsection{My starter does not double in size}
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to double in size before using it.
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at peak performance to ensure a
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to
double in size before using it.
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at
peak performance to ensure a
balanced fermentation in the main dough.
The doubling in size metric should be taken with a grain of salt when judging
your starter. Depending on the flour you use to feed the starter, different
levels of its rising can be expected. For instance, if you use rye flour then
only very little gas from the fermentation can be retained inside the starter.
In consequence, your sourdough starter will not rise as much. It could still
be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten, the starter will
not rise as much either. The reason is that you have a weaker gluten network
resulting in more gas dispersing out of your dough.
The doubling in size metric should be
taken with a grain of salt when judging
your starter. Depending on the flour
you use to feed the starter, different levels
of its rising can be expected.
For instance, if you use rye flour then only
very little gas from the
fermentation can be retained inside the
starter. In consequence, your
sourdough starter will not rise as much. It
could still be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten,
the starter will not rise as
much either. The reason is that you have a weaker
gluten network resulting in
more gas dispersing out of your dough.
That being said, it is recommended that you develop your volume increase
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then ultimately lose structure
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. This is the point when
you should use your starter. This could be a \qty{50}{\percent} volume
increase, \qty{100}{\percent} or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to
use the starter a little bit too early rather than too late. If you use the
starter later, reduce the quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a
\qty{20}{\percent} starter quantity, use only \qty{10}{\percent} starter in
that case. Your starter will regrow in your main dough.
That being said, it is recommended that you develop
your volume increase
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then
ultimately lose structure
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
This is the point when
you should use your starter. This could be a
\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
the starter a little bit
too early rather than too late. If you use the
starter later, reduce the
quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a 20
percent starter quantity,
use only 10
percent starter in that case. Your starter will
regrow in your main dough.
On top of relying on the size increase, start taking note of your starter's
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its fermentation state based on the
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further your dough has fermented.
This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough.
On top of relying on the size increase, start
taking note of your starter's
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its
fermentation state based on the
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further
your dough has fermented.
This is a sign that you should use less starter
when making the actual dough.
Please refer to
Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{sec:readying-starter}'' for more
information on the topic.
Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
for more information on the topic.
\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
@@ -64,9 +87,9 @@ process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
can speed up the process.
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of flour and water
(\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer sourdough starter features a
hydration level of \qtyrange{50}{60}{\percent}.
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
@@ -74,7 +97,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
@@ -101,7 +124,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
this type of starter.
You can read more about the liquid starter in
Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter}
Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter}
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
@@ -172,14 +195,15 @@ the top.
\label{fig:hooch}
\end{figure}
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back into your
starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of your sourdough
starter to set up the starter for your next bread. Once hooch appears, your
starter has likely fermented for a long period of time. It might be very sour.
This state of starter is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard
bread. Don't throw anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long
fermented dough in front of you. Compare it to a two year ripened Parmigiano
cheese. The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back
into your starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of
your sourdough starter to set up the starter for your next bread.
Once hooch appears, your starter has likely fermented for a long
period of time. It might be very sour. This state of starter
is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard bread. Don't throw
anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long fermented
dough in front of you. Compare it to a 2 year ripened Parmigiano cheese.
The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
@@ -226,7 +250,6 @@ fewer and fewer. Furthermore, it seems that lactic acid bacteria produce
metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
@@ -285,7 +308,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
Another approach that can help is to convert your
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
@@ -297,7 +320,7 @@ When tasting acetic acid, the flavor of your bread is often perceived
as quite strong.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\centering
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
@@ -338,9 +361,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
can read more about the autolysis process in
Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and
Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and
more about the topic of fermentolysis
in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}.
in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}.
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
@@ -371,19 +394,18 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around
\qty{60}{\percent} hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use
around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. This ballpark figure will work for most
flours. With this hydration, you can make bread, buns, pizzas, and even
baguettes out of the same dough.
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more
yeast fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more yeast
fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
@@ -399,14 +421,13 @@ the more gluten is broken down. As the gluten holds the
wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
\label{fig:tearing-dough}
\end{figure}
In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
using a starter that has not been fed for 30~days at room temperature.
using a starter that has not been fed for 30 days at room temperature.
I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
Typically after a long period
without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
@@ -462,7 +483,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on
refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on
making a stiff sourdough starter.
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
@@ -583,7 +604,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
@@ -716,7 +737,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
progress. To read more about this technique refer
to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
@@ -735,7 +756,7 @@ fermentation at a pH of around 4.1. Please don't just
follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring
with different doughs to find out a value that works for you.
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content---what should I~do?}
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content --- what should I~do?}
You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.

View File

@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
\chapter{Wheat sourdough}%
\label{ch:wheat-sourdough}
\begin{quoting}
In this chapter, you will learn how to make
freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
\end{quoting}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
@@ -34,13 +30,14 @@ My key learning was that there is no recipe that
you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe
to your locally available tools and environment.
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know all the signs to
look out for. You will be able to read your dough. You will turn into a
confident hobby baker who can bake bread at home, at high altitudes, at low
altitudes, in summer, in winter, at your friend's place, and even on vacation.
Furthermore, you will know how to scale your production from one loaf to
hundred loaves of bread. If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider
this knowledge to be your foundation.
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know
all the signs to look out for. You will be able to read your dough.
You will turn into a confident hobby baker who can bake bread
at home, at high altitudes, at low altitudes, in summer, in winter,
at your friend's place, and even on vacation. Furthermore,
you will know how to scale your production from 1 loaf to 100 loaves of bread.
If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider this knowledge to
be your foundation.
Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread
that tastes much better than any store-bought bread.
@@ -90,14 +87,14 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
\section{Readying your starter}%
\label{sec:readying-starter}
\label{section:readying-starter}
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
If your starter is off, then your main dough is also going
to cause trouble during the fermentation. Your starter's
properties are passed on to your main dough. If your starter
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, neither will your
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, so will your
main dough.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
@@ -143,9 +140,9 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1~part old starter,
5~parts flour, 2.5~parts water). If it is very warm where you live
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter})
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this
trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule.
@@ -161,7 +158,7 @@ regrows inside of your main dough. While I~would normally use
as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have
more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough
starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2~days without feedings,
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2 days without feedings,
I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the
previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce,
your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again
@@ -176,8 +173,8 @@ Furthermore, you want your microorganisms to outcompete
other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter
you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong
starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option~1 more.
It will reliably create better bread. Option~2 is typically
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option 1 more.
It will reliably create better bread. Option 2 is typically
what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't
manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed
my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ Especially when getting started I~recommend using bread flour which
contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential
when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough.
Find below an example recipe for one loaf including baker's math calculation:
Find below an example recipe for 1 loaf including baker's math calculation:
\begin{itemize}
\item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
\section{Hydration}
@@ -248,8 +245,8 @@ When a seed gets into contact initially, the outer layers soak up the water.
That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to
use a little bit more water.
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix.
The higher the protein value, the more water can be used.
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix. The higher the
protein value, the more water can be used.
Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier
bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value
@@ -311,16 +308,16 @@ offers by simply letting your dough ferment for a longer period.
Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less
sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment.
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages. As explained
earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your gluten network.
So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically become more
extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire are slowly
converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon that can
very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the balloon will burst. You
will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough becomes very sticky. Finding
the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not too much is what the perfect
wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry---after reading this chapter
you will have the right tools at your disposal.
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages.
As explained earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your
gluten network. So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically
become more extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire
are slowly converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon
that can very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the
balloon will burst. You will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough
becomes very sticky. Finding the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not
too much is what the perfect wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry --- after reading
this chapter you will have the right tools at your disposal.
The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting
with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The
@@ -355,8 +352,8 @@ If you are just getting started with a new batch of flour,
I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to
identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities.
Make five bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly
increasing water amounts to each of the bowls.
Make 5 bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly increasing
water amounts to each of the bowls.
\begin{itemize}
\item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water
@@ -378,7 +375,6 @@ to feed your starter.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
developed your gluten well enough.}
@@ -456,7 +452,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
\section{Autolysis}%
\label{sec:autolysis}
\label{section:autolysis}
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
@@ -508,7 +504,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
\section{Fermentolysis}%
\label{sec:fermentolysis}
\label{section:fermentolysis}
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
@@ -530,25 +526,23 @@ environment and thus reduce the speed at which your microorganisms replicate.
\end{table}
Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout the
day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a
completed fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent}
sourdough starter. If I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for
less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}. Simply mix all the ingredients and
your fermentation begins. The enzymes and microorganisms commence their work.
On a very warm summer day, the mentioned quantities no longer work. With a
\qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough would be ready in 5~hours up to a
point of no return. Another additional hour would cause the dough to break
down too much. In this case, I~would opt for \qty{5}{\percent} sourdough
starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12~hour window again.
If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent} sourdough
starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as they depend
on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that you have
to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able to
read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your
own. Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and
more precise approach by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered
later in this chapter.
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout
the day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a completed
fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent} sourdough starter. If
I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}.
Simply mix all the ingredients and your fermentation begins. The
enzymes and microorganisms commence their work. On a very warm summer day, the
mentioned quantities no longer work. With a \qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough
would be ready in 5~hours up to a point of no return. Another additional hour
would cause the dough to break down too much. In this case, I~would opt for 5
percent sourdough starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12
hour window again. If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent}
sourdough starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as
they depend on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that
you have to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able
to read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your own.
Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and more precise approach
by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered later in this chapter.
Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount
of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will
@@ -621,7 +615,7 @@ by adding water and kneading again. This is a great trick to make
a more extensible dough with lower-gluten flour~\cite{bassinage+technique}.
When machine kneading a dough, opt for the same technique shown in
Flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
speed. This helps the homogenization process.
After waiting to allow the flour to soak up the water, proceed on a higher speed
setting. A good sign of a well-developed gluten network is
@@ -630,7 +624,6 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
dough to stick to the container.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
@@ -647,7 +640,6 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
@@ -678,7 +670,7 @@ affecting the quality of the bread~\cite{oxidization+dough}.
The last step before beginning bulk fermentation is to
create a smooth dough ball. By making sure your dough's surface is
smooth, you will have fewer touch points when touching the dough.
See Figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
See figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
of how your hand touches a rugged and smooth dough.
With the smooth surface, your dough is going to stick less on your hands. Applying
later stretches and folds will be a lot easier. Without a smooth
@@ -687,7 +679,6 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
new bakers commit.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
@@ -710,7 +701,7 @@ you can't stretch the gluten. Always imagine you are touching something utterly
By doing so you will automatically try to touch the dough as little
as possible. Keep repeating the process until you see that the dough
has a nice smooth surface. The final dough should look like the dough
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
shown in~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
If your outer gluten layer tears, you have overstretched your dough. In
that case, take a 10-minute break, leaving your dough on the kitchen countertop.
@@ -725,7 +716,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
\label{sec:bulk-fermentation}
\label{section:bulk-fermentation}
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
@@ -775,12 +766,12 @@ turning it into a gigantic sticky fermented pancake. This
is one of the reasons why the current baking industry prefers
to make solely yeast-based doughs. By removing the bacteria
from the fermentation, the whole process becomes a lot more
predictable. The room for error (as shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs
are perfect to be made in a machine.
predictable. The room for error (as shown in figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation})
is much larger. The doughs are perfect to be made in a
machine.
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
\centering
\centering
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
@@ -830,7 +821,6 @@ dough exactly on point.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
@@ -954,7 +944,6 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
for your sourdough composition.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
@@ -1002,7 +991,6 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
\section{Stretch and folds}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
@@ -1018,16 +1006,16 @@ fermentation stage. The process involves stretching the dough and then
folding the dough onto itself. Some recipes call for a single stretch
and fold, others for multiple.
The primary goal of this technique is to provide additional dough strength to
your dough. As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough} there are
multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many
no-knead recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying
stretch and folds during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do
all the folds probably matches the initial kneading time required.}.
If you do not knead as much at the start, you can reach the same level of
dough strength by applying stretch and folds later. The more stretch and folds
you do, the more dough strength you add to your dough. The result will be a
more aesthetic loaf that has increased vertical oven spring.
The primary goal of this technique is to provide
additional dough strength to your dough. As shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}
there are multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many no-knead
recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying stretch and folds
during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do all the folds probably
matches the initial kneading time required.}. If you do not knead as much at
the start, you can reach the same level of dough strength by applying stretch
and folds later. The more stretch and folds you do, the more dough strength
you add to your dough. The result will be a more aesthetic loaf that has
increased vertical oven spring.
Sometimes, if the dough is very extensible
and features very high hydration, stretching and folding is essential.
@@ -1047,12 +1035,11 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
your crumb.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
@@ -1080,15 +1067,16 @@ once all around your dough until the dough is free of your container's edges.
Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with
two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough.
The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth
side should not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should
tend to stick to your hands. Rotate the container and repeat the same thing
from the other side. Rotate the container \ang{90} and then repeat the process
once again. Rotate the container another \ang{180} in the same direction and
repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied four folds in
total. Your dough should now stay in place and resist flowing
outwards\footnote{Please also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a
video showing you how to best perform the technique.}.
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth side should
not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should tend
to stick to your hands. Rotate the container
and repeat the same thing from the other side. Rotate the container 90°
and then repeat the process once again. Rotate the container another 180° in
the same direction
and repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied 4 folds in total. Your
dough should now stay in place and resist flowing outwards\footnote{Please
also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a video showing you how to
best perform the technique.}.
In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could
apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already,
@@ -1100,10 +1088,9 @@ will tear. In that case, you just have to wait for at least 5--10~minutes until
the gluten bonds heal and you can try again. When the gluten does not heal
anymore, chances are you have pushed the fermentation for too long. Likely
most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
in the decay stage shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
@@ -1148,7 +1135,6 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
\end{figure}
@@ -1156,7 +1142,7 @@ dough from sticking too much to your tools.
I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge
on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces.
This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When
I~plan to make 8~loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
I~plan to make 8 loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough,
you can use the aforementioned scale.
@@ -1178,16 +1164,14 @@ Pre-shaping is done for several reasons:
If you are making a single loaf from one dough batch the step is not required.
In that case, you can directly proceed with shaping, skipping this step.
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process
Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}. Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's
surface this could now result in a catastrophe. For this reason, I~recommend
practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading. The gluten
network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there is hardly
any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's surface this could now result in a catastrophe.
For this reason, I~recommend practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading.
The gluten network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there
is hardly any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only
way to save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
@@ -1195,14 +1179,14 @@ save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
\label{fig:preshape-direction}
\end{figure}
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top surface area. Try
to touch the dough as little as possible to reduce its ability to stick to
your hands. Drag the dough in the direction where you see a rough surface
area. In case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and
place it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to
Figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction} for a visualization showing the
pre-shaping direction.
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top
surface area. Try to touch the dough as little as possible
to reduce its ability to stick to your hands. Drag the dough
in the direction where you see a rough surface area. In
case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and place
it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction}
for a visualization showing the pre-shaping direction.
Try to set yourself a limit of movements to finish pre-shaping
a dough. Then you will be more conscious about each movement
@@ -1212,7 +1196,6 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
structure of your final loaves further.
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
@@ -1288,22 +1271,21 @@ batard bread rolls.
\label{fig:shaping-flour-surface}
\end{figure}
If you are only making one loaf out of your dough, apply flour
If you are only making 1 loaf out of your dough, apply flour
generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your
dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit
to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed
with step~3.
with step 3.
If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's
top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across
the dough's surface. See Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
the dough's surface. See figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
visual representation of how your dough should look after coating
the surface.
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
\begin{figure}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
@@ -1324,7 +1306,6 @@ sticky side is facing you.
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
@@ -1341,13 +1322,12 @@ it has a more rectangular shape. While stretching, make sure to touch
the sticky side as little as possible. Place your hands on the bottom
floured side and the edge of the sticky side. With gentle hands,
stretch the dough until the shape in front of you looks rectangular.
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
your dough with the shown dough.
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
@@ -1381,7 +1361,7 @@ now faces you.
Start to roll the dough inwards beginning at the top of the dough.
Keep rolling the dough inwards until you have created a dough roll.
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
representation of the process.
If your dough does not hold its shape, chances are you have pushed
@@ -1390,7 +1370,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
@@ -1407,7 +1387,6 @@ from the other side as well.
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
@@ -1439,16 +1418,16 @@ applies when making other doughs such as baguette doughs. The floured
surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over
once for baking.}.
Proceed and lift the dough with both hands from the counter. Gently rotate it
once and then place the dough in your banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam
side should now be facing you. Some bakers like to seal the seam a little
more. I~did not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as
I~can tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side of
the final loaf.}.
If you did everything right, then your dough should look somewhat similar to
the dough shown in Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}. As the last
step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton or bowl and begin
proofing.
Proceed and lift the dough with 2 hands from the counter.
Gently rotate it once and then place the dough in your
banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam side should now be facing you.
Some bakers like to seal the seam a little more. I~did
not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as I~can
tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side
of the final loaf.}. If you did everything right, then your
dough should look somewhat similar to the dough shown in figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}.
As the last step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton
or bowl and begin proofing.
\section{Proofing}
@@ -1482,20 +1461,20 @@ of retarding and flavor development.
\label{fig:proofing-process}
\end{flowchart}
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you to better
manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping your
dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another 2~hours to
proof the dough and then another hour to bake it. In this case, you can move
your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your dough will be proofing
overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time the following day
(there are a few exceptions; more on that later). This is especially handy
for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing extensively. Some of the
doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge. Early in the
morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2~hours they
will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If throughout the
day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out of the
fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded dough is
big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you
to better manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping
your dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another
2~hours to proof the dough and then another 1 hour to bake it. In this case,
you can move your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your
dough will be proofing overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time
the following day (there are a few exceptions; more on that later).
This is especially handy for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing
extensively. Some of the doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge.
Early in the morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2
hours they will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If
throughout the day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out
of the fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded
dough is big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning,
the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly
@@ -1514,7 +1493,6 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
morning.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
@@ -1525,15 +1503,15 @@ morning.
The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and
3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test.
Flour your thumb and gently press around \qtyrange{0.5}{1}{cm} deep into the
dough. Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent
will recover quickly. It will be gone again after one minute.
Flour your thumb and gently press around 0.5cm up to 1cm deep into the dough.
Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent will
recover quickly. It will be gone again after 1 minute.
As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the
same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more
slowly. Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still
be visible after one minute of waiting.
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more slowly.
Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still be visible after
1 minute of waiting.
I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout
the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least
@@ -1608,7 +1586,6 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
@@ -1624,7 +1601,6 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
banneton should now be facing you.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
@@ -1644,7 +1620,6 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
a good loaf into a great loaf.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
@@ -1673,7 +1648,6 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
will become a lot easier.
\begin{figure}[htb!]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
@@ -1697,7 +1671,7 @@ Once you notice your dough is almost done proofing, move it to the
freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further
while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier.
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30~seconds without steam.
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30 seconds without steam.
The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify
the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal
sweet spot.

View File

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ DOCKER_CMD := docker run --rm -it -v $(PWD):/opt/repo --platform linux/x86_64 $(
.PHONY: bake build_pdf build_docker_image push_docker_image validate website
.PHONY: print_os_version start_shell printvars show_tools_version mrproper
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook booklet
# Dockers targets
build_docker_image:
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ bake:
website:
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make website"
booklet:
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make booklet"
mrproper:
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make mrproper"

View File

@@ -1 +1 @@
3.3.7
3.1.2

View File

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ GEM
specs:
coderay (1.1.3)
method_source (1.0.0)
mini_portile2 (2.8.8)
nokogiri (1.15.3)
mini_portile2 (~> 2.8.2)
nokogiri (1.15.3-arm64-darwin)
racc (~> 1.4)
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-darwin)
racc (~> 1.4)
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-linux)
racc (~> 1.4)
pry (0.14.2)
coderay (~> 1.1)
@@ -14,7 +16,6 @@ GEM
PLATFORMS
arm64-darwin-22
arm64-darwin-24
x86_64-darwin-22
x86_64-linux
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
pry
RUBY VERSION
ruby 3.3.7p123
ruby 3.1.2p20
BUNDLED WITH
2.4.12

View File

@@ -341,12 +341,6 @@ class ModifyBuild
<span class="link_text">Book .EPUB</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="chapterToc">
<a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">
<span class="chapter_number">⬇️</span>
<span class="link_text">Short TL;DR .PDF</span>
</a>
</span>
<span class="chapterToc">
<a href="https://breadco.de/hardcover-book">
<span class="chapter_number">📚</span>
@@ -632,16 +626,15 @@ class ModifyBuild
Creating this book has been a labor of love. My
main goal has always been to spread the joy of baking and empower bread
enthusiasts like yourself. To ensure that the book remains accessible
to everyone, I have decided to make it available free of charge.
to everyone, I have decided to make it available as a free digital download.
</p>
<a href="bread.jpg">
<img alt="One of my best Sourdough Breads" class="home-bread" src="bread.jpg" />
</a>
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⭐ Support this project</h2>
<p class="noindent">
Producing and maintaining resources like this requires
However, producing and maintaining resources like this requires
considerable time, effort, and financial investment. If you find value
in "The Sourdough Framework" and appreciate the effort that went into
creating it, I kindly request your support <a href="https://breadco.de/book">
@@ -653,7 +646,18 @@ class ModifyBuild
<p class="noindent">
Your generous contribution will not only help me cover the costs associated
with this project but will also enable me to continue creating more valuable
content in the future. Your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
content in the future.
</p>
<p class="noindent">
If you feel inspired to contribute, please consider making a donation of
any amount through <a href="https://breadco.de/book">my donation page</a>.
Your support will go a long way in ensuring
that this knowledge can reach even more bread enthusiasts worldwide.
</p>
<p class="noindent">
Remember, your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
contribute is deeply appreciated. If you are unable to make a donation at
this time, please know that your readership and support in spreading the
word about "The Sourdough Framework" are invaluable contributions as well.
@@ -665,34 +669,30 @@ class ModifyBuild
Together, we can continue to share the love of baking and cultivate a
community passionate about the art of sourdough.
</p>
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⬇️ Versions</h2>
<p class="noindent">
You can either browse through this website or download the full book to read it on your preferred device:
You can either browse through this page or download the full book directly:
</p>
<div class="download-links">
<p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">PDF:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
<span class="download-description">PDF (no serif):</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
PDF: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
PDF (no serif): <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
</p>
<p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">EPUB:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
<span class="download-description">EPUB black & white:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
EPUB: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
EPUB in Black & White, size optimized for screen readers : <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
</p>
<p class="noindent">
The full source code of the book can be found here:
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>
</p>
<p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version:</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf</a><br>
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version (print):</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf</a><br>
There's also a hardcover version of the book available featuring an even more awesome design. You can read more information here:
<a href="https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book">https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book</a>
</p>
<p class="noindent">
<span class="download-description">Sauce code:</span>
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>. Contributions and improvements are highly appreciated!
</p>
</div>
<p class="noindent">
Thank you and may the gluten be strong with you,<br>
Hendrik