.NET 9

swiggybobo

.github/labeler.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ kernel:
 
 infra:
 - changed-files:
-  - any-glob-to-any-file: ['.github/**', 'distribution/**', 'Directory.Packages.props']
+  - any-glob-to-any-file: ['.github/**', 'distribution/**', 'Directory.Packages.props', 'src/Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks/**']
 
 documentation:
 - changed-files:

.github/workflows/canary.yml

@@ -54,7 +54,19 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: "Canary ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
           tag: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
-          body: "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
+          body: |            
+            # Canary builds:
+            
+            These builds are experimental and may sometimes not work, use [regular builds](https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/latest) instead if that sounds like something you don't want to deal with.
+            
+            | Platform | Artifact |
+            |--|--|
+            | Windows 64-bit | [Canary Windows Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-win_x64.zip) |
+            | Linux 64-bit | [Canary Linux Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_x64.tar.gz) |
+            | Linux ARM 64-bit | [Canary Linux ARM Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_arm64.tar.gz) |
+            | macOS | [Canary macOS artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-macos_universal.app.tar.gz) |
+            
+            **Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_SOURCE_REPO }}/compare/Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
           omitBodyDuringUpdate: true
           owner: ${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}
           repo: ${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}
@@ -181,7 +193,19 @@ jobs:
           artifacts: "release_output/*.tar.gz,release_output/*.zip"
           #artifacts: "release_output/*.tar.gz,release_output/*.zip/*AppImage*"
           tag: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
-          body: "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
+          body: |
+            # Canary builds:
+            
+            These builds are experimental and may sometimes not work, use [regular builds](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/releases/latest) instead if that sounds like something you don't want to deal with.
+
+            | Platform | Artifact |
+            |--|--|
+            | Windows 64-bit | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-win_x64.zip |
+            | Linux 64-bit | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_x64.tar.gz |
+            | Linux ARM 64-bit | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_arm64.tar.gz |
+            | macOS | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-macos_universal.app.tar.gz |
+            
+            "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_SOURCE_REPO }}/compare/Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
           omitBodyDuringUpdate: true
           allowUpdates: true
           replacesArtifacts: true
@@ -248,7 +272,7 @@ jobs:
           name: "Canary ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
           artifacts: "publish_ava/*.tar.gz, publish_headless/*.tar.gz"
           tag: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
-          body: "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...Canary-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
+          body: ""
           omitBodyDuringUpdate: true
           allowUpdates: true
           replacesArtifacts: true

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -53,7 +53,16 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
           tag: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
-          body: "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
+          body: |
+            # Regular builds:
+            | Platform | Artifact |
+            |--|--|
+            | Windows 64-bit | [Release Windows Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-win_x64.zip) |
+            | Linux 64-bit | [Release Linux Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_x64.tar.gz) |
+            | Linux ARM 64-bit | [Release Linux ARM Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_arm64.tar.gz) |
+            | macOS | [Release macOS Artifact](https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-macos_universal.app.tar.gz) |
+            
+            **Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}/${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}/compare/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
           omitBodyDuringUpdate: true
           owner: ${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_OWNER }}
           repo: ${{ env.RYUJINX_TARGET_RELEASE_CHANNEL_REPO }}
@@ -176,7 +185,16 @@ jobs:
           name: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
           artifacts: "release_output/*.tar.gz,release_output/*.zip,release_output/*AppImage*"
           tag: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
-          body: "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
+          body: |
+            # Regular builds:
+            | Platform | Artifact |
+            |--|--|
+            | Windows 64-bit | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-win_x64.zip |
+            | Linux 64-bit | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_x64.tar.gz |
+            | Linux ARM 64-bit | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-linux_arm64.tar.gz |
+            | macOS | https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}/ryujinx-${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}-macos_universal.app.tar.gz |
+          
+            "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
           omitBodyDuringUpdate: true
           allowUpdates: true
           replacesArtifacts: true
@@ -243,7 +261,7 @@ jobs:
           name: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
           artifacts: "publish/*.tar.gz, publish_headless/*.tar.gz"
           tag: ${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}
-          body: "**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/compare/${{ steps.version_info.outputs.prev_build_version }}...${{ steps.version_info.outputs.build_version }}"
+          body: ""
           omitBodyDuringUpdate: true
           allowUpdates: true
           replacesArtifacts: true

COMPILING.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ If you wish to build the emulator yourself, follow these steps:
 
 ### Step 1
 
-Install the [.NET 8.0 (or higher) SDK](https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/8.0).
+Install the [.NET 9.0 (or higher) SDK](https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet/9.0).
 Make sure your SDK version is higher or equal to the required version specified in [global.json](global.json).
 
 ### Step 2

Directory.Build.props

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<Project>
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+</Project>

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Markup.Xaml.Loader" Version="11.0.10" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg" Version="11.0.0.18" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg.Skia" Version="11.0.0.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Build.Framework" Version="17.11.4" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Build.Utilities.Core" Version="17.12.6" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Newtonsoft.Json" Version="13.0.3" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Projektanker.Icons.Avalonia" Version="9.4.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Projektanker.Icons.Avalonia.FontAwesome" Version="9.4.0"/>
     <PackageVersion Include="Projektanker.Icons.Avalonia.MaterialDesign" Version="9.4.0"/>
@@ -38,9 +41,10 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Ryujinx.Graphics.Nvdec.Dependencies" Version="5.0.3-build14" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Dependencies.MoltenVK" Version="1.2.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Ryujinx.SDL2-CS" Version="2.30.0-build32" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Gommon" Version="2.6.6" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Gommon" Version="2.6.8" />
     <PackageVersion Include="securifybv.ShellLink" Version="0.1.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="shaderc.net" Version="0.1.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="SharpMetal" Version="1.0.0-preview20" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SharpZipLib" Version="1.4.2" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.21.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.21.0" />
@@ -48,8 +52,8 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="SkiaSharp" Version="2.88.7" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SkiaSharp.NativeAssets.Linux" Version="2.88.7" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SPB" Version="0.0.4-build32" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="8.0.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="System.Management" Version="8.0.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="9.0.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="System.Management" Version="9.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="UnicornEngine.Unicorn" Version="2.0.2-rc1-fb78016" />
   </ItemGroup>
 </Project>

README.md

@@ -1,35 +1,26 @@
-<h1 align="center">
+<table align="center">
+    <tr>
+        <td align="center" width="25%">
+            <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GreemDev/ryuassets/refs/heads/main/RyujinxApp_1024.png" alt="Ryujinx" >
+        </td>
+        <td align="center" width="75%">
+          
+# Ryujinx
+          
+[![Release workflow](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/release.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/release.yml)
+[![Latest release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/GreemDev/Ryujinx)](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/releases/latest)
   <br>
-  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/master/distribution/misc/Logo.svg" alt="Ryujinx" width="150"></a>
-  <br>
-  <b>Ryujinx</b>
-  <br>
-  <sub><sup><b>(REE-YOU-JINX)</b></sup></sub>
-  <br>
-    <a href="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/release.yml">
-        <img src="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/release.yml/badge.svg"
-            alt="">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/releases/latest">
-        <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/GreemDev/Ryujinx"
-            alt="Latest Release">
-    </a>
-  <br>
-    <a href="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/canary.yml">
-        <img src="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/canary.yml/badge.svg"
-            alt="">
-    </a>
-    <a href="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx-Canary/releases/latest">
-        <img src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/GreemDev/Ryujinx-Canary?label=canary"
-            alt="Latest Canary Release">
-    </a>
-</h1>
+[![Canary workflow](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/canary.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/actions/workflows/canary.yml)
+[![Latest canary release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/GreemDev/Ryujinx-Canary?label=canary)](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx-Canary/releases/latest)
+        </td>
+    </tr>
+</table>
 
 <p align="center">
   Ryujinx is an open-source Nintendo Switch emulator, originally created by gdkchan, written in C#.
   This emulator aims at providing excellent accuracy and performance, a user-friendly interface and consistent builds.
   It was written from scratch and development on the project began in September 2017.
-  Ryujinx is available on Github under the <a href="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/blob/master/LICENSE.txt" target="_blank">MIT license</a>.
+  Ryujinx is available on GitHub under the <a href="https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/blob/master/LICENSE.txt" target="_blank">MIT license</a>.
   <br />
 </p>
 <p align="center">
@@ -63,7 +54,7 @@ failing to meet this requirement may result in a poor gameplay experience or une
 
 ## Latest build
 
-Stable builds are made every so often onto a separate "release" branch that then gets put into the releases you know and love. 
+Stable builds are made every so often onto a separate "release" branch that then gets put into the releases you know and love.
 These stable builds exist so that the end user can get a more **enjoyable and stable experience**.
 
 You can find the latest stable release [here](https://github.com/GreemDev/Ryujinx/releases/latest).
@@ -91,7 +82,7 @@ If you are planning to contribute or just want to learn more about this project
   It translates the ARM code to a custom IR, performs a few optimizations, and turns that into x86 code.
   There are three memory manager options available depending on the user's preference, leveraging both software-based (slower) and host-mapped modes (much faster).
   The fastest option (host, unchecked) is set by default.
-  Ryujinx also features an optional Profiled Persistent Translation Cache, which essentially caches translated functions so that they do not need to be translated every time the game loads. 
+  Ryujinx also features an optional Profiled Persistent Translation Cache, which essentially caches translated functions so that they do not need to be translated every time the game loads.
   The net result is a significant reduction in load times (the amount of time between launching a game and arriving at the title screen) for nearly every game.
   NOTE: This feature is enabled by default in the Options menu > System tab.
   You must launch the game at least twice to the title screen or beyond before performance improvements are unlocked on the third launch!

Ryujinx.sln

@@ -80,16 +80,22 @@ EndProject
 Project("{9A19103F-16F7-4668-BE54-9A1E7A4F7556}") = "Ryujinx.Horizon.Kernel.Generators", "src\Ryujinx.Horizon.Kernel.Generators\Ryujinx.Horizon.Kernel.Generators.csproj", "{7F55A45D-4E1D-4A36-ADD3-87F29A285AA2}"
 EndProject
 Project("{9A19103F-16F7-4668-BE54-9A1E7A4F7556}") = "Ryujinx.HLE.Generators", "src\Ryujinx.HLE.Generators\Ryujinx.HLE.Generators.csproj", "{B575BCDE-2FD8-4A5D-8756-31CDD7FE81F0}"
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal", "src\Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal\Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal.csproj", "{C08931FA-1191-417A-864F-3882D93E683B}"
+	ProjectSection(ProjectDependencies) = postProject
+		{A602AE97-91A5-4608-8DF1-EBF4ED7A0B9E} = {A602AE97-91A5-4608-8DF1-EBF4ED7A0B9E}
+	EndProjectSection
 EndProject
 Project("{2150E333-8FDC-42A3-9474-1A3956D46DE8}") = "Solution Items", "Solution Items", "{36F870C1-3E5F-485F-B426-F0645AF78751}"
 	ProjectSection(SolutionItems) = preProject
 		.editorconfig = .editorconfig
+		.github\workflows\build.yml = .github\workflows\build.yml
+		.github\workflows\canary.yml = .github\workflows\canary.yml
 		Directory.Packages.props = Directory.Packages.props
-		.github/workflows/release.yml = .github/workflows/release.yml
-		.github/workflows/canary.yml = .github/workflows/canary.yml
-		.github/workflows/build.yml = .github/workflows/build.yml
+		.github\workflows\release.yml = .github\workflows\release.yml
 	EndProjectSection
 EndProject
+Project("{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}") = "Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks", "src\Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks\Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks.csproj", "{4A89A234-4F19-497D-A576-DDE8CDFC5B22}"
+EndProject
 Global
 	GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
 		Debug|Any CPU = Debug|Any CPU
@@ -252,6 +258,13 @@ Global
 		{B575BCDE-2FD8-4A5D-8756-31CDD7FE81F0}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
 		{B575BCDE-2FD8-4A5D-8756-31CDD7FE81F0}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
 		{B575BCDE-2FD8-4A5D-8756-31CDD7FE81F0}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{C08931FA-1191-417A-864F-3882D93E683B}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{C08931FA-1191-417A-864F-3882D93E683B}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{C08931FA-1191-417A-864F-3882D93E683B}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
+		{C08931FA-1191-417A-864F-3882D93E683B}.Release|Any CPU.Build.0 = Release|Any CPU
+		{4A89A234-4F19-497D-A576-DDE8CDFC5B22}.Debug|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Debug|Any CPU
+		{4A89A234-4F19-497D-A576-DDE8CDFC5B22}.Debug|Any CPU.Build.0 = Debug|Any CPU
+		{4A89A234-4F19-497D-A576-DDE8CDFC5B22}.Release|Any CPU.ActiveCfg = Release|Any CPU
 	EndGlobalSection
 	GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
 		HideSolutionNode = FALSE

distribution/linux/Ryujinx.sh

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ if [ -z "$RYUJINX_BIN" ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 
-COMMAND="env DOTNET_EnableAlternateStackCheck=1"
+COMMAND="env LANG=C.UTF-8 DOTNET_EnableAlternateStackCheck=1"
 
 if command -v gamemoderun > /dev/null 2>&1; then
     COMMAND="$COMMAND gamemoderun"

distribution/macos/Info.plist

@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@
     <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
     <string>APPL</string>
     <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
-    <string>1.1</string>
+    <string>1.2</string>
     <key>CFBundleSignature</key>
     <string>????</string>
     <key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-    <string>1.1.0</string>
+    <string>1.2.0</string>
     <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>
     <true/>
     <key>CSResourcesFileMapped</key>

distribution/macos/updater.sh

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ error_handler() {
     set the button_pressed to the button returned of the result
 
     if the button_pressed is \"Open Download Page\" then
-        open location \"https://ryujinx.org/download\"
+        open location \"https://ryujinx.app/download\"
     end if
     """
 
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ if [ "$#" -le 3 ]; then
     open -a "$INSTALL_DIRECTORY"
 else
     open -a "$INSTALL_DIRECTORY" --args "${APP_ARGUMENTS[@]}"
-fi
+fi

global.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "sdk": {
-    "version": "8.0.100",
+    "version": "9.0.100",
     "rollForward": "latestFeature"
   }
 }

src/ARMeilleure/ARMeilleure.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/ARMeilleure/Common/AddressTableLevel.cs

@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Common
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="address">Guest address</param>
         /// <returns>Value of the <see cref="AddressTableLevel"/> from the specified guest <paramref name="address"/></returns>
-        public int GetValue(ulong address)
+        public long GetValue(ulong address)
         {
-            return (int)((address & Mask) >> Index);
+            return (long)((address & Mask) >> Index);
         }
     }
 }

src/ARMeilleure/Decoders/DecoderHelper.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using ARMeilleure.Common;
+using System;
 
 namespace ARMeilleure.Decoders
 {
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Decoders
             return (((long)opCode << 45) >> 48) & ~3;
         }
 
-        public static bool VectorArgumentsInvalid(bool q, params int[] args)
+        public static bool VectorArgumentsInvalid(bool q, params ReadOnlySpan<int> args)
         {
             if (q)
             {

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/InstEmitSystem.cs

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
                     EmitSetTpidrEl0(context);
                     return;
                 case 0b11_011_1101_0000_101:
-                    EmitGetTpidr2El0(context);
+                    EmitSetTpidr2El0(context);
                     return;
 
                 default:
@@ -291,5 +291,16 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
 
             context.Store(context.Add(nativeContext, Const((ulong)NativeContext.GetTpidrEl0Offset())), value);
         }
+
+        private static void EmitSetTpidr2El0(ArmEmitterContext context)
+        {
+            OpCodeSystem op = (OpCodeSystem)context.CurrOp;
+
+            Operand value = GetIntOrZR(context, op.Rt);
+
+            Operand nativeContext = context.LoadArgument(OperandType.I64, 0);
+
+            context.Store(context.Add(nativeContext, Const((ulong)NativeContext.GetTpidr2El0Offset())), value);
+        }
     }
 }

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/SoftFallback.cs

@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             return TblOrTbx(dest, vector, bytes, tb0, tb1, tb2, tb3);
         }
 
-        private static V128 TblOrTbx(V128 dest, V128 vector, int bytes, params V128[] tb)
+        private static V128 TblOrTbx(V128 dest, V128 vector, int bytes, params ReadOnlySpan<V128> tb)
         {
             byte[] res = new byte[16];
 

src/ARMeilleure/IntermediateRepresentation/Operation.cs

@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.IntermediateRepresentation
                 return result;
             }
 
-            public static Operation Operation(Intrinsic intrin, Operand dest, params Operand[] srcs)
+            public static Operation Operation(Intrinsic intrin, Operand dest, params ReadOnlySpan<Operand> srcs)
             {
                 Operation result = Make(Instruction.Extended, 0, srcs.Length);
 

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/Cache/JitCache.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.Cache
 {
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.Cache
 
         private static readonly List<CacheEntry> _cacheEntries = new();
 
-        private static readonly object _lock = new();
+        private static readonly Lock _lock = new();
         private static bool _initialized;
 
         [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/EmitterContext.cs

@@ -559,27 +559,27 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
             return dest;
         }
 
-        public Operand AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic intrin, params Operand[] args)
+        public Operand AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic intrin, params ReadOnlySpan<Operand> args)
         {
             return Add(intrin, Local(OperandType.V128), args);
         }
 
-        public Operand AddIntrinsicInt(Intrinsic intrin, params Operand[] args)
+        public Operand AddIntrinsicInt(Intrinsic intrin, params ReadOnlySpan<Operand> args)
         {
             return Add(intrin, Local(OperandType.I32), args);
         }
 
-        public Operand AddIntrinsicLong(Intrinsic intrin, params Operand[] args)
+        public Operand AddIntrinsicLong(Intrinsic intrin, params ReadOnlySpan<Operand> args)
         {
             return Add(intrin, Local(OperandType.I64), args);
         }
 
-        public void AddIntrinsicNoRet(Intrinsic intrin, params Operand[] args)
+        public void AddIntrinsicNoRet(Intrinsic intrin, params ReadOnlySpan<Operand> args)
         {
             Add(intrin, default, args);
         }
 
-        private Operand Add(Intrinsic intrin, Operand dest, params Operand[] sources)
+        private Operand Add(Intrinsic intrin, Operand dest, params ReadOnlySpan<Operand> sources)
         {
             NewNextBlockIfNeeded();
 

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
         private const string OuterHeaderMagicString = "PTCohd\0\0";
         private const string InnerHeaderMagicString = "PTCihd\0\0";
 
-        private const uint InternalVersion = 6992; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
+        private const uint InternalVersion = 6997; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
 
         private const string ActualDir = "0";
         private const string BackupDir = "1";
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
         private readonly ManualResetEvent _waitEvent;
 
-        private readonly object _lock;
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         private bool _disposed;
 
@@ -89,8 +89,6 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
             _waitEvent = new ManualResetEvent(true);
 
-            _lock = new object();
-
             _disposed = false;
 
             TitleIdText = TitleIdTextDefault;

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/PtcProfiler.cs

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
         private readonly ManualResetEvent _waitEvent;
 
-        private readonly object _lock;
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         private bool _disposed;
 
@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
             _waitEvent = new ManualResetEvent(true);
 
-            _lock = new object();
-
             _disposed = false;
 
             ProfiledFuncs = new Dictionary<ulong, FuncProfile>();

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.OpenAL/OpenALHardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.OpenAL
 {
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.OpenAL
         private ulong _playedSampleCount;
         private float _volume;
 
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         public OpenALHardwareDeviceSession(OpenALHardwareDeviceDriver driver, IVirtualMemoryManager memoryManager, SampleFormat requestedSampleFormat, uint requestedSampleRate, uint requestedChannelCount) : base(memoryManager, requestedSampleFormat, requestedSampleRate, requestedChannelCount)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.OpenAL/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.OpenAL.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <RuntimeIdentifiers>win-x64;osx-x64;linux-x64</RuntimeIdentifiers>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/AudioManager.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio
         /// <summary>
         /// Lock used to control the waiters registration.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Events signaled when the driver played audio buffers.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Backends/Common/DynamicRingBuffer.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Buffers;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
     {
         private const int RingBufferAlignment = 2048;
 
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         private MemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
         private Memory<byte> _buffer;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Input/AudioInputManager.cs

@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Input
     /// </summary>
     public class AudioInputManager : IDisposable
     {
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Lock used for session allocation.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _sessionLock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _sessionLock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The session ids allocation table.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Input/AudioInputSystem.cs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Input
         /// <summary>
         /// The lock of the parent.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _parentLock;
+        private readonly Lock _parentLock;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The dispose state.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Input
         /// <param name="parentLock">The lock of the manager</param>
         /// <param name="deviceSession">The hardware device session</param>
         /// <param name="bufferEvent">The buffer release event of the audio input</param>
-        public AudioInputSystem(AudioInputManager manager, object parentLock, IHardwareDeviceSession deviceSession, IWritableEvent bufferEvent)
+        public AudioInputSystem(AudioInputManager manager, Lock parentLock, IHardwareDeviceSession deviceSession, IWritableEvent bufferEvent)
         {
             _manager = manager;
             _parentLock = parentLock;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Output/AudioOutputManager.cs

@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Output
     /// </summary>
     public class AudioOutputManager : IDisposable
     {
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Lock used for session allocation.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _sessionLock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _sessionLock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The session ids allocation table.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Output/AudioOutputSystem.cs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Output
         /// <summary>
         /// THe lock of the parent.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _parentLock;
+        private readonly Lock _parentLock;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The dispose state.
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Output
         /// <param name="parentLock">The lock of the manager</param>
         /// <param name="deviceSession">The hardware device session</param>
         /// <param name="bufferEvent">The buffer release event of the audio output</param>
-        public AudioOutputSystem(AudioOutputManager manager, object parentLock, IHardwareDeviceSession deviceSession, IWritableEvent bufferEvent)
+        public AudioOutputSystem(AudioOutputManager manager, Lock parentLock, IHardwareDeviceSession deviceSession, IWritableEvent bufferEvent)
         {
             _manager = manager;
             _parentLock = parentLock;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/AudioRenderSystem.cs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 {
     public class AudioRenderSystem : IDisposable
     {
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         private AudioRendererRenderingDevice _renderingDevice;
         private AudioRendererExecutionMode _executionMode;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/AudioRendererManager.cs

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <summary>
         /// Lock used for session allocation.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _sessionLock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _sessionLock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Lock used to control the <see cref="AudioProcessor"/> running state.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _audioProcessorLock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _audioProcessorLock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The session ids allocation table.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Upsampler/UpsamplerManager.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Upsampler
 {
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Upsampler
         /// <summary>
         /// Global lock of the object.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The upsamplers instances.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Ryujinx.Audio.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks/LocaleValidationTask.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+using System;
+using Microsoft.Build.Utilities;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.IO;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Microsoft.Build.Framework;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks
+{
+    public class LocaleValidationTask : Task
+    {
+        public override bool Execute()
+        {
+            string path = System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location;
+
+            if (path.Split(["src"], StringSplitOptions.None).Length == 1)
+            {
+                //i assume that we are in a build directory in the solution dir
+                path = new FileInfo(path).Directory!.Parent!.GetDirectories("src")[0].GetDirectories("Ryujinx")[0].GetDirectories("Assets")[0].GetFiles("locales.json")[0].FullName;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                path = path.Split(["src"], StringSplitOptions.None)[0];
+                path = new FileInfo(path).Directory!.GetDirectories("src")[0].GetDirectories("Ryujinx")[0].GetDirectories("Assets")[0].GetFiles("locales.json")[0].FullName;
+            }
+
+            string data;
+
+            using (StreamReader sr = new(path))
+            {
+                data = sr.ReadToEnd();
+            }
+
+            LocalesJson json = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<LocalesJson>(data);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < json.Locales.Count; i++)
+            {
+                LocalesEntry locale = json.Locales[i];
+
+                foreach (string langCode in json.Languages.Where(it => !locale.Translations.ContainsKey(it)))
+                {
+                    locale.Translations.Add(langCode, string.Empty);
+                    Log.LogMessage(MessageImportance.High, $"Added '{langCode}' to Locale '{locale.ID}'");
+                }
+
+                locale.Translations = locale.Translations.OrderBy(pair => pair.Key).ToDictionary(pair => pair.Key, pair => pair.Value);
+                json.Locales[i] = locale;
+            }
+
+            string jsonString = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(json, Formatting.Indented);
+
+            using (StreamWriter sw = new(path))
+            {
+                sw.Write(jsonString);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        struct LocalesJson
+        {
+            public List<string> Languages { get; set; }
+            public List<LocalesEntry> Locales { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        struct LocalesEntry
+        {
+            public string ID { get; set; }
+            public Dictionary<string, string> Translations { get; set; }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks/Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks.csproj

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>netstandard2.0</TargetFramework>
+    <CopyLocalLockFileAssemblies>true</CopyLocalLockFileAssemblies>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Build.Utilities.Core" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Newtonsoft.Json" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
+  <UsingTask TaskName="Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks.LocaleValidationTask" TaskFactory="TaskHostFactory" AssemblyFile="$(OutDir)Ryujinx.BuildValidationTasks.dll" />
+
+  <Target Name="LocalesJsonValidation" AfterTargets="AfterRebuild">
+    <LocaleValidationTask />
+  </Target>
+
+</Project>

src/Ryujinx.Common/Configuration/GraphicsBackend.cs

@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Configuration
     {
         Vulkan,
         OpenGl,
+        Metal
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Configuration/Hid/Controller/JoyconConfigControllerStick.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller
 {
-    public class JoyconConfigControllerStick<TButton, TStick> where TButton : unmanaged where TStick : unmanaged
+    public class JoyconConfigControllerStick<TButton, TStick> 
+        where TButton : unmanaged 
+        where TStick : unmanaged
     {
         public TStick Joystick { get; set; }
         public bool InvertStickX { get; set; }

src/Ryujinx.Common/PreciseSleep/NanosleepPool.cs

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.PreciseSleep
             }
         }
 
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
         private readonly List<NanosleepThread> _threads = new();
         private readonly List<NanosleepThread> _active = new();
         private readonly Stack<NanosleepThread> _free = new();

src/Ryujinx.Common/PreciseSleep/WindowsGranularTimer.cs

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.SystemInterop
         private long _lastTicks = PerformanceCounter.ElapsedTicks;
         private long _lastId;
 
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
         private readonly List<WaitingObject> _waitingObjects = new();
 
         private WindowsGranularTimer()

src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common
     // DO NOT EDIT, filled by CI
     public static class ReleaseInformation
     {
-        private const string FlatHubChannel = "flathub";
         private const string CanaryChannel = "canary";
         private const string ReleaseChannel = "release";
 
@@ -29,8 +28,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common
             !ReleaseChannelRepo.StartsWith("%%") &&
             !ConfigFileName.StartsWith("%%");
 
-        public static bool IsFlatHubBuild => IsValid && ReleaseChannelOwner.Equals(FlatHubChannel);
-
         public static bool IsCanaryBuild => IsValid && ReleaseChannelName.Equals(CanaryChannel);
         
         public static bool IsReleaseBuild => IsValid && ReleaseChannelName.Equals(ReleaseChannel);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Ryujinx.Common.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <DefineConstants Condition=" '$(ExtraDefineConstants)' != '' ">$(DefineConstants);$(ExtraDefineConstants)</DefineConstants>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/JsonHelper.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using System;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
@@ -27,9 +28,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
                 ReadCommentHandling = JsonCommentHandling.Skip
             };
 
-        public static string Serialize<T>(T value, JsonTypeInfo<T> typeInfo) => JsonSerializer.Serialize(value, typeInfo);
+        public static string Serialize<T>(T value, JsonTypeInfo<T> typeInfo) 
+            => JsonSerializer.Serialize(value, typeInfo);
 
-        public static T Deserialize<T>(string value, JsonTypeInfo<T> typeInfo) => JsonSerializer.Deserialize(value, typeInfo);
+        public static T Deserialize<T>(string value, JsonTypeInfo<T> typeInfo) 
+            => JsonSerializer.Deserialize(value, typeInfo);
+
+        public static T Deserialize<T>(ReadOnlySpan<byte> utf8Value, JsonTypeInfo<T> typeInfo) 
+            => JsonSerializer.Deserialize<T>(utf8Value, typeInfo);
 
         public static void SerializeToFile<T>(string filePath, T value, JsonTypeInfo<T> typeInfo)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AddressTable.cs

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Common
             {
                 TEntry* page = GetPage(address);
 
-                int index = Levels[^1].GetValue(address);
+                long index = Levels[^1].GetValue(address);
 
                 EnsureMapped((IntPtr)(page + index));
 

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/HvMemoryManager.cs

@@ -230,25 +230,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
         {
             if (size == 0)
             {
-                return Enumerable.Empty<HostMemoryRange>();
+                yield break;
             }
 
             var guestRegions = GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size);
             if (guestRegions == null)
             {
-                return null;
+                yield break;
             }
 
-            var regions = new HostMemoryRange[guestRegions.Count];
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < regions.Length; i++)
+            foreach (var guestRegion in guestRegions)
             {
-                var guestRegion = guestRegions[i];
                 nint pointer = _backingMemory.GetPointer(guestRegion.Address, guestRegion.Size);
-                regions[i] = new HostMemoryRange((nuint)(ulong)pointer, guestRegion.Size);
+                yield return new HostMemoryRange((nuint)(ulong)pointer, guestRegion.Size);
             }
-
-            return regions;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -256,23 +251,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
         {
             if (size == 0)
             {
-                return Enumerable.Empty<MemoryRange>();
+                yield break;
             }
 
-            return GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size);
+            foreach (var physicalRegion in GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size))
+            {
+                yield return physicalRegion;
+            }
         }
 
-        private List<MemoryRange> GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(ulong va, ulong size)
+        private IEnumerable<MemoryRange> GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(ulong va, ulong size)
         {
             if (!ValidateAddress(va) || !ValidateAddressAndSize(va, size))
             {
-                return null;
+                yield break;
             }
 
             int pages = GetPagesCount(va, (uint)size, out va);
 
-            var regions = new List<MemoryRange>();
-
             ulong regionStart = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);
             ulong regionSize = PageSize;
 
@@ -280,14 +276,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
             {
                 if (!ValidateAddress(va + PageSize))
                 {
-                    return null;
+                    yield break;
                 }
 
                 ulong newPa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + PageSize);
 
                 if (GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va) + PageSize != newPa)
                 {
-                    regions.Add(new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize));
+                    yield return new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize);
                     regionStart = newPa;
                     regionSize = 0;
                 }
@@ -296,9 +292,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
                 regionSize += PageSize;
             }
 
-            regions.Add(new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize));
-
-            return regions;
+            yield return new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize);
         }
 
         /// <remarks>

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/HvVm.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 
         private static int _addressSpaces;
         private static HvIpaAllocator _ipaAllocator;
-        private static readonly object _lock = new();
+        private static readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         public static (ulong, HvIpaAllocator) CreateAddressSpace(MemoryBlock block)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/HostTracked/AddressSpacePartitionAllocator.cs

@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit.HostTracked
             }
 
             private readonly AddressIntrusiveRedBlackTree<Mapping> _mappingTree;
+            
+            // type is not Lock due to the unique usage of this mechanism,
+            // an arbitrary object is used as the lock passed in by constructor.
             private readonly object _lock;
 
             public Block(MemoryTracking tracking, Func<ulong, ulong> readPtCallback, MemoryBlock memory, ulong size, object locker) : base(memory, size)
@@ -174,6 +177,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit.HostTracked
 
         private readonly MemoryTracking _tracking;
         private readonly Func<ulong, ulong> _readPtCallback;
+        
+        // type is not Lock due to the unique usage of this mechanism,
+        // an arbitrary object is used as the lock passed in by constructor.
         private readonly object _lock;
 
         public AddressSpacePartitionAllocator(

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/MemoryManager.cs

@@ -250,25 +250,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
         {
             if (size == 0)
             {
-                return Enumerable.Empty<HostMemoryRange>();
+                yield break;
             }
 
             var guestRegions = GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size);
             if (guestRegions == null)
             {
-                return null;
+                yield break;
             }
 
-            var regions = new HostMemoryRange[guestRegions.Count];
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < regions.Length; i++)
+            foreach (var guestRegion in guestRegions)
             {
-                var guestRegion = guestRegions[i];
                 nint pointer = _backingMemory.GetPointer(guestRegion.Address, guestRegion.Size);
-                regions[i] = new HostMemoryRange((nuint)(ulong)pointer, guestRegion.Size);
+                yield return new HostMemoryRange((nuint)(ulong)pointer, guestRegion.Size);
             }
-
-            return regions;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -276,23 +271,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
         {
             if (size == 0)
             {
-                return Enumerable.Empty<MemoryRange>();
+                yield break;
             }
 
-            return GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size);
+            foreach (var physicalRegion in GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size))
+            {
+                yield return physicalRegion;
+            }
         }
 
-        private List<MemoryRange> GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(ulong va, ulong size)
+        private IEnumerable<MemoryRange> GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(ulong va, ulong size)
         {
             if (!ValidateAddress(va) || !ValidateAddressAndSize(va, size))
             {
-                return null;
+                yield break;
             }
 
             int pages = GetPagesCount(va, (uint)size, out va);
 
-            var regions = new List<MemoryRange>();
-
             ulong regionStart = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);
             ulong regionSize = PageSize;
 
@@ -300,14 +296,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             {
                 if (!ValidateAddress(va + PageSize))
                 {
-                    return null;
+                    yield break;
                 }
 
                 ulong newPa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + PageSize);
 
                 if (GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va) + PageSize != newPa)
                 {
-                    regions.Add(new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize));
+                    yield return new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize);
                     regionStart = newPa;
                     regionSize = 0;
                 }
@@ -316,9 +312,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
                 regionSize += PageSize;
             }
 
-            regions.Add(new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize));
-
-            return regions;
+            yield return new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/MemoryManagerHostTracked.cs

@@ -475,17 +475,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             return GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(va, size);
         }
 
-        private List<MemoryRange> GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(ulong va, ulong size)
+        private IEnumerable<MemoryRange> GetPhysicalRegionsImpl(ulong va, ulong size)
         {
             if (!ValidateAddress(va) || !ValidateAddressAndSize(va, size))
             {
-                return null;
+                yield break;
             }
 
             int pages = GetPagesCount(va, (uint)size, out va);
 
-            var regions = new List<MemoryRange>();
-
             ulong regionStart = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);
             ulong regionSize = PageSize;
 
@@ -493,14 +491,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             {
                 if (!ValidateAddress(va + PageSize))
                 {
-                    return null;
+                    yield break;
                 }
 
                 ulong newPa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + PageSize);
 
                 if (GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va) + PageSize != newPa)
                 {
-                    regions.Add(new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize));
+                    yield return new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize);
                     regionStart = newPa;
                     regionSize = 0;
                 }
@@ -509,9 +507,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
                 regionSize += PageSize;
             }
 
-            regions.Add(new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize));
-
-            return regions;
+            yield return new MemoryRange(regionStart, regionSize);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/LightningJit/Arm32/Target/Arm64/InstEmitSystem.cs

@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Arm32.Target.Arm64
             bool skipContext,
             int spillBaseOffset,
             int? resultRegister,
-            params ulong[] callArgs)
+            params ReadOnlySpan<ulong> callArgs)
         {
             uint resultMask = 0u;
 

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/LightningJit/Arm64/Target/Arm64/InstEmitSystem.cs

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Arm64.Target.Arm64
             int tempRegister;
             int tempGuestAddress = -1;
 
-            bool inlineLookup = guestAddress.Kind != OperandKind.Constant && 
+            bool inlineLookup = guestAddress.Kind != OperandKind.Constant &&
                                 funcTable is { Sparse: true };
 
             if (guestAddress.Kind == OperandKind.Constant)
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Arm64.Target.Arm64
             nint funcPtr,
             int spillBaseOffset,
             int? resultRegister,
-            params ulong[] callArgs)
+            params ReadOnlySpan<ulong> callArgs)
         {
             uint resultMask = 0u;
 

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/LightningJit/Cache/JitCache.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Cache
 {
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Cache
 
         private static readonly List<CacheEntry> _cacheEntries = new();
 
-        private static readonly object _lock = new();
+        private static readonly Lock _lock = new();
         private static bool _initialized;
 
         [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/LightningJit/Cache/NoWxCache.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Cache
 {
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Cache
         private readonly MemoryCache _sharedCache;
         private readonly MemoryCache _localCache;
         private readonly PageAlignedRangeList _pendingMap;
-        private readonly object _lock;
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         class ThreadLocalCacheEntry
         {
@@ -137,7 +138,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.Cache
             _sharedCache = new(allocator, SharedCacheSize);
             _localCache = new(allocator, LocalCacheSize);
             _pendingMap = new(_sharedCache.ReprotectAsRx, RegisterFunction);
-            _lock = new();
         }
 
         public unsafe nint Map(nint framePointer, ReadOnlySpan<byte> code, ulong guestAddress, ulong guestSize)

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/LightningJit/CodeGen/Arm64/StackWalker.cs

@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.CodeGen.Arm64
     {
         public IEnumerable<ulong> GetCallStack(nint framePointer, nint codeRegionStart, int codeRegionSize, nint codeRegion2Start, int codeRegion2Size)
         {
-            List<ulong> functionPointers = new();
-
             while (true)
             {
                 nint functionPointer = Marshal.ReadIntPtr(framePointer, nint.Size);
@@ -20,11 +18,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.LightningJit.CodeGen.Arm64
                     break;
                 }
 
-                functionPointers.Add((ulong)functionPointer - 4);
+                yield return (ulong)functionPointer - 4;
                 framePointer = Marshal.ReadIntPtr(framePointer);
             }
-
-            return functionPointers;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Ryujinx.Cpu.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Signal/NativeSignalHandler.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Signal
 {
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Signal
 
         private static MemoryBlock _codeBlock;
 
-        private static readonly object _lock = new();
+        private static readonly Lock _lock = new();
         private static bool _initialized;
 
         static NativeSignalHandler()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Device/Ryujinx.Graphics.Device.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ComputeSize.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public readonly struct ComputeSize
+    {
+        public readonly static ComputeSize VtgAsCompute = new ComputeSize(32, 32, 1);
+
+        public readonly int X;
+        public readonly int Y;
+        public readonly int Z;
+
+        public ComputeSize(int x, int y, int z)
+        {
+            X = x;
+            Y = y;
+            Z = z;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Format.cs

@@ -339,6 +339,84 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             return 1;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get bytes per element for this format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="format">Texture format</param>
+        /// <returns>Byte size for an element of this format (pixel, vertex attribute, etc)</returns>
+        public static int GetBytesPerElement(this Format format)
+        {
+            int scalarSize = format.GetScalarSize();
+
+            switch (format)
+            {
+                case Format.R8G8Unorm:
+                case Format.R8G8Snorm:
+                case Format.R8G8Uint:
+                case Format.R8G8Sint:
+                case Format.R8G8Uscaled:
+                case Format.R8G8Sscaled:
+                case Format.R16G16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16Unorm:
+                case Format.R16G16Snorm:
+                case Format.R16G16Uint:
+                case Format.R16G16Sint:
+                case Format.R16G16Uscaled:
+                case Format.R16G16Sscaled:
+                case Format.R32G32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32Uint:
+                case Format.R32G32Sint:
+                case Format.R32G32Uscaled:
+                case Format.R32G32Sscaled:
+                    return 2 * scalarSize;
+
+                case Format.R8G8B8Unorm:
+                case Format.R8G8B8Snorm:
+                case Format.R8G8B8Uint:
+                case Format.R8G8B8Sint:
+                case Format.R8G8B8Uscaled:
+                case Format.R8G8B8Sscaled:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Unorm:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Snorm:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Uint:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Sint:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Uscaled:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Sscaled:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Uint:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Sint:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Uscaled:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Sscaled:
+                    return 3 * scalarSize;
+
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm:
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Snorm:
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Uint:
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Sint:
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Uscaled:
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Sscaled:
+                case Format.B8G8R8A8Unorm:
+                case Format.B8G8R8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Unorm:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Snorm:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Uint:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Sint:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Uscaled:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Sscaled:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Uint:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Sint:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Uscaled:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Sscaled:
+                    return 4 * scalarSize;
+            }
+
+            return scalarSize;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks if the texture format is a depth or depth-stencil format.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         public uint ProgramCount { get; set; } = 0;
 
         private Action _interruptAction;
-        private readonly object _interruptLock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _interruptLock = new();
 
         public event EventHandler<ScreenCaptureImageInfo> ScreenCaptured;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ShaderInfo.cs

@@ -4,23 +4,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     {
         public int FragmentOutputMap { get; }
         public ResourceLayout ResourceLayout { get; }
+        public ComputeSize ComputeLocalSize { get; }
         public ProgramPipelineState? State { get; }
         public bool FromCache { get; set; }
 
-        public ShaderInfo(int fragmentOutputMap, ResourceLayout resourceLayout, ProgramPipelineState state, bool fromCache = false)
+        public ShaderInfo(
+            int fragmentOutputMap,
+            ResourceLayout resourceLayout,
+            ComputeSize computeLocalSize,
+            ProgramPipelineState? state,
+            bool fromCache = false)
         {
             FragmentOutputMap = fragmentOutputMap;
             ResourceLayout = resourceLayout;
+            ComputeLocalSize = computeLocalSize;
             State = state;
             FromCache = fromCache;
         }
-
-        public ShaderInfo(int fragmentOutputMap, ResourceLayout resourceLayout, bool fromCache = false)
-        {
-            FragmentOutputMap = fragmentOutputMap;
-            ResourceLayout = resourceLayout;
-            State = null;
-            FromCache = fromCache;
-        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeContext.cs

@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
     /// </summary>
     class VtgAsComputeContext : IDisposable
     {
-        private const int DummyBufferSize = 16;
-
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                         1,
                         1,
                         1,
-                        1,
+                        format.GetBytesPerElement(),
                         format,
                         DepthStencilMode.Depth,
                         Target.TextureBuffer,
@@ -521,21 +519,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             return new BufferRange(_geometryIndexDataBuffer.Handle, offset, size, write);
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Gets the range for a dummy 16 bytes buffer, filled with zeros.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>Dummy buffer range</returns>
-        public BufferRange GetDummyBufferRange()
-        {
-            if (_dummyBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
-            {
-                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize, 0);
-            }
-
-            return new BufferRange(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize);
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the range for a sequential index buffer, with ever incrementing index values.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeState.cs

@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                 {
                     _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexStride(index, 0, componentsCount);
                     _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexOffset(index, 0, 0);
-                    SetDummyBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, index, format);
                     continue;
                 }
 
@@ -163,15 +162,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                 {
                     _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexStride(index, 0, componentsCount);
                     _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexOffset(index, 0, 0);
-                    SetDummyBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, index, format);
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 int vbStride = vertexBuffer.UnpackStride();
                 ulong vbSize = GetVertexBufferSize(address, endAddress.Pack(), vbStride, _indexed, instanced, _firstVertex, _count);
 
-                ulong oldVbSize = vbSize;
-
                 ulong attributeOffset = (ulong)vertexAttrib.UnpackOffset();
                 int componentSize = format.GetScalarSize();
 
@@ -345,20 +341,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             return maxOutputVertices / verticesPerPrimitive;
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Binds a dummy buffer as vertex buffer into a buffer texture.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
-        /// <param name="index">Buffer texture index</param>
-        /// <param name="format">Buffer texture format</param>
-        private readonly void SetDummyBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, int index, Format format)
-        {
-            ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(index + 2, format);
-            bufferTexture.SetStorage(_vacContext.GetDummyBufferRange());
-
-            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(index), bufferTexture, null);
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Binds a vertex buffer into a buffer texture.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCache.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
@@ -998,7 +999,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     {
                         bool dataOverlaps = texture.DataOverlaps(overlap, compatibility);
 
-                        if (!overlap.IsView && dataOverlaps && !incompatibleOverlaps.Exists(incompatible => incompatible.Group == overlap.Group))
+                        if (!overlap.IsView && dataOverlaps && !incompatibleOverlaps.Any(incompatible => incompatible.Group == overlap.Group))
                         {
                             incompatibleOverlaps.Add(new TextureIncompatibleOverlap(overlap.Group, compatibility));
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
@@ -1555,7 +1556,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="copy">True if the overlap should register copy dependencies</param>
         public void RegisterIncompatibleOverlap(TextureIncompatibleOverlap other, bool copy)
         {
-            if (!_incompatibleOverlaps.Exists(overlap => overlap.Group == other.Group))
+            if (!_incompatibleOverlaps.Any(overlap => overlap.Group == other.Group))
             {
                 if (copy && other.Compatibility == TextureViewCompatibility.LayoutIncompatible)
                 {
@@ -1701,3 +1702,4 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         }
     }
 }
+

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TexturePool.cs

@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="format">The format of the texture</param>
         /// <param name="components">The texture swizzle components</param>
         /// <returns>The depth-stencil mode</returns>
-        private static DepthStencilMode GetDepthStencilMode(Format format, params SwizzleComponent[] components)
+        private static DepthStencilMode GetDepthStencilMode(Format format, params ReadOnlySpan<SwizzleComponent> components)
         {
             // R = Depth, G = Stencil.
             // On 24-bits depth formats, this is inverted (Stencil is R etc).

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferModifiedRangeList.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common.Pools;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private BufferMigration _source;
         private BufferModifiedRangeList _migrationTarget;
 
-        private readonly object _lock = new();
+        private readonly Lock _lock = new();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Whether the modified range list has any entries or not.
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     if (_source == null)
                     {
-                        // Create a new migration. 
+                        // Create a new migration.
                         _source = new BufferMigration(new BufferMigrationSpan[] { span }, this, _context.SyncNumber);
 
                         _context.RegisterBufferMigration(_source);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -324,6 +324,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
 
                 bool loadHostCache = header.CodeGenVersion == CodeGenVersion;
 
+                if (context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Metal)
+                {
+                    loadHostCache = false;
+                }
+
                 int programIndex = 0;
 
                 DataEntry entry = new();
@@ -392,7 +397,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                                 context,
                                 shaders,
                                 specState.PipelineState,
-                                specState.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null);
+                                specState.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null,
+                                specState.ComputeState.GetLocalSize());
 
                             IProgram hostProgram;
 
@@ -629,7 +635,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 return;
             }
 
-            WriteHostCode(context, hostCode, program.Shaders, streams, timestamp);
+            if (context.Capabilities.Api != TargetApi.Metal)
+            {
+                WriteHostCode(context, hostCode, program.Shaders, streams, timestamp);
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/ParallelDiskCacheLoader.cs

@@ -490,7 +490,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             {
                 ShaderSource[] shaderSources = new ShaderSource[compilation.TranslatedStages.Length];
 
-                ShaderInfoBuilder shaderInfoBuilder = new(_context, compilation.SpecializationState.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null);
+                ref GpuChannelComputeState computeState = ref compilation.SpecializationState.ComputeState;
+
+                ShaderInfoBuilder shaderInfoBuilder = new(
+                    _context,
+                    compilation.SpecializationState.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null,
+                    computeLocalSize: computeState.GetLocalSize());
 
                 for (int index = 0; index < compilation.TranslatedStages.Length; index++)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly GpuAccessorState _state;
         private readonly int _stageIndex;
         private readonly bool _compute;
-        private readonly bool _isVulkan;
+        private readonly bool _isOpenGL;
         private readonly bool _hasGeometryShader;
         private readonly bool _supportsQuads;
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _channel = channel;
             _state = state;
             _stageIndex = stageIndex;
-            _isVulkan = context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan;
+            _isOpenGL = context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.OpenGL;
             _hasGeometryShader = hasGeometryShader;
             _supportsQuads = context.Capabilities.SupportsQuads;
 
@@ -116,10 +116,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public GpuGraphicsState QueryGraphicsState()
         {
             return _state.GraphicsState.CreateShaderGraphicsState(
-                !_isVulkan,
+                _isOpenGL,
                 _supportsQuads,
                 _hasGeometryShader,
-                _isVulkan || _state.GraphicsState.YNegateEnabled);
+                !_isOpenGL || _state.GraphicsState.YNegateEnabled);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             int binding;
 
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api != TargetApi.OpenGL)
             {
                 binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage, "Uniform buffer");
             }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             int binding;
 
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api != TargetApi.OpenGL)
             {
                 if (count == 1)
                 {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             int binding;
 
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api != TargetApi.OpenGL)
             {
                 binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage, "Storage buffer");
             }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             int binding;
 
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api != TargetApi.OpenGL)
             {
                 if (count == 1)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuChannelComputeState.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 {
     /// <summary>
@@ -61,5 +63,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             SharedMemorySize = sharedMemorySize;
             HasUnalignedStorageBuffer = hasUnalignedStorageBuffer;
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the local group size of the shader in a GAL compatible struct.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Local group size</returns>
+        public ComputeSize GetLocalSize()
+        {
+            return new ComputeSize(LocalSizeX, LocalSizeY, LocalSizeZ);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -224,7 +224,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             TranslatedShader translatedShader = TranslateShader(_dumper, channel, translatorContext, cachedGuestCode, asCompute: false);
 
             ShaderSource[] shaderSourcesArray = new ShaderSource[] { CreateShaderSource(translatedShader.Program) };
-            ShaderInfo info = ShaderInfoBuilder.BuildForCompute(_context, translatedShader.Program.Info);
+            ShaderInfo info = ShaderInfoBuilder.BuildForCompute(
+                _context,
+                translatedShader.Program.Info,
+                computeState.GetLocalSize());
             IProgram hostProgram = _context.Renderer.CreateProgram(shaderSourcesArray, info);
 
             cpShader = new CachedShaderProgram(hostProgram, specState, translatedShader.Shader);
@@ -425,7 +428,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                             TranslatorContext lastInVertexPipeline = geometryToCompute ? translatorContexts[4] ?? currentStage : currentStage;
 
-                            program = lastInVertexPipeline.GenerateVertexPassthroughForCompute();
+                            (program, ShaderProgramInfo vacInfo) = lastInVertexPipeline.GenerateVertexPassthroughForCompute();
+                            infoBuilder.AddStageInfoVac(vacInfo);
                         }
                         else
                         {
@@ -530,7 +534,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private ShaderAsCompute CreateHostVertexAsComputeProgram(ShaderProgram program, TranslatorContext context, bool tfEnabled)
         {
             ShaderSource source = new(program.Code, program.BinaryCode, ShaderStage.Compute, program.Language);
-            ShaderInfo info = ShaderInfoBuilder.BuildForVertexAsCompute(_context, program.Info, tfEnabled);
+            ShaderInfo info = ShaderInfoBuilder.BuildForVertexAsCompute(_context, program.Info, context.GetVertexAsComputeInfo(), tfEnabled);
 
             return new(_context.Renderer.CreateProgram(new[] { source }, info), program.Info, context.GetResourceReservations());
         }
@@ -822,16 +826,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates shader translation options with the requested graphics API and flags.
-        /// The shader language is choosen based on the current configuration and graphics API.
+        /// The shader language is chosen based on the current configuration and graphics API.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="api">Target graphics API</param>
         /// <param name="flags">Translation flags</param>
         /// <returns>Translation options</returns>
         private static TranslationOptions CreateTranslationOptions(TargetApi api, TranslationFlags flags)
         {
-            TargetLanguage lang = GraphicsConfig.EnableSpirvCompilationOnVulkan && api == TargetApi.Vulkan
-                ? TargetLanguage.Spirv
-                : TargetLanguage.Glsl;
+            TargetLanguage lang = api switch
+            {
+                TargetApi.OpenGL => TargetLanguage.Glsl,
+                TargetApi.Vulkan => GraphicsConfig.EnableSpirvCompilationOnVulkan ? TargetLanguage.Spirv : TargetLanguage.Glsl,
+                TargetApi.Metal => TargetLanguage.Msl,
+            };
 
             return new TranslationOptions(lang, api, flags);
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ResourceStages.Geometry;
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly ComputeSize _computeLocalSize;
 
         private int _fragmentOutputMap;
 
@@ -39,9 +40,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="context">GPU context that owns the shaders that will be added to the builder</param>
         /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
         /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">Indicates that the vertex shader will be emulated on a compute shader</param>
-        public ShaderInfoBuilder(GpuContext context, bool tfEnabled, bool vertexAsCompute = false)
+        /// <param name="computeLocalSize">Indicates the local thread size for a compute shader</param>
+        public ShaderInfoBuilder(GpuContext context, bool tfEnabled, bool vertexAsCompute = false, ComputeSize computeLocalSize = default)
         {
             _context = context;
+            _computeLocalSize = computeLocalSize;
 
             _fragmentOutputMap = -1;
 
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private void PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(ResourceStages stages, ResourceType type, int setIndex, int start, int count, bool write = false)
         {
             AddDescriptor(stages, type, setIndex, start, count);
-            AddUsage(stages, type, setIndex, start, count, write);
+            // AddUsage(stages, type, setIndex, start, count, write);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -159,6 +162,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddUsage(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
         }
 
+        public void AddStageInfoVac(ShaderProgramInfo info)
+        {
+            ResourceStages stages = info.Stage switch
+            {
+                ShaderStage.Compute => ResourceStages.Compute,
+                ShaderStage.Vertex => ResourceStages.Vertex,
+                ShaderStage.TessellationControl => ResourceStages.TessellationControl,
+                ShaderStage.TessellationEvaluation => ResourceStages.TessellationEvaluation,
+                ShaderStage.Geometry => ResourceStages.Geometry,
+                ShaderStage.Fragment => ResourceStages.Fragment,
+                _ => ResourceStages.None,
+            };
+
+            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, isStorage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, isStorage: true);
+            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Adds a resource descriptor to the list of descriptors.
         /// </summary>
@@ -361,14 +383,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             ResourceLayout resourceLayout = new(descriptors.AsReadOnly(), usages.AsReadOnly());
 
-            if (pipeline.HasValue)
-            {
-                return new ShaderInfo(_fragmentOutputMap, resourceLayout, pipeline.Value, fromCache);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                return new ShaderInfo(_fragmentOutputMap, resourceLayout, fromCache);
-            }
+            return new ShaderInfo(_fragmentOutputMap, resourceLayout, _computeLocalSize, pipeline, fromCache);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -378,14 +393,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="programs">Shaders from the disk cache</param>
         /// <param name="pipeline">Optional pipeline for background compilation</param>
         /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
+        /// <param name="computeLocalSize">Compute local thread size</param>
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
         public static ShaderInfo BuildForCache(
             GpuContext context,
             IEnumerable<CachedShaderStage> programs,
             ProgramPipelineState? pipeline,
-            bool tfEnabled)
+            bool tfEnabled,
+            ComputeSize computeLocalSize)
         {
-            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled);
+            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled, computeLocalSize: computeLocalSize);
 
             foreach (CachedShaderStage program in programs)
             {
@@ -403,11 +420,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">GPU context that owns the shader</param>
         /// <param name="info">Compute shader information</param>
+        /// <param name="computeLocalSize">Compute local thread size</param>
         /// <param name="fromCache">True if the compute shader comes from a disk cache, false otherwise</param>
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
-        public static ShaderInfo BuildForCompute(GpuContext context, ShaderProgramInfo info, bool fromCache = false)
+        public static ShaderInfo BuildForCompute(GpuContext context, ShaderProgramInfo info, ComputeSize computeLocalSize, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
+            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false, computeLocalSize: computeLocalSize);
 
             builder.AddStageInfo(info);
 
@@ -422,10 +440,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
         /// <param name="fromCache">True if the compute shader comes from a disk cache, false otherwise</param>
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
-        public static ShaderInfo BuildForVertexAsCompute(GpuContext context, ShaderProgramInfo info, bool tfEnabled, bool fromCache = false)
+        public static ShaderInfo BuildForVertexAsCompute(GpuContext context, ShaderProgramInfo info, ShaderProgramInfo info2, bool tfEnabled, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute: true);
+            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute: true, computeLocalSize: ComputeSize.VtgAsCompute);
 
+            builder.AddStageInfoVac(info2);
             builder.AddStageInfo(info, vertexAsCompute: true);
 
             return builder.Build(null, fromCache);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Host1x/Ryujinx.Graphics.Host1x.csproj

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
-    <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
     <DefaultItemExcludes>$(DefaultItemExcludes);._*</DefaultItemExcludes>
   </PropertyGroup>
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/Auto.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    interface IAuto
+    {
+        bool HasCommandBufferDependency(CommandBufferScoped cbs);
+
+        void IncrementReferenceCount();
+        void DecrementReferenceCount(int cbIndex);
+        void DecrementReferenceCount();
+    }
+
+    interface IAutoPrivate : IAuto
+    {
+        void AddCommandBufferDependencies(CommandBufferScoped cbs);
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class Auto<T> : IAutoPrivate, IDisposable where T : IDisposable
+    {
+        private int _referenceCount;
+        private T _value;
+
+        private readonly BitMap _cbOwnership;
+        private readonly MultiFenceHolder _waitable;
+
+        private bool _disposed;
+        private bool _destroyed;
+
+        public Auto(T value)
+        {
+            _referenceCount = 1;
+            _value = value;
+            _cbOwnership = new BitMap(CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers);
+        }
+
+        public Auto(T value, MultiFenceHolder waitable) : this(value)
+        {
+            _waitable = waitable;
+        }
+
+        public T Get(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int offset, int size, bool write = false)
+        {
+            _waitable?.AddBufferUse(cbs.CommandBufferIndex, offset, size, write);
+            return Get(cbs);
+        }
+
+        public T GetUnsafe()
+        {
+            return _value;
+        }
+
+        public T Get(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
+        {
+            if (!_destroyed)
+            {
+                AddCommandBufferDependencies(cbs);
+            }
+
+            return _value;
+        }
+
+        public bool HasCommandBufferDependency(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
+        {
+            return _cbOwnership.IsSet(cbs.CommandBufferIndex);
+        }
+
+        public bool HasRentedCommandBufferDependency(CommandBufferPool cbp)
+        {
+            return _cbOwnership.AnySet();
+        }
+
+        public void AddCommandBufferDependencies(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
+        {
+            // We don't want to add a reference to this object to the command buffer
+            // more than once, so if we detect that the command buffer already has ownership
+            // of this object, then we can just return without doing anything else.
+            if (_cbOwnership.Set(cbs.CommandBufferIndex))
+            {
+                if (_waitable != null)
+                {
+                    cbs.AddWaitable(_waitable);
+                }
+
+                cbs.AddDependant(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool TryIncrementReferenceCount()
+        {
+            int lastValue;
+            do
+            {
+                lastValue = _referenceCount;
+
+                if (lastValue == 0)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _referenceCount, lastValue + 1, lastValue) != lastValue);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void IncrementReferenceCount()
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Increment(ref _referenceCount) == 1)
+            {
+                Interlocked.Decrement(ref _referenceCount);
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Attempted to increment the reference count of an object that was already destroyed.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void DecrementReferenceCount(int cbIndex)
+        {
+            _cbOwnership.Clear(cbIndex);
+            DecrementReferenceCount();
+        }
+
+        public void DecrementReferenceCount()
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref _referenceCount) == 0)
+            {
+                _value.Dispose();
+                _value = default;
+                _destroyed = true;
+            }
+
+            Debug.Assert(_referenceCount >= 0);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (!_disposed)
+            {
+                DecrementReferenceCount();
+                _disposed = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/BackgroundResources.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class BackgroundResource : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly MetalRenderer _renderer;
+
+        private CommandBufferPool _pool;
+        private PersistentFlushBuffer _flushBuffer;
+
+        public BackgroundResource(MetalRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        public CommandBufferPool GetPool()
+        {
+            if (_pool == null)
+            {
+                MTLCommandQueue queue = _renderer.BackgroundQueue;
+                _pool = new CommandBufferPool(queue, true);
+                _pool.Initialize(null); // TODO: Proper encoder factory for background render/compute
+            }
+
+            return _pool;
+        }
+
+        public PersistentFlushBuffer GetFlushBuffer()
+        {
+            _flushBuffer ??= new PersistentFlushBuffer(_renderer);
+
+            return _flushBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _pool?.Dispose();
+            _flushBuffer?.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class BackgroundResources : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly MetalRenderer _renderer;
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<Thread, BackgroundResource> _resources;
+
+        public BackgroundResources(MetalRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+
+            _resources = new Dictionary<Thread, BackgroundResource>();
+        }
+
+        private void Cleanup()
+        {
+            lock (_resources)
+            {
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<Thread, BackgroundResource> tuple in _resources)
+                {
+                    if (!tuple.Key.IsAlive)
+                    {
+                        tuple.Value.Dispose();
+                        _resources.Remove(tuple.Key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public BackgroundResource Get()
+        {
+            Thread thread = Thread.CurrentThread;
+
+            lock (_resources)
+            {
+                if (!_resources.TryGetValue(thread, out BackgroundResource resource))
+                {
+                    Cleanup();
+
+                    resource = new BackgroundResource(_renderer);
+
+                    _resources[thread] = resource;
+                }
+
+                return resource;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            lock (_resources)
+            {
+                foreach (var resource in _resources.Values)
+                {
+                    resource.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/BitMap.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    readonly struct BitMap
+    {
+        public const int IntSize = 64;
+
+        private const int IntShift = 6;
+        private const int IntMask = IntSize - 1;
+
+        private readonly long[] _masks;
+
+        public BitMap(int count)
+        {
+            _masks = new long[(count + IntMask) / IntSize];
+        }
+
+        public bool AnySet()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < _masks.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (_masks[i] != 0)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public bool IsSet(int bit)
+        {
+            int wordIndex = bit >> IntShift;
+            int wordBit = bit & IntMask;
+
+            long wordMask = 1L << wordBit;
+
+            return (_masks[wordIndex] & wordMask) != 0;
+        }
+
+        public bool IsSet(int start, int end)
+        {
+            if (start == end)
+            {
+                return IsSet(start);
+            }
+
+            int startIndex = start >> IntShift;
+            int startBit = start & IntMask;
+            long startMask = -1L << startBit;
+
+            int endIndex = end >> IntShift;
+            int endBit = end & IntMask;
+            long endMask = (long)(ulong.MaxValue >> (IntMask - endBit));
+
+            if (startIndex == endIndex)
+            {
+                return (_masks[startIndex] & startMask & endMask) != 0;
+            }
+
+            if ((_masks[startIndex] & startMask) != 0)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++)
+            {
+                if (_masks[i] != 0)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((_masks[endIndex] & endMask) != 0)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public bool Set(int bit)
+        {
+            int wordIndex = bit >> IntShift;
+            int wordBit = bit & IntMask;
+
+            long wordMask = 1L << wordBit;
+
+            if ((_masks[wordIndex] & wordMask) != 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            _masks[wordIndex] |= wordMask;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void SetRange(int start, int end)
+        {
+            if (start == end)
+            {
+                Set(start);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int startIndex = start >> IntShift;
+            int startBit = start & IntMask;
+            long startMask = -1L << startBit;
+
+            int endIndex = end >> IntShift;
+            int endBit = end & IntMask;
+            long endMask = (long)(ulong.MaxValue >> (IntMask - endBit));
+
+            if (startIndex == endIndex)
+            {
+                _masks[startIndex] |= startMask & endMask;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _masks[startIndex] |= startMask;
+
+                for (int i = startIndex + 1; i < endIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    _masks[i] |= -1;
+                }
+
+                _masks[endIndex] |= endMask;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Clear(int bit)
+        {
+            int wordIndex = bit >> IntShift;
+            int wordBit = bit & IntMask;
+
+            long wordMask = 1L << wordBit;
+
+            _masks[wordIndex] &= ~wordMask;
+        }
+
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < _masks.Length; i++)
+            {
+                _masks[i] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void ClearInt(int start, int end)
+        {
+            for (int i = start; i <= end; i++)
+            {
+                _masks[i] = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/BufferHolder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class BufferHolder : IDisposable
+    {
+        private CacheByRange<BufferHolder> _cachedConvertedBuffers;
+
+        public int Size { get; }
+
+        private readonly IntPtr _map;
+        private readonly MetalRenderer _renderer;
+        private readonly Pipeline _pipeline;
+
+        private readonly MultiFenceHolder _waitable;
+        private readonly Auto<DisposableBuffer> _buffer;
+
+        private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _flushLock;
+        private FenceHolder _flushFence;
+        private int _flushWaiting;
+
+        public BufferHolder(MetalRenderer renderer, Pipeline pipeline, MTLBuffer buffer, int size)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+            _pipeline = pipeline;
+            _map = buffer.Contents;
+            _waitable = new MultiFenceHolder(size);
+            _buffer = new Auto<DisposableBuffer>(new(buffer), _waitable);
+
+            _flushLock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
+
+            Size = size;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBuffer()
+        {
+            return _buffer;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBuffer(bool isWrite)
+        {
+            if (isWrite)
+            {
+                SignalWrite(0, Size);
+            }
+
+            return _buffer;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBuffer(int offset, int size, bool isWrite)
+        {
+            if (isWrite)
+            {
+                SignalWrite(offset, size);
+            }
+
+            return _buffer;
+        }
+
+        public void SignalWrite(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            if (offset == 0 && size == Size)
+            {
+                _cachedConvertedBuffers.Clear();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _cachedConvertedBuffers.ClearRange(offset, size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ClearFlushFence()
+        {
+            // Assumes _flushLock is held as writer.
+
+            if (_flushFence != null)
+            {
+                if (_flushWaiting == 0)
+                {
+                    _flushFence.Put();
+                }
+
+                _flushFence = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WaitForFlushFence()
+        {
+            if (_flushFence == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If storage has changed, make sure the fence has been reached so that the data is in place.
+            _flushLock.ExitReadLock();
+            _flushLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+            if (_flushFence != null)
+            {
+                var fence = _flushFence;
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _flushWaiting);
+
+                // Don't wait in the lock.
+
+                _flushLock.ExitWriteLock();
+
+                fence.Wait();
+
+                _flushLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+                if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref _flushWaiting) == 0)
+                {
+                    fence.Put();
+                }
+
+                _flushFence = null;
+            }
+
+            // Assumes the _flushLock is held as reader, returns in same state.
+            _flushLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            _flushLock.EnterReadLock();
+        }
+
+        public PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            _flushLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            WaitForFlushFence();
+
+            Span<byte> result;
+
+            if (_map != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                result = GetDataStorage(offset, size);
+
+                // Need to be careful here, the buffer can't be unmapped while the data is being used.
+                _buffer.IncrementReferenceCount();
+
+                _flushLock.ExitReadLock();
+
+                return PinnedSpan<byte>.UnsafeFromSpan(result, _buffer.DecrementReferenceCount);
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("The buffer is not mapped");
+        }
+
+        public unsafe Span<byte> GetDataStorage(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            int mappingSize = Math.Min(size, Size - offset);
+
+            if (_map != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                return new Span<byte>((void*)(_map + offset), mappingSize);
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("The buffer is not mapped.");
+        }
+
+        public unsafe void SetData(int offset, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, CommandBufferScoped? cbs = null, bool allowCbsWait = true)
+        {
+            int dataSize = Math.Min(data.Length, Size - offset);
+            if (dataSize == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (_map != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                // If persistently mapped, set the data directly if the buffer is not currently in use.
+                bool isRented = _buffer.HasRentedCommandBufferDependency(_renderer.CommandBufferPool);
+
+                // If the buffer is rented, take a little more time and check if the use overlaps this handle.
+                bool needsFlush = isRented && _waitable.IsBufferRangeInUse(offset, dataSize, false);
+
+                if (!needsFlush)
+                {
+                    WaitForFences(offset, dataSize);
+
+                    data[..dataSize].CopyTo(new Span<byte>((void*)(_map + offset), dataSize));
+
+                    SignalWrite(offset, dataSize);
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cbs != null &&
+                cbs.Value.Encoders.CurrentEncoderType == EncoderType.Render &&
+                !(_buffer.HasCommandBufferDependency(cbs.Value) &&
+                  _waitable.IsBufferRangeInUse(cbs.Value.CommandBufferIndex, offset, dataSize)))
+            {
+                // If the buffer hasn't been used on the command buffer yet, try to preload the data.
+                // This avoids ending and beginning render passes on each buffer data upload.
+
+                cbs = _pipeline.GetPreloadCommandBuffer();
+            }
+
+            if (allowCbsWait)
+            {
+                _renderer.BufferManager.StagingBuffer.PushData(_renderer.CommandBufferPool, cbs, this, offset, data);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                bool rentCbs = cbs == null;
+                if (rentCbs)
+                {
+                    cbs = _renderer.CommandBufferPool.Rent();
+                }
+
+                if (!_renderer.BufferManager.StagingBuffer.TryPushData(cbs.Value, this, offset, data))
+                {
+                    // Need to do a slow upload.
+                    BufferHolder srcHolder = _renderer.BufferManager.Create(dataSize);
+                    srcHolder.SetDataUnchecked(0, data);
+
+                    var srcBuffer = srcHolder.GetBuffer();
+                    var dstBuffer = this.GetBuffer(true);
+
+                    Copy(cbs.Value, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 0, offset, dataSize);
+
+                    srcHolder.Dispose();
+                }
+
+                if (rentCbs)
+                {
+                    cbs.Value.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public unsafe void SetDataUnchecked(int offset, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+        {
+            int dataSize = Math.Min(data.Length, Size - offset);
+            if (dataSize == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (_map != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                data[..dataSize].CopyTo(new Span<byte>((void*)(_map + offset), dataSize));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SetDataUnchecked<T>(int offset, ReadOnlySpan<T> data) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            SetDataUnchecked(offset, MemoryMarshal.AsBytes(data));
+        }
+
+        public static void Copy(
+            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
+            Auto<DisposableBuffer> src,
+            Auto<DisposableBuffer> dst,
+            int srcOffset,
+            int dstOffset,
+            int size,
+            bool registerSrcUsage = true)
+        {
+            var srcBuffer = registerSrcUsage ? src.Get(cbs, srcOffset, size).Value : src.GetUnsafe().Value;
+            var dstbuffer = dst.Get(cbs, dstOffset, size, true).Value;
+
+            cbs.Encoders.EnsureBlitEncoder().CopyFromBuffer(
+                srcBuffer,
+                (ulong)srcOffset,
+                dstbuffer,
+                (ulong)dstOffset,
+                (ulong)size);
+        }
+
+        public void WaitForFences()
+        {
+            _waitable.WaitForFences();
+        }
+
+        public void WaitForFences(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            _waitable.WaitForFences(offset, size);
+        }
+
+        private bool BoundToRange(int offset, ref int size)
+        {
+            if (offset >= Size)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            size = Math.Min(Size - offset, size);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBufferI8ToI16(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int offset, int size)
+        {
+            if (!BoundToRange(offset, ref size))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var key = new I8ToI16CacheKey(_renderer);
+
+            if (!_cachedConvertedBuffers.TryGetValue(offset, size, key, out var holder))
+            {
+                holder = _renderer.BufferManager.Create((size * 2 + 3) & ~3);
+
+                _renderer.HelperShader.ConvertI8ToI16(cbs, this, holder, offset, size);
+
+                key.SetBuffer(holder.GetBuffer());
+
+                _cachedConvertedBuffers.Add(offset, size, key, holder);
+            }
+
+            return holder.GetBuffer();
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBufferTopologyConversion(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int offset, int size, IndexBufferPattern pattern, int indexSize)
+        {
+            if (!BoundToRange(offset, ref size))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var key = new TopologyConversionCacheKey(_renderer, pattern, indexSize);
+
+            if (!_cachedConvertedBuffers.TryGetValue(offset, size, key, out var holder))
+            {
+                // The destination index size is always I32.
+
+                int indexCount = size / indexSize;
+
+                int convertedCount = pattern.GetConvertedCount(indexCount);
+
+                holder = _renderer.BufferManager.Create(convertedCount * 4);
+
+                _renderer.HelperShader.ConvertIndexBuffer(cbs, this, holder, pattern, indexSize, offset, indexCount);
+
+                key.SetBuffer(holder.GetBuffer());
+
+                _cachedConvertedBuffers.Add(offset, size, key, holder);
+            }
+
+            return holder.GetBuffer();
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetCachedConvertedBuffer(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key, out BufferHolder holder)
+        {
+            return _cachedConvertedBuffers.TryGetValue(offset, size, key, out holder);
+        }
+
+        public void AddCachedConvertedBuffer(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key, BufferHolder holder)
+        {
+            _cachedConvertedBuffers.Add(offset, size, key, holder);
+        }
+
+        public void AddCachedConvertedBufferDependency(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key, Dependency dependency)
+        {
+            _cachedConvertedBuffers.AddDependency(offset, size, key, dependency);
+        }
+
+        public void RemoveCachedConvertedBuffer(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key)
+        {
+            _cachedConvertedBuffers.Remove(offset, size, key);
+        }
+
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _pipeline.FlushCommandsIfWeightExceeding(_buffer, (ulong)Size);
+
+            _buffer.Dispose();
+            _cachedConvertedBuffers.Dispose();
+
+            _flushLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+            ClearFlushFence();
+
+            _flushLock.ExitWriteLock();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/BufferManager.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    readonly struct ScopedTemporaryBuffer : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly BufferManager _bufferManager;
+        private readonly bool _isReserved;
+
+        public readonly BufferRange Range;
+        public readonly BufferHolder Holder;
+
+        public BufferHandle Handle => Range.Handle;
+        public int Offset => Range.Offset;
+
+        public ScopedTemporaryBuffer(BufferManager bufferManager, BufferHolder holder, BufferHandle handle, int offset, int size, bool isReserved)
+        {
+            _bufferManager = bufferManager;
+
+            Range = new BufferRange(handle, offset, size);
+            Holder = holder;
+
+            _isReserved = isReserved;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (!_isReserved)
+            {
+                _bufferManager.Delete(Range.Handle);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class BufferManager : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly IdList<BufferHolder> _buffers;
+
+        private readonly MTLDevice _device;
+        private readonly MetalRenderer _renderer;
+        private readonly Pipeline _pipeline;
+
+        public int BufferCount { get; private set; }
+
+        public StagingBuffer StagingBuffer { get; }
+
+        public BufferManager(MTLDevice device, MetalRenderer renderer, Pipeline pipeline)
+        {
+            _device = device;
+            _renderer = renderer;
+            _pipeline = pipeline;
+            _buffers = new IdList<BufferHolder>();
+
+            StagingBuffer = new StagingBuffer(_renderer, this);
+        }
+
+        public BufferHandle Create(nint pointer, int size)
+        {
+            // TODO: This is the wrong Metal method, we need no-copy which SharpMetal isn't giving us.
+            var buffer = _device.NewBuffer(pointer, (ulong)size, MTLResourceOptions.ResourceStorageModeShared);
+
+            if (buffer == IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                Logger.Error?.PrintMsg(LogClass.Gpu, $"Failed to create buffer with size 0x{size:X}, and pointer 0x{pointer:X}.");
+
+                return BufferHandle.Null;
+            }
+
+            var holder = new BufferHolder(_renderer, _pipeline, buffer, size);
+
+            BufferCount++;
+
+            ulong handle64 = (uint)_buffers.Add(holder);
+
+            return Unsafe.As<ulong, BufferHandle>(ref handle64);
+        }
+
+        public BufferHandle CreateWithHandle(int size)
+        {
+            return CreateWithHandle(size, out _);
+        }
+
+        public BufferHandle CreateWithHandle(int size, out BufferHolder holder)
+        {
+            holder = Create(size);
+
+            if (holder == null)
+            {
+                return BufferHandle.Null;
+            }
+
+            BufferCount++;
+
+            ulong handle64 = (uint)_buffers.Add(holder);
+
+            return Unsafe.As<ulong, BufferHandle>(ref handle64);
+        }
+
+        public ScopedTemporaryBuffer ReserveOrCreate(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int size)
+        {
+            StagingBufferReserved? result = StagingBuffer.TryReserveData(cbs, size);
+
+            if (result.HasValue)
+            {
+                return new ScopedTemporaryBuffer(this, result.Value.Buffer, StagingBuffer.Handle, result.Value.Offset, result.Value.Size, true);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Create a temporary buffer.
+                BufferHandle handle = CreateWithHandle(size, out BufferHolder holder);
+
+                return new ScopedTemporaryBuffer(this, holder, handle, 0, size, false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public BufferHolder Create(int size)
+        {
+            var buffer = _device.NewBuffer((ulong)size, MTLResourceOptions.ResourceStorageModeShared);
+
+            if (buffer != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                return new BufferHolder(_renderer, _pipeline, buffer, size);
+            }
+
+            Logger.Error?.PrintMsg(LogClass.Gpu, $"Failed to create buffer with size 0x{size:X}.");
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBuffer(BufferHandle handle, bool isWrite, out int size)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                size = holder.Size;
+                return holder.GetBuffer(isWrite);
+            }
+
+            size = 0;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBuffer(BufferHandle handle, int offset, int size, bool isWrite)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                return holder.GetBuffer(offset, size, isWrite);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBuffer(BufferHandle handle, bool isWrite)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                return holder.GetBuffer(isWrite);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBufferI8ToI16(CommandBufferScoped cbs, BufferHandle handle, int offset, int size)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                return holder.GetBufferI8ToI16(cbs, offset, size);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> GetBufferTopologyConversion(CommandBufferScoped cbs, BufferHandle handle, int offset, int size, IndexBufferPattern pattern, int indexSize)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                return holder.GetBufferTopologyConversion(cbs, offset, size, pattern, indexSize);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(BufferHandle handle, int offset, int size)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                return holder.GetData(offset, size);
+            }
+
+            return new PinnedSpan<byte>();
+        }
+
+        public void SetData<T>(BufferHandle handle, int offset, ReadOnlySpan<T> data) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            SetData(handle, offset, MemoryMarshal.Cast<T, byte>(data), null);
+        }
+
+        public void SetData(BufferHandle handle, int offset, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, CommandBufferScoped? cbs)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                holder.SetData(offset, data, cbs);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Delete(BufferHandle handle)
+        {
+            if (TryGetBuffer(handle, out var holder))
+            {
+                holder.Dispose();
+                _buffers.Remove((int)Unsafe.As<BufferHandle, ulong>(ref handle));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool TryGetBuffer(BufferHandle handle, out BufferHolder holder)
+        {
+            return _buffers.TryGetValue((int)Unsafe.As<BufferHandle, ulong>(ref handle), out holder);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            StagingBuffer.Dispose();
+
+            foreach (var buffer in _buffers)
+            {
+                buffer.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/BufferUsageBitmap.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    internal class BufferUsageBitmap
+    {
+        private readonly BitMap _bitmap;
+        private readonly int _size;
+        private readonly int _granularity;
+        private readonly int _bits;
+        private readonly int _writeBitOffset;
+
+        private readonly int _intsPerCb;
+        private readonly int _bitsPerCb;
+
+        public BufferUsageBitmap(int size, int granularity)
+        {
+            _size = size;
+            _granularity = granularity;
+
+            // There are two sets of bits - one for read tracking, and the other for write.
+            int bits = (size + (granularity - 1)) / granularity;
+            _writeBitOffset = bits;
+            _bits = bits << 1;
+
+            _intsPerCb = (_bits + (BitMap.IntSize - 1)) / BitMap.IntSize;
+            _bitsPerCb = _intsPerCb * BitMap.IntSize;
+
+            _bitmap = new BitMap(_bitsPerCb * CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers);
+        }
+
+        public void Add(int cbIndex, int offset, int size, bool write)
+        {
+            if (size == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Some usages can be out of bounds (vertex buffer on amd), so bound if necessary.
+            if (offset + size > _size)
+            {
+                size = _size - offset;
+            }
+
+            int cbBase = cbIndex * _bitsPerCb + (write ? _writeBitOffset : 0);
+            int start = cbBase + offset / _granularity;
+            int end = cbBase + (offset + size - 1) / _granularity;
+
+            _bitmap.SetRange(start, end);
+        }
+
+        public bool OverlapsWith(int cbIndex, int offset, int size, bool write = false)
+        {
+            if (size == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            int cbBase = cbIndex * _bitsPerCb + (write ? _writeBitOffset : 0);
+            int start = cbBase + offset / _granularity;
+            int end = cbBase + (offset + size - 1) / _granularity;
+
+            return _bitmap.IsSet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        public bool OverlapsWith(int offset, int size, bool write)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers; i++)
+            {
+                if (OverlapsWith(i, offset, size, write))
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public void Clear(int cbIndex)
+        {
+            _bitmap.ClearInt(cbIndex * _intsPerCb, (cbIndex + 1) * _intsPerCb - 1);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/CacheByRange.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    interface ICacheKey : IDisposable
+    {
+        bool KeyEqual(ICacheKey other);
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    struct I8ToI16CacheKey : ICacheKey
+    {
+        // Used to notify the pipeline that bindings have invalidated on dispose.
+        // private readonly MetalRenderer _renderer;
+        // private Auto<DisposableBuffer> _buffer;
+
+        public I8ToI16CacheKey(MetalRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            // _renderer = renderer;
+            // _buffer = null;
+        }
+
+        public readonly bool KeyEqual(ICacheKey other)
+        {
+            return other is I8ToI16CacheKey;
+        }
+
+        public readonly void SetBuffer(Auto<DisposableBuffer> buffer)
+        {
+            // _buffer = buffer;
+        }
+
+        public readonly void Dispose()
+        {
+            // TODO: Tell pipeline buffer is dirty!
+            // _renderer.PipelineInternal.DirtyIndexBuffer(_buffer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    readonly struct TopologyConversionCacheKey : ICacheKey
+    {
+        private readonly IndexBufferPattern _pattern;
+        private readonly int _indexSize;
+
+        // Used to notify the pipeline that bindings have invalidated on dispose.
+        // private readonly MetalRenderer _renderer;
+        // private Auto<DisposableBuffer> _buffer;
+
+        public TopologyConversionCacheKey(MetalRenderer renderer, IndexBufferPattern pattern, int indexSize)
+        {
+            // _renderer = renderer;
+            // _buffer = null;
+            _pattern = pattern;
+            _indexSize = indexSize;
+        }
+
+        public readonly bool KeyEqual(ICacheKey other)
+        {
+            return other is TopologyConversionCacheKey entry &&
+                   entry._pattern == _pattern &&
+                   entry._indexSize == _indexSize;
+        }
+
+        public void SetBuffer(Auto<DisposableBuffer> buffer)
+        {
+            // _buffer = buffer;
+        }
+
+        public readonly void Dispose()
+        {
+            // TODO: Tell pipeline buffer is dirty!
+            // _renderer.PipelineInternal.DirtyVertexBuffer(_buffer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    readonly struct Dependency
+    {
+        private readonly BufferHolder _buffer;
+        private readonly int _offset;
+        private readonly int _size;
+        private readonly ICacheKey _key;
+
+        public Dependency(BufferHolder buffer, int offset, int size, ICacheKey key)
+        {
+            _buffer = buffer;
+            _offset = offset;
+            _size = size;
+            _key = key;
+        }
+
+        public void RemoveFromOwner()
+        {
+            _buffer.RemoveCachedConvertedBuffer(_offset, _size, _key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    struct CacheByRange<T> where T : IDisposable
+    {
+        private struct Entry
+        {
+            public readonly ICacheKey Key;
+            public readonly T Value;
+            public List<Dependency> DependencyList;
+
+            public Entry(ICacheKey key, T value)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                Value = value;
+                DependencyList = null;
+            }
+
+            public readonly void InvalidateDependencies()
+            {
+                if (DependencyList != null)
+                {
+                    foreach (Dependency dependency in DependencyList)
+                    {
+                        dependency.RemoveFromOwner();
+                    }
+
+                    DependencyList.Clear();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Dictionary<ulong, List<Entry>> _ranges;
+
+        public void Add(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key, T value)
+        {
+            List<Entry> entries = GetEntries(offset, size);
+
+            entries.Add(new Entry(key, value));
+        }
+
+        public void AddDependency(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key, Dependency dependency)
+        {
+            List<Entry> entries = GetEntries(offset, size);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < entries.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Entry entry = entries[i];
+
+                if (entry.Key.KeyEqual(key))
+                {
+                    if (entry.DependencyList == null)
+                    {
+                        entry.DependencyList = new List<Dependency>();
+                        entries[i] = entry;
+                    }
+
+                    entry.DependencyList.Add(dependency);
+
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key)
+        {
+            List<Entry> entries = GetEntries(offset, size);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < entries.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Entry entry = entries[i];
+
+                if (entry.Key.KeyEqual(key))
+                {
+                    entries.RemoveAt(i--);
+
+                    DestroyEntry(entry);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entries.Count == 0)
+            {
+                _ranges.Remove(PackRange(offset, size));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetValue(int offset, int size, ICacheKey key, out T value)
+        {
+            List<Entry> entries = GetEntries(offset, size);
+
+            foreach (Entry entry in entries)
+            {
+                if (entry.Key.KeyEqual(key))
+                {
+                    value = entry.Value;
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            value = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            if (_ranges != null)
+            {
+                foreach (List<Entry> entries in _ranges.Values)
+                {
+                    foreach (Entry entry in entries)
+                    {
+                        DestroyEntry(entry);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                _ranges.Clear();
+                _ranges = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public readonly void ClearRange(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            if (_ranges != null && _ranges.Count > 0)
+            {
+                int end = offset + size;
+
+                List<ulong> toRemove = null;
+
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<ulong, List<Entry>> range in _ranges)
+                {
+                    (int rOffset, int rSize) = UnpackRange(range.Key);
+
+                    int rEnd = rOffset + rSize;
+
+                    if (rEnd > offset && rOffset < end)
+                    {
+                        List<Entry> entries = range.Value;
+
+                        foreach (Entry entry in entries)
+                        {
+                            DestroyEntry(entry);
+                        }
+
+                        (toRemove ??= new List<ulong>()).Add(range.Key);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (toRemove != null)
+                {
+                    foreach (ulong range in toRemove)
+                    {
+                        _ranges.Remove(range);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private List<Entry> GetEntries(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            _ranges ??= new Dictionary<ulong, List<Entry>>();
+
+            ulong key = PackRange(offset, size);
+
+            if (!_ranges.TryGetValue(key, out List<Entry> value))
+            {
+                value = new List<Entry>();
+                _ranges.Add(key, value);
+            }
+
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        private static void DestroyEntry(Entry entry)
+        {
+            entry.Key.Dispose();
+            entry.Value?.Dispose();
+            entry.InvalidateDependencies();
+        }
+
+        private static ulong PackRange(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            return (uint)offset | ((ulong)size << 32);
+        }
+
+        private static (int offset, int size) UnpackRange(ulong range)
+        {
+            return ((int)range, (int)(range >> 32));
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Clear();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/CommandBufferEncoder.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal;
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+interface IEncoderFactory
+{
+    MTLRenderCommandEncoder CreateRenderCommandEncoder();
+    MTLComputeCommandEncoder CreateComputeCommandEncoder();
+}
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Tracks active encoder object for a command buffer.
+/// </summary>
+[SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+class CommandBufferEncoder
+{
+    public EncoderType CurrentEncoderType { get; private set; } = EncoderType.None;
+
+    public MTLBlitCommandEncoder BlitEncoder => new(CurrentEncoder.Value);
+
+    public MTLComputeCommandEncoder ComputeEncoder => new(CurrentEncoder.Value);
+
+    public MTLRenderCommandEncoder RenderEncoder => new(CurrentEncoder.Value);
+
+    internal MTLCommandEncoder? CurrentEncoder { get; private set; }
+
+    private MTLCommandBuffer _commandBuffer;
+    private IEncoderFactory _encoderFactory;
+
+    public void Initialize(MTLCommandBuffer commandBuffer, IEncoderFactory encoderFactory)
+    {
+        _commandBuffer = commandBuffer;
+        _encoderFactory = encoderFactory;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public MTLRenderCommandEncoder EnsureRenderEncoder()
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoderType != EncoderType.Render)
+        {
+            return BeginRenderPass();
+        }
+
+        return RenderEncoder;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public MTLBlitCommandEncoder EnsureBlitEncoder()
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoderType != EncoderType.Blit)
+        {
+            return BeginBlitPass();
+        }
+
+        return BlitEncoder;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public MTLComputeCommandEncoder EnsureComputeEncoder()
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoderType != EncoderType.Compute)
+        {
+            return BeginComputePass();
+        }
+
+        return ComputeEncoder;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public bool TryGetRenderEncoder(out MTLRenderCommandEncoder encoder)
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoderType != EncoderType.Render)
+        {
+            encoder = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        encoder = RenderEncoder;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public bool TryGetBlitEncoder(out MTLBlitCommandEncoder encoder)
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoderType != EncoderType.Blit)
+        {
+            encoder = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        encoder = BlitEncoder;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+    public bool TryGetComputeEncoder(out MTLComputeCommandEncoder encoder)
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoderType != EncoderType.Compute)
+        {
+            encoder = default;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        encoder = ComputeEncoder;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void EndCurrentPass()
+    {
+        if (CurrentEncoder != null)
+        {
+            switch (CurrentEncoderType)
+            {
+                case EncoderType.Blit:
+                    BlitEncoder.EndEncoding();
+                    CurrentEncoder = null;
+                    break;
+                case EncoderType.Compute:
+                    ComputeEncoder.EndEncoding();
+                    CurrentEncoder = null;
+                    break;
+                case EncoderType.Render:
+                    RenderEncoder.EndEncoding();
+                    CurrentEncoder = null;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            }
+
+            CurrentEncoderType = EncoderType.None;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MTLRenderCommandEncoder BeginRenderPass()
+    {
+        EndCurrentPass();
+
+        var renderCommandEncoder = _encoderFactory.CreateRenderCommandEncoder();
+
+        CurrentEncoder = renderCommandEncoder;
+        CurrentEncoderType = EncoderType.Render;
+
+        return renderCommandEncoder;
+    }
+
+    private MTLBlitCommandEncoder BeginBlitPass()
+    {
+        EndCurrentPass();
+
+        using var descriptor = new MTLBlitPassDescriptor();
+        var blitCommandEncoder = _commandBuffer.BlitCommandEncoder(descriptor);
+
+        CurrentEncoder = blitCommandEncoder;
+        CurrentEncoderType = EncoderType.Blit;
+        return blitCommandEncoder;
+    }
+
+    private MTLComputeCommandEncoder BeginComputePass()
+    {
+        EndCurrentPass();
+
+        var computeCommandEncoder = _encoderFactory.CreateComputeCommandEncoder();
+
+        CurrentEncoder = computeCommandEncoder;
+        CurrentEncoderType = EncoderType.Compute;
+        return computeCommandEncoder;
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/CommandBufferPool.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class CommandBufferPool : IDisposable
+    {
+        public const int MaxCommandBuffers = 16;
+
+        private readonly int _totalCommandBuffers;
+        private readonly int _totalCommandBuffersMask;
+        private readonly MTLCommandQueue _queue;
+        private readonly Thread _owner;
+        private IEncoderFactory _defaultEncoderFactory;
+
+        public bool OwnedByCurrentThread => _owner == Thread.CurrentThread;
+
+        [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+        private struct ReservedCommandBuffer
+        {
+            public bool InUse;
+            public bool InConsumption;
+            public int SubmissionCount;
+            public MTLCommandBuffer CommandBuffer;
+            public CommandBufferEncoder Encoders;
+            public FenceHolder Fence;
+
+            public List<IAuto> Dependants;
+            public List<MultiFenceHolder> Waitables;
+
+            public void Use(MTLCommandQueue queue, IEncoderFactory stateManager)
+            {
+                MTLCommandBufferDescriptor descriptor = new();
+#if DEBUG
+                descriptor.ErrorOptions = MTLCommandBufferErrorOption.EncoderExecutionStatus;
+#endif
+
+                CommandBuffer = queue.CommandBuffer(descriptor);
+                Fence = new FenceHolder(CommandBuffer);
+
+                Encoders.Initialize(CommandBuffer, stateManager);
+
+                InUse = true;
+            }
+
+            public void Initialize()
+            {
+                Dependants = new List<IAuto>();
+                Waitables = new List<MultiFenceHolder>();
+                Encoders = new CommandBufferEncoder();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly ReservedCommandBuffer[] _commandBuffers;
+
+        private readonly int[] _queuedIndexes;
+        private int _queuedIndexesPtr;
+        private int _queuedCount;
+        private int _inUseCount;
+
+        public CommandBufferPool(MTLCommandQueue queue, bool isLight = false)
+        {
+            _queue = queue;
+            _owner = Thread.CurrentThread;
+
+            _totalCommandBuffers = isLight ? 2 : MaxCommandBuffers;
+            _totalCommandBuffersMask = _totalCommandBuffers - 1;
+
+            _commandBuffers = new ReservedCommandBuffer[_totalCommandBuffers];
+
+            _queuedIndexes = new int[_totalCommandBuffers];
+            _queuedIndexesPtr = 0;
+            _queuedCount = 0;
+        }
+
+        public void Initialize(IEncoderFactory encoderFactory)
+        {
+            _defaultEncoderFactory = encoderFactory;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < _totalCommandBuffers; i++)
+            {
+                _commandBuffers[i].Initialize();
+                WaitAndDecrementRef(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddDependant(int cbIndex, IAuto dependant)
+        {
+            dependant.IncrementReferenceCount();
+            _commandBuffers[cbIndex].Dependants.Add(dependant);
+        }
+
+        public void AddWaitable(MultiFenceHolder waitable)
+        {
+            lock (_commandBuffers)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < _totalCommandBuffers; i++)
+                {
+                    ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[i];
+
+                    if (entry.InConsumption)
+                    {
+                        AddWaitable(i, waitable);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddInUseWaitable(MultiFenceHolder waitable)
+        {
+            lock (_commandBuffers)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < _totalCommandBuffers; i++)
+                {
+                    ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[i];
+
+                    if (entry.InUse)
+                    {
+                        AddWaitable(i, waitable);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddWaitable(int cbIndex, MultiFenceHolder waitable)
+        {
+            ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[cbIndex];
+            if (waitable.AddFence(cbIndex, entry.Fence))
+            {
+                entry.Waitables.Add(waitable);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool IsFenceOnRentedCommandBuffer(FenceHolder fence)
+        {
+            lock (_commandBuffers)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < _totalCommandBuffers; i++)
+                {
+                    ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[i];
+
+                    if (entry.InUse && entry.Fence == fence)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public FenceHolder GetFence(int cbIndex)
+        {
+            return _commandBuffers[cbIndex].Fence;
+        }
+
+        public int GetSubmissionCount(int cbIndex)
+        {
+            return _commandBuffers[cbIndex].SubmissionCount;
+        }
+
+        private int FreeConsumed(bool wait)
+        {
+            int freeEntry = 0;
+
+            while (_queuedCount > 0)
+            {
+                int index = _queuedIndexes[_queuedIndexesPtr];
+
+                ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[index];
+
+                if (wait || !entry.InConsumption || entry.Fence.IsSignaled())
+                {
+                    WaitAndDecrementRef(index);
+
+                    wait = false;
+                    freeEntry = index;
+
+                    _queuedCount--;
+                    _queuedIndexesPtr = (_queuedIndexesPtr + 1) % _totalCommandBuffers;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return freeEntry;
+        }
+
+        public CommandBufferScoped ReturnAndRent(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
+        {
+            Return(cbs);
+            return Rent();
+        }
+
+        public CommandBufferScoped Rent()
+        {
+            lock (_commandBuffers)
+            {
+                int cursor = FreeConsumed(_inUseCount + _queuedCount == _totalCommandBuffers);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < _totalCommandBuffers; i++)
+                {
+                    ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[cursor];
+
+                    if (!entry.InUse && !entry.InConsumption)
+                    {
+                        entry.Use(_queue, _defaultEncoderFactory);
+
+                        _inUseCount++;
+
+                        return new CommandBufferScoped(this, entry.CommandBuffer, entry.Encoders, cursor);
+                    }
+
+                    cursor = (cursor + 1) & _totalCommandBuffersMask;
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Out of command buffers (In use: {_inUseCount}, queued: {_queuedCount}, total: {_totalCommandBuffers})");
+        }
+
+        public void Return(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
+        {
+            // Ensure the encoder is committed.
+            cbs.Encoders.EndCurrentPass();
+
+            lock (_commandBuffers)
+            {
+                int cbIndex = cbs.CommandBufferIndex;
+
+                ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[cbIndex];
+
+                Debug.Assert(entry.InUse);
+                Debug.Assert(entry.CommandBuffer.NativePtr == cbs.CommandBuffer.NativePtr);
+                entry.InUse = false;
+                entry.InConsumption = true;
+                entry.SubmissionCount++;
+                _inUseCount--;
+
+                var commandBuffer = entry.CommandBuffer;
+                commandBuffer.Commit();
+
+                int ptr = (_queuedIndexesPtr + _queuedCount) % _totalCommandBuffers;
+                _queuedIndexes[ptr] = cbIndex;
+                _queuedCount++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WaitAndDecrementRef(int cbIndex)
+        {
+            ref var entry = ref _commandBuffers[cbIndex];
+
+            if (entry.InConsumption)
+            {
+                entry.Fence.Wait();
+                entry.InConsumption = false;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var dependant in entry.Dependants)
+            {
+                dependant.DecrementReferenceCount(cbIndex);
+            }
+
+            foreach (var waitable in entry.Waitables)
+            {
+                waitable.RemoveFence(cbIndex);
+                waitable.RemoveBufferUses(cbIndex);
+            }
+
+            entry.Dependants.Clear();
+            entry.Waitables.Clear();
+            entry.Fence?.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < _totalCommandBuffers; i++)
+            {
+                WaitAndDecrementRef(i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/CommandBufferScoped.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    readonly struct CommandBufferScoped : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly CommandBufferPool _pool;
+        public MTLCommandBuffer CommandBuffer { get; }
+        public CommandBufferEncoder Encoders { get; }
+        public int CommandBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        public CommandBufferScoped(CommandBufferPool pool, MTLCommandBuffer commandBuffer, CommandBufferEncoder encoders, int commandBufferIndex)
+        {
+            _pool = pool;
+            CommandBuffer = commandBuffer;
+            Encoders = encoders;
+            CommandBufferIndex = commandBufferIndex;
+        }
+
+        public void AddDependant(IAuto dependant)
+        {
+            _pool.AddDependant(CommandBufferIndex, dependant);
+        }
+
+        public void AddWaitable(MultiFenceHolder waitable)
+        {
+            _pool.AddWaitable(CommandBufferIndex, waitable);
+        }
+
+        public FenceHolder GetFence()
+        {
+            return _pool.GetFence(CommandBufferIndex);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _pool?.Return(this);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/Constants.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    static class Constants
+    {
+        public const int MaxShaderStages = 5;
+        public const int MaxVertexBuffers = 16;
+        public const int MaxUniformBuffersPerStage = 18;
+        public const int MaxStorageBuffersPerStage = 16;
+        public const int MaxTexturesPerStage = 64;
+        public const int MaxImagesPerStage = 16;
+
+        public const int MaxUniformBufferBindings = MaxUniformBuffersPerStage * MaxShaderStages;
+        public const int MaxStorageBufferBindings = MaxStorageBuffersPerStage * MaxShaderStages;
+        public const int MaxTextureBindings = MaxTexturesPerStage * MaxShaderStages;
+        public const int MaxImageBindings = MaxImagesPerStage * MaxShaderStages;
+        public const int MaxColorAttachments = 8;
+        public const int MaxViewports = 16;
+        // TODO: Check this value
+        public const int MaxVertexAttributes = 31;
+
+        public const int MinResourceAlignment = 16;
+
+        // Must match constants set in shader generation
+        public const uint ZeroBufferIndex = MaxVertexBuffers;
+        public const uint BaseSetIndex = MaxVertexBuffers + 1;
+
+        public const uint ConstantBuffersIndex = BaseSetIndex;
+        public const uint StorageBuffersIndex = BaseSetIndex + 1;
+        public const uint TexturesIndex = BaseSetIndex + 2;
+        public const uint ImagesIndex = BaseSetIndex + 3;
+
+        public const uint ConstantBuffersSetIndex = 0;
+        public const uint StorageBuffersSetIndex = 1;
+        public const uint TexturesSetIndex = 2;
+        public const uint ImagesSetIndex = 3;
+
+        public const uint MaximumBufferArgumentTableEntries = 31;
+
+        public const uint MaximumExtraSets = MaximumBufferArgumentTableEntries - ImagesIndex;
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/CounterEvent.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    class CounterEvent : ICounterEvent
+    {
+        public CounterEvent()
+        {
+            Invalid = false;
+        }
+
+        public bool Invalid { get; set; }
+        public bool ReserveForHostAccess()
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void Flush() { }
+
+        public void Dispose() { }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/DepthStencilCache.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal.State;
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class DepthStencilCache : StateCache<MTLDepthStencilState, DepthStencilUid, DepthStencilUid>
+    {
+        private readonly MTLDevice _device;
+
+        public DepthStencilCache(MTLDevice device)
+        {
+            _device = device;
+        }
+
+        protected override DepthStencilUid GetHash(DepthStencilUid descriptor)
+        {
+            return descriptor;
+        }
+
+        protected override MTLDepthStencilState CreateValue(DepthStencilUid descriptor)
+        {
+            // Create descriptors
+
+            ref StencilUid frontUid = ref descriptor.FrontFace;
+
+            using var frontFaceStencil = new MTLStencilDescriptor
+            {
+                StencilFailureOperation = frontUid.StencilFailureOperation,
+                DepthFailureOperation = frontUid.DepthFailureOperation,
+                DepthStencilPassOperation = frontUid.DepthStencilPassOperation,
+                StencilCompareFunction = frontUid.StencilCompareFunction,
+                ReadMask = frontUid.ReadMask,
+                WriteMask = frontUid.WriteMask
+            };
+
+            ref StencilUid backUid = ref descriptor.BackFace;
+
+            using var backFaceStencil = new MTLStencilDescriptor
+            {
+                StencilFailureOperation = backUid.StencilFailureOperation,
+                DepthFailureOperation = backUid.DepthFailureOperation,
+                DepthStencilPassOperation = backUid.DepthStencilPassOperation,
+                StencilCompareFunction = backUid.StencilCompareFunction,
+                ReadMask = backUid.ReadMask,
+                WriteMask = backUid.WriteMask
+            };
+
+            var mtlDescriptor = new MTLDepthStencilDescriptor
+            {
+                DepthCompareFunction = descriptor.DepthCompareFunction,
+                DepthWriteEnabled = descriptor.DepthWriteEnabled
+            };
+
+            if (descriptor.StencilTestEnabled)
+            {
+                mtlDescriptor.BackFaceStencil = backFaceStencil;
+                mtlDescriptor.FrontFaceStencil = frontFaceStencil;
+            }
+
+            using (mtlDescriptor)
+            {
+                return _device.NewDepthStencilState(mtlDescriptor);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/DisposableBuffer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    readonly struct DisposableBuffer : IDisposable
+    {
+        public MTLBuffer Value { get; }
+
+        public DisposableBuffer(MTLBuffer buffer)
+        {
+            Value = buffer;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (Value != IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                Value.SetPurgeableState(MTLPurgeableState.Empty);
+                Value.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/DisposableSampler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    readonly struct DisposableSampler : IDisposable
+    {
+        public MTLSamplerState Value { get; }
+
+        public DisposableSampler(MTLSamplerState sampler)
+        {
+            Value = sampler;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Value.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/Effects/IPostProcessingEffect.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal.Effects
+{
+    internal interface IPostProcessingEffect : IDisposable
+    {
+        const int LocalGroupSize = 64;
+        Texture Run(Texture view, int width, int height);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/Effects/IScalingFilter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal.Effects
+{
+    internal interface IScalingFilter : IDisposable
+    {
+        float Level { get; set; }
+        void Run(
+            Texture view,
+            Texture destinationTexture,
+            Format format,
+            int width,
+            int height,
+            Extents2D source,
+            Extents2D destination);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/EncoderResources.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    public struct RenderEncoderBindings
+    {
+        public List<Resource> Resources = new();
+        public List<BufferResource> VertexBuffers = new();
+        public List<BufferResource> FragmentBuffers = new();
+
+        public RenderEncoderBindings() { }
+
+        public readonly void Clear()
+        {
+            Resources.Clear();
+            VertexBuffers.Clear();
+            FragmentBuffers.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public struct ComputeEncoderBindings
+    {
+        public List<Resource> Resources = new();
+        public List<BufferResource> Buffers = new();
+
+        public ComputeEncoderBindings() { }
+
+        public readonly void Clear()
+        {
+            Resources.Clear();
+            Buffers.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public struct BufferResource
+    {
+        public MTLBuffer Buffer;
+        public ulong Offset;
+        public ulong Binding;
+
+        public BufferResource(MTLBuffer buffer, ulong offset, ulong binding)
+        {
+            Buffer = buffer;
+            Offset = offset;
+            Binding = binding;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public struct Resource
+    {
+        public MTLResource MtlResource;
+        public MTLResourceUsage ResourceUsage;
+        public MTLRenderStages Stages;
+
+        public Resource(MTLResource resource, MTLResourceUsage resourceUsage, MTLRenderStages stages)
+        {
+            MtlResource = resource;
+            ResourceUsage = resourceUsage;
+            Stages = stages;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal/EncoderState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal.State;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using SharpMetal.Metal;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Metal
+{
+    [Flags]
+    enum DirtyFlags
+    {
+        None = 0,
+        RenderPipeline = 1 << 0,
+        ComputePipeline = 1 << 1,
+        DepthStencil = 1 << 2,
+        DepthClamp = 1 << 3,
+        DepthBias = 1 << 4,
+        CullMode = 1 << 5,
+        FrontFace = 1 << 6,
+        StencilRef = 1 << 7,
+        Viewports = 1 << 8,
+        Scissors = 1 << 9,
+        Uniforms = 1 << 10,
+        Storages = 1 << 11,
+        Textures = 1 << 12,
+        Images = 1 << 13,
+
+        ArgBuffers = Uniforms | Storages | Textures | Images,
+
+        RenderAll = RenderPipeline | DepthStencil | DepthClamp | DepthBias | CullMode | FrontFace | StencilRef | Viewports | Scissors | ArgBuffers,
+        ComputeAll = ComputePipeline | ArgBuffers,
+        All = RenderAll | ComputeAll,
+    }
+
+    record struct BufferRef
+    {
+        public Auto<DisposableBuffer> Buffer;
+        public BufferRange? Range;
+
+        public BufferRef(Auto<DisposableBuffer> buffer)
+        {
+            Buffer = buffer;
+        }
+
+        public BufferRef(Auto<DisposableBuffer> buffer, ref BufferRange range)
+        {
+            Buffer = buffer;
+            Range = range;
+        }
+    }
+
+    record struct TextureRef
+    {
+        public ShaderStage Stage;
+        public TextureBase Storage;
+        public Auto<DisposableSampler> Sampler;
+        public Format ImageFormat;
+
+        public TextureRef(ShaderStage stage, TextureBase storage, Auto<DisposableSampler> sampler)
+        {
+            Stage = stage;
+            Storage = storage;
+            Sampler = sampler;
+        }
+    }
+
+    record struct ImageRef
+    {
+        public ShaderStage Stage;
+        public Texture Storage;
+
+        public ImageRef(ShaderStage stage, Texture storage)
+        {
+            Stage = stage;
+            Storage = storage;
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct PredrawState
+    {
+        public MTLCullMode CullMode;
+        public DepthStencilUid DepthStencilUid;
+        public PrimitiveTopology Topology;
+        public MTLViewport[] Viewports;
+    }
+
+    struct RenderTargetCopy
+    {
+        public MTLScissorRect[] Scissors;
+        public Texture DepthStencil;
+        public Texture[] RenderTargets;
+    }
+
+    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
+    class EncoderState
+    {
+        public Program RenderProgram = null;
+        public Program ComputeProgram = null;
+
+        public PipelineState Pipeline;
+        public DepthStencilUid DepthStencilUid;
+
+        public readonly record struct ArrayRef<T>(ShaderStage Stage, T Array);
+
+        public readonly BufferRef[] UniformBufferRefs = new BufferRef[Constants.MaxUniformBufferBindings];
+        public readonly BufferRef[] StorageBufferRefs = new BufferRef[Constants.MaxStorageBufferBindings];
+        public readonly TextureRef[] TextureRefs = new TextureRef[Constants.MaxTextureBindings * 2];
+        public readonly ImageRef[] ImageRefs = new ImageRef[Constants.MaxImageBindings * 2];
+
+        public ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] TextureArrayRefs = [];
+        public ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] ImageArrayRefs = [];
+
+        public ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] TextureArrayExtraRefs = [];
+        public ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] ImageArrayExtraRefs = [];
+
+        public IndexBufferState IndexBuffer = default;
+
+        public MTLDepthClipMode DepthClipMode = MTLDepthClipMode.Clip;
+
+        public float DepthBias;
+        public float SlopeScale;
+        public float Clamp;
+
+        public int BackRefValue = 0;
+        public int FrontRefValue = 0;
+
+        public PrimitiveTopology Topology = PrimitiveTopology.Triangles;
+        public MTLCullMode CullMode = MTLCullMode.None;
+        public MTLWinding Winding = MTLWinding.CounterClockwise;
+        public bool CullBoth = false;
+
+        public MTLViewport[] Viewports = new MTLViewport[Constants.MaxViewports];
+        public MTLScissorRect[] Scissors = new MTLScissorRect[Constants.MaxViewports];
+
+        // Changes to attachments take recreation!
+        public Texture DepthStencil;
+        public Texture[] RenderTargets = new Texture[Constants.MaxColorAttachments];
+        public ITexture PreMaskDepthStencil = default;
+        public ITexture[] PreMaskRenderTargets;
+        public bool FramebufferUsingColorWriteMask;
+
+        public Array8<ColorBlendStateUid> StoredBlend;
+        public ColorF BlendColor = new();
+
+        public readonly VertexBufferState[] VertexBuffers = new VertexBufferState[Constants.MaxVertexBuffers];
+        public readonly VertexAttribDescriptor[] VertexAttribs = new VertexAttribDescriptor[Constants.MaxVertexAttributes];
+        // Dirty flags
+        public DirtyFlags Dirty = DirtyFlags.None;
+
+        // Only to be used for present
+        public bool ClearLoadAction = false;
+
+        public RenderEncoderBindings RenderEncoderBindings = new();
+        public ComputeEncoderBindings ComputeEncoderBindings = new();
+
+        public EncoderState()
+        {
+            Pipeline.Initialize();
+            DepthStencilUid.DepthCompareFunction = MTLCompareFunction.Always;
+        }
+
+        public RenderTargetCopy InheritForClear(EncoderState other, bool depth, int singleIndex = -1)
+        {
+            // Inherit render target related information without causing a render encoder split.
+
+            var oldState = new RenderTargetCopy
+            {
+                Scissors = other.Scissors,
+                RenderTargets = other.RenderTargets,
+                DepthStencil = other.DepthStencil
+            };
+
+            Scissors = other.Scissors;
+            RenderTargets = other.RenderTargets;
+            DepthStencil = other.DepthStencil;
+
+            Pipeline.ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount = other.Pipeline.ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount;
+            Pipeline.Internal.ColorBlendState = other.Pipeline.Internal.ColorBlendState;
+            Pipeline.DepthStencilFormat = other.Pipeline.DepthStencilFormat;
+
+            ref var blendStates = ref Pipeline.Internal.ColorBlendState;
+
+            // Mask out irrelevant attachments.
+            for (int i = 0; i < blendStates.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (depth || (singleIndex != -1 && singleIndex != i))
+                {
+                    blendStates[i].WriteMask = MTLColorWriteMask.None;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return oldState;
+        }
+
+        public void Restore(RenderTargetCopy copy)
+        {
+            Scissors = copy.Scissors;
+            RenderTargets = copy.RenderTargets;
+            DepthStencil = copy.DepthStencil;
+
+            Pipeline.Internal.ResetColorState();
+        }
+    }
+}