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@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && \
|
||||
zip \
|
||||
git \
|
||||
wget \
|
||||
ruby3.1 \
|
||||
ruby3.3 \
|
||||
ruby-dev \
|
||||
imagemagick \
|
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rsync \
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||||
|
||||
15
README.md
15
README.md
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ make -j bake
|
||||
|
||||
You can check the files in the folder `book/release/`
|
||||
|
||||
Please note that while everything should build without any errors but you will get a fair amount of warnings, especially when building the ebook/website.
|
||||
|
||||
You can get some help on building various versions with:
|
||||
|
||||
```console
|
||||
@@ -84,12 +86,15 @@ size. This shrinks the book from more than 20MB down to ~5MB:
|
||||
|
||||
* [Download compiled B&W .epub version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub)
|
||||
|
||||
If you prefer a very short version (about 10 pages) with main flowcharts and
|
||||
crucial information needed while you are in the kitchen, we also provide a
|
||||
"too long;didn't read" version you could print. Having read the full book is
|
||||
highly recommended to understand this leaflet:
|
||||
For those who prefer a concise reference (about 15 pages), we offer a "too long;didn't read" (TL;DR)
|
||||
version. This condensed guide contains the essential flowcharts, crucial information,
|
||||
and space for your notes - perfect for quick kitchen reference.
|
||||
It provides the key information you need without reading the complete book.
|
||||
|
||||
* [Download a condensed version](https://www.the-bread-code.io/booklet.pdf)
|
||||
* [Read TL;DR version on your device](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf)
|
||||
* [Download TL;DR version for printing](https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf)
|
||||
|
||||
We recommend using double-sided printing if your printer supports it.
|
||||
|
||||
## Online HTML version
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\chapter{Baking}%
|
||||
\label{chapter:baking}
|
||||
\label{ch:baking}
|
||||
\begin{quoting}
|
||||
Baking refers to the part of the process where you are loading your dough into
|
||||
the oven\footnote{While some breads like flatbreads could also be baked on the
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ learn more about the yeast and bacterial microorganisms involved.
|
||||
\end{quoting}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{infographic-enzymes}
|
||||
\caption[Interaction of amylases and flour]{How amylases and proteases
|
||||
interact with flour.}%
|
||||
\label{infographic-enzymes}
|
||||
\label{fig:infographic-enzymes}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Enzymatic reactions}
|
||||
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ activity so that it can thrive in its new environment.
|
||||
Of course, a ground flour can no longer sprout. But the enzymes that
|
||||
trigger this process are still present. That's why it's important not to
|
||||
mill grains at too high a temperature, as doing so could damage some of
|
||||
these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
|
||||
these enzymes\footnote{In a recent
|
||||
study~\cite{milling+commercial+home+mill+comparison} tests have shown that
|
||||
milling flour
|
||||
at home with a small mill had no significant negative impact on the resulting
|
||||
@@ -75,12 +76,13 @@ is used to create sugars out of the starch to then produce more plant matter.
|
||||
Normally,
|
||||
the microorganisms on the surface of the grain can't consume the freed maltose
|
||||
molecules, which remain hidden inside the germ. But as we grind the flour, a
|
||||
feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster
|
||||
this reaction occurs. That's why a long fermentation is key to making great
|
||||
bread. It takes time for the amylase to break down most of the starch into
|
||||
simple sugars, which are not only consumed by the yeast but are also essential
|
||||
to the \emph{Maillard reaction}, responsible for enhanced browning during the
|
||||
baking process.
|
||||
feeding frenzy takes place. Generally, the warmer the temperature, the faster
|
||||
this reaction occurs. However, it takes time for the amylase
|
||||
to break down most of the starch into simple sugars---which are not only
|
||||
consumed by the yeast but are also
|
||||
essential to the \emph{Maillard reaction}---responsible for
|
||||
enhanced browning during the baking process.
|
||||
That's why a long fermentation is key to making great bread.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're a hobby brewer, you'll know that it's important to keep your beer at
|
||||
certain temperatures to allow the different amylases to convert the contained
|
||||
@@ -176,13 +178,13 @@ gluten content, however, my bread always turned out great.
|
||||
|
||||
At the time, I~utilized an extended autolyse, which is just a fancy word for
|
||||
mixing flour and water in advance and then letting the mixture sit. Most
|
||||
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start, and
|
||||
in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective alternative,
|
||||
you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used --- in the case of
|
||||
sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same biochemical
|
||||
reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you to mix your
|
||||
dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically after I~stopped
|
||||
autolysing my doughs.
|
||||
recipes call for it as the process gives the dough an enzymatic head start,
|
||||
and in general it's a great idea. However, as an equally effective
|
||||
alternative, you could simply reduce the amount of leavening agent used---in
|
||||
the case of sourdough, this would be your starter. This would allow the same
|
||||
biochemical reactions to occur at roughly the same rate without requiring you
|
||||
to mix your dough several times. My whole-wheat game improved dramatically
|
||||
after I~stopped autolysing my doughs.
|
||||
|
||||
Now that I've had time to think about it, the result I~observed makes sense.
|
||||
In nature, the outer parts of the seed come into contact with water first, and
|
||||
@@ -190,17 +192,19 @@ only after penetrating this barrier would the water slowly find its way to the
|
||||
center of the grain. The seed needs to sprout first to outcompete other nearby
|
||||
seeds, requiring water to enter quickly. Yet the seed must also defend itself
|
||||
against animals and potentially hazardous bacteria and fungi, requiring some
|
||||
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both goals
|
||||
would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the hull. As a
|
||||
result, they are activated first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
|
||||
barrier to protect the embryo inside. A way for the plant to achieve both
|
||||
goals would be for most of the enzymes to exist in the outer parts of the
|
||||
hull. As a result, they are activated
|
||||
first~\cite{enzymatic+activity+whole+wheat}. Therefore, by just adding a
|
||||
little bit of whole flour to your dough, you should be able to significantly
|
||||
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white flour
|
||||
doughs, I~usually add 10\textendash20\% whole-wheat flour.
|
||||
improve the enzymatic activity of your dough. That's why, for plain white
|
||||
flour doughs, I~usually add \qtyrange{10}{20}{\percent} whole-wheat flour.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||
\caption{A whole-wheat sourdough bread.}%
|
||||
\label{whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||
\label{fig:whole-wheat-crumb}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
By understanding the two key enzymes \emph{amylase} and \emph{protease}, you
|
||||
@@ -213,21 +217,20 @@ tweak just by adjusting the speed of your dough's fermentation.
|
||||
|
||||
Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungi kingdom. They
|
||||
can reproduce through either budding or by building spores. The spores are
|
||||
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found undamaged
|
||||
spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide variety of
|
||||
species --- so far, about \num{1500}
|
||||
have been identified. Unlike other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold,
|
||||
yeasts do not ordinarily create a mycelium
|
||||
network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one interesting
|
||||
exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
|
||||
page~\pageref{aggressive-yeast}.}
|
||||
incredibly tiny and resistant to external factors. Scientists have found
|
||||
undamaged spores that are hundreds of million years old. There are a wide
|
||||
variety of species---so far, about \num{1500} have been identified. Unlike
|
||||
other members of the fungi kingdom such as mold, yeasts do not ordinarily
|
||||
create a mycelium network~\cite{molecular+mechanisms+yeast}.\footnote{For one
|
||||
interesting exception, skip ahead to the end of this section on
|
||||
page~\pageref{sec:aggressive-yeast}.}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||
\caption[Brewer's yeast]{Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Brewer's yeast under the
|
||||
microscope.}%
|
||||
\label{saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||
\label{fig:saccharomyces-cerevisiae-microscope}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Yeasts are saprotrophic fungi. This means that they do not produce their own
|
||||
@@ -322,7 +325,7 @@ inoculated with some of the 150 different wild yeast strains isolated from the
|
||||
leaves. They found that when the wound was inoculated with yeast, the grape
|
||||
sustained no significant damage~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}.
|
||||
|
||||
\phantomsection~\label{aggressive-yeast}%
|
||||
\phantomsection~\label{sec:aggressive-yeast}%
|
||||
Intriguingly, there was also an experiment performed that showed how brewer's
|
||||
yeast could function as an aggressive pathogen to grapevines. Initially, the
|
||||
yeast lived in symbiosis with the plants, but after the vines sustained heavy
|
||||
@@ -341,10 +344,11 @@ can significantly increase the shelf life of sourdough
|
||||
breads~\cite{shelflife+acidity}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{bacteria-microscope}
|
||||
\caption[Bacteria under the microscope]{Fructilactobacillus
|
||||
sanfranciscensis under the microscope.}%
|
||||
\label{lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
|
||||
\label{fig:lactobacillus-franciscensis-microscope}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
There are two predominant types of acid produced in sourdough bread: lactic and
|
||||
@@ -368,14 +372,15 @@ Others have reported that bacteria feed on the byproducts of yeast and vice
|
||||
versa. This makes sense, as nature generally does a superb job of composting
|
||||
and breaking down biological matter~\cite{lactobacillus+sanfrancisco}.
|
||||
|
||||
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis between
|
||||
yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both coexist and
|
||||
sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example, tolerate the
|
||||
acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are thus protected
|
||||
from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research demonstrates that both
|
||||
types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent the other from
|
||||
metabolizing food --- an interesting observation, by the way, as it could help to
|
||||
identify additional antibiotics or fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
||||
I~have yet to find a proper source that clearly describes the symbiosis
|
||||
between yeast and bacteria, but my current understanding is that they both
|
||||
coexist and sometimes benefit each other, but not always. Yeast, for example,
|
||||
tolerate the acidic environment created by the surrounding bacteria and are
|
||||
thus protected from other pathogens. Meanwhile, however, other research
|
||||
demonstrates that both types of microorganisms produce compounds that prevent
|
||||
the other from metabolizing food---an interesting observation, by the way, as
|
||||
it could help to identify additional antibiotics or
|
||||
fungicides~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
||||
|
||||
In the past, I've tried cultivating mushrooms and observed the mycelium
|
||||
attempting to defend itself against the surrounding bacteria; both types of
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
\input{bread-types/bread-types}
|
||||
|
||||
\chapter{Wheat sourdough}%
|
||||
\label{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
\input{wheat-sourdough/wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
|
||||
\input{non-wheat-sourdough/non-wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
|
||||
174
book/booklet.tex
174
book/booklet.tex
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
|
||||
\documentclass[paper=a4, twoside=false, fontsize=12pt]{scrbook}
|
||||
|
||||
% General packages
|
||||
\usepackage{sourdough}
|
||||
\usepackage[
|
||||
paperwidth=210mm,
|
||||
paperheight=260mm,
|
||||
top=10mm,
|
||||
bottom=80mm,
|
||||
inner=10mm,
|
||||
outer=10mm,
|
||||
marginparsep=7mm,
|
||||
marginparwidth=48mm,
|
||||
]{geometry}
|
||||
\usepackage{subcaption}
|
||||
|
||||
\pagenumbering{gobble}
|
||||
% Basic attributes
|
||||
\author{Hendrik Kleinwächter}
|
||||
\title{The Sourdough Framework\\\texttt{tl;dr Booklet Version}}
|
||||
\begin{document}
|
||||
\maketitle
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{Sourdough starter}
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{How to setup a sourdough starter}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-starter-readiness.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{Preparing your starter for baking}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-starter-maintenance.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{Maintaining your starter, change ratio as per starter hydration
|
||||
type}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\clearpage{}
|
||||
\section*{Baker's math}
|
||||
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{tables/table-bakers-math-example.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{An example table demonstrating how to properly calculate using
|
||||
baker's math. All the ingredients are calculated as a percentage of the
|
||||
flour quantity.}
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{Basic recipes}
|
||||
\subsection*{Flat bread}
|
||||
\input{recipes/flat-bread.tex}
|
||||
\clearpage{}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection*{Freestanding \& sandwich wheat-based breads}
|
||||
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\begin{tabular}{@{}lrrrp{0.4\linewidth}@{}}
|
||||
\toprule
|
||||
\thead{Ingredient}& & \thead{Percentage} & \thead{Calculation} & \thead{Comments} \\ \midrule
|
||||
Flour & \qty{400}{g} & & & \\
|
||||
Whole-wheat flour & \qty{100}{g} & & & \\
|
||||
Total flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & \qty{500}{g} & \\
|
||||
Water & & \qty{60}{\percent} & \qty{300}{g} & \\
|
||||
Sourdough starter & & \qty{10}{\percent} & \qty{50}{g} & \\
|
||||
Salt & & \qty{2}{\percent} & \qty{10}{g} & \\ \midrule
|
||||
Flour & & \qty{100}{\percent} & & \\
|
||||
Water & & & & \\
|
||||
Sourdough starter & & & & \\
|
||||
Salt & & & & \\ \midrule
|
||||
Flour & & & & \\
|
||||
& & & & \\
|
||||
& & & & \\
|
||||
& & & & \\
|
||||
& & & & \\ \bottomrule
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
\caption*{Table for your own calculation using baker's math}
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-wheat-sourdough-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{The whole process of making wheat based sourdough breads}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-kneading-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{The kneading process to create dough strength}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{How to properly manage bulk fermentation}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
||||
\caption*{An overview of the steps involved to perform stretch and folds for
|
||||
wheat-based doughs. They are optional and should only be done when the dough
|
||||
flattened out a lot.}%
|
||||
\end{figure*}
|
||||
\clearpage{}
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{Shaping}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{preshape-direction}
|
||||
\caption*{Preshaping: Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
||||
surface area.}%
|
||||
\end{subfigure}
|
||||
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-1-flour-applied}
|
||||
\caption*{Step 1: Apply flour to the dough's surface.}%
|
||||
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
|
||||
\medskip % create some *vertical* separation between the graphs
|
||||
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
||||
\caption*{Step 2: Flipp-over dough. Note how the sticky side is facing
|
||||
you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}
|
||||
\end{subfigure}\hfill % <-- "\hfill"
|
||||
\begin{subfigure}{.475\linewidth}
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
||||
\caption*{Step 3: Make the dough rectangular, keep the sticky side
|
||||
facing you while the floured side is facing the countertop.}%
|
||||
\end{subfigure}
|
||||
\caption*{First steps of shaping process}
|
||||
\end{figure*}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure*}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
||||
\caption*{Step 4: The process of folding a batard. Note how the rectangle
|
||||
is first glued together and then rolled inwards to create a dough roll.
|
||||
Ultimately the edges are sealed to create a more uniform dough.}%
|
||||
\end{figure*}
|
||||
\clearpage{}
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{Proofing}
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-proofing-process.tex}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
\clearpage{}
|
||||
|
||||
\section*{Baking}
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-baking-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{Summary of different bread baking processes}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-inverted-tray-method.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{Baking with the inverted tray method}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart*}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-dutch-oven-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption*{Baking with a Dutch Oven}
|
||||
\end{flowchart*}
|
||||
\clearpage{}
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ of them. Some breads will require investment and technique, as depicted in
|
||||
Table~\ref{tab:bread-types-comparison}. Flatbread is probably the most
|
||||
accessible, least effort type of bread you can make. If you are a busy person
|
||||
and/or don’t have an oven, this might be exactly the type of bread you should
|
||||
consider.
|
||||
consider.
|
||||
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{tables/table-overview-bread-types.tex}
|
||||
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
||||
\input{tables/table-flat-bread-pancake-recipe.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Flatbread recipe]{Flatbread or pancake recipe for 1 person.
|
||||
Multiply the ingredients to increase portion size. Refer to the
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:bakers-math}
|
||||
``\nameref{section:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math}
|
||||
``\nameref{sec:bakers-math}'' to learn how to understand and
|
||||
use the percentages properly.}%
|
||||
\label{tab:flat-bread-ingredients}
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
@@ -348,4 +348,4 @@ But after baking you will be rewarded with a beautiful bread
|
||||
with great taste and consistency.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a dedicated recipe and tutorial for this type of bread in the
|
||||
\nameref{chapter:wheat-sourdough} chapter.
|
||||
\nameref{ch:wheat-sourdough} chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ type of flour.
|
||||
\begin{table}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{tables/table-flour-types.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Labelling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
|
||||
of wheat flour are labelled in different countries.}%
|
||||
\caption[Labeling of wheat flour]{A comparison of how different types
|
||||
of wheat flour are labeled in different countries.}%
|
||||
\label{tab:flour-types-comparison}
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ your dough with more flavor.
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{tables/table-overview-w-values.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Fermentation time versus W-value]{An overview of different
|
||||
levels of W-values and the respective hydrations and fermentation
|
||||
levels of W-values and the respective hydration and fermentation
|
||||
times.}%
|
||||
\label{tab:w-value}
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -140,20 +140,22 @@ a higher amount of gluten and can thus ferment for a longer period of time.
|
||||
then cooled and mixed with the main dough. This process helps in moisture retention
|
||||
and can enhance the flavor and texture of the final bread. Also see \emph{scald}.
|
||||
|
||||
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the ingredients.
|
||||
The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to a certain volume. The
|
||||
volume of increase depends on the flour that is used. When baking with wheat flour
|
||||
the gluten amount of the flour is the deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has
|
||||
(protein) the longer you can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the
|
||||
flavor and texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
|
||||
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly increase this to find your
|
||||
flour’s sweet spot. This is highly dependant from flour to flour. When using low gluten
|
||||
flour like rye you need to be careful as the longer fermentation can create a too
|
||||
sticky dough which collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
|
||||
\item[Bulk Fermentation] The initial rising period after mixing all the
|
||||
ingredients. The dough is typically allowed to rise until it increases to
|
||||
a certain volume. The volume of increase depends on the flour that is
|
||||
used. When baking with wheat flour the gluten amount of the flour is the
|
||||
deciding factor. The more gluten your flour has (protein) the longer you
|
||||
can bulk ferment. A longer bulk fermentation improves the flavor and
|
||||
texture of the final bread. It becomes tangier and fluffier. You can aim
|
||||
for a \SI{25}{\percent} size increase of your dough and then slowly
|
||||
increase this to find your flour's sweet spot. This is highly dependent
|
||||
from flour to flour. When using low gluten flour like rye you need to be
|
||||
careful as the longer fermentation can create a too sticky dough which
|
||||
collapses and does not hold its shape anymore.
|
||||
|
||||
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower protein
|
||||
content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods like cakes, cookies,
|
||||
and pastries.
|
||||
\item[Cake Flour] Cake flour is a light, finely milled flour with a lower
|
||||
protein content than all-purpose flour. It's ideal for tender baked goods
|
||||
like cakes, cookies, and pastries.
|
||||
|
||||
\item[Coil fold] A special stretch and folding technique. The coil fold is
|
||||
very gentle on the dough and is thus excellent throughout the bulk fermentation.
|
||||
@@ -367,11 +369,12 @@ grains or malted grains can have higher protease activity due to the sprouting o
|
||||
malting process. Understanding and controlling protease activity is crucial in
|
||||
achieving desired bread quality and handling characteristics.
|
||||
|
||||
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly rectangular
|
||||
shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded pan called a Pullman pan
|
||||
or pain de mie pan. The lid ensures that the bread rises in a perfectly straight
|
||||
shape, without the domed top characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are
|
||||
often sliced very thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
|
||||
\item[Pullman Loaf] A type of bread loaf characterized by its perfectly
|
||||
rectangular shape and soft, fine crumb. It is baked in a special lidded
|
||||
pan called a Pullman pan or \emph{pain de mie} pan. The lid ensures that
|
||||
the bread rises in a perfectly straight shape, without the domed top
|
||||
characteristic of other bread loaves. Pullman loaves are often sliced very
|
||||
thin and are popular for making sandwiches.
|
||||
|
||||
\item[Retarding] The process of slowing down fermentation during the proofing
|
||||
stage by placing the dough in a colder environment, typically a refrigerator. This aids
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ waters, another single-celled life form, \emph{archaea}, also thrived. These
|
||||
organisms inhabit extreme environments, from boiling vents to icy waters.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-life-planet-sourdough-timeline.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Sourdough microbiology timeline]{Timeline of significant events
|
||||
starting from the first day of Earth's existence,
|
||||
@@ -57,19 +57,19 @@ Another 25~million years later, or our timeline's 2~days after the dinosaur
|
||||
extinction, humans appeared.
|
||||
|
||||
A few hours later after the arrival of humans, a more subtle culinary
|
||||
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5 seconds before our metaphorical
|
||||
midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient Jordan. A blink of
|
||||
an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression, Pasteur's groundbreaking work
|
||||
with yeasts set the stage for modern bread-making. From the moment this book
|
||||
began to take shape to your current reading, only milliseconds have ticked
|
||||
by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
|
||||
revolution was unfolding. By \num{12000}~BC, just 5~seconds before our
|
||||
metaphorical midnight, the first sourdough breads were being baked in ancient
|
||||
Jordan. A blink of an eye later, or 4~seconds in our time compression,
|
||||
Pasteur's groundbreaking work with yeasts set the stage for modern
|
||||
bread-making. From the moment this book began to take shape to your current
|
||||
reading, only milliseconds have ticked by~\cite{Yong+2017}.
|
||||
|
||||
Now delving deeper into the realm of sourdough, it can likely be traced to aforementioned
|
||||
Ancient Jordan~\cite{jordan+bread}. Looking at the earth's timeline sourdough
|
||||
bread can be considered a very recent invention.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-sourdough-history-timeline.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Sourdough history timeline]{Timeline of significant discoveries and
|
||||
events leading to modern sourdough bread.}%
|
||||
@@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ bread are, however, unknown. One of the most ancient preserved
|
||||
sourdough breads has been excavated in Switzerland~\cite{switzerland+bread}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{einkorn-crumb}
|
||||
\caption[Ancient Einkorn flatbread]{An ancient Einkorn flatbread. Note the
|
||||
dense crumb structure.}%
|
||||
\label{einkorn-crumb}
|
||||
\label{fig:einkorn-crumb}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Another popular story is that a lady in Egypt was making
|
||||
@@ -185,45 +186,43 @@ of the sourdough leavening agent. As the process is more expensive,
|
||||
bread rolls like these were ultimately consumed by the noble people
|
||||
in Vienna~\cite{vienna+breadrolls}.
|
||||
|
||||
As industrialisation began the first steam-powered grain mill was developed by
|
||||
Oliver Evans in \num{1785}. Evans' design incorporated several innovations,
|
||||
including automated machinery for various milling processes, making it more
|
||||
efficient than traditional water or animal-powered mills. His steam-powered
|
||||
mill marked a significant advancement in industrial technology for bread
|
||||
making~\cite{evans+mill}.
|
||||
Industrialization of the grist milling process, starting in the late
|
||||
18\textsuperscript{th}~century with Oliver Evans (\num{1785}) and his mill
|
||||
designs for continuous hands-off flour production~\cite{evans+mill}, and
|
||||
evolving to steam-powered mills, made possible significant advancements in
|
||||
bread production.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-stove}
|
||||
\caption{A bread made over the stove without an oven.}%
|
||||
\label{sourdough-stove}
|
||||
\label{fig:sourdough-stove}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
The biggest advancement of industrial breadmaking happened in \num{1857}.
|
||||
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered
|
||||
the process of alcoholic fermentation. He would prove that
|
||||
yeast microorganisms are the reason for alcoholic fermentation
|
||||
and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his research and
|
||||
was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
|
||||
Soon later in \num{1868} in the Fleischmann brothers Charles
|
||||
and Maximilian were the first to patent pure yeast strains
|
||||
for bread making. The yeasts offered
|
||||
The biggest advancement of industrial bread making happened in \num{1857}.
|
||||
The French microbiologist Louis Pasteur discovered the process of alcoholic
|
||||
fermentation. He would prove that yeast microorganisms are the reason for
|
||||
alcoholic fermentation and not other chemical catalysts. He continued with his
|
||||
research and was the first person to isolate and grow pure yeast strains.
|
||||
Soon later in \num{1868} the Fleischmann brothers Charles and Maximilian were
|
||||
the first to patent pure yeast strains for bread making. The yeasts offered
|
||||
were isolated from batches of sourdough. By \num{1879} the machinery was built
|
||||
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}.
|
||||
The pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged
|
||||
at leavening bread doughs. What would previously take 10~hours
|
||||
to leaven a bread dough could now be done within 1~hour.
|
||||
The process became much more efficient. What ultimately made making large
|
||||
batches of dough possible, was the invention of the electrical kneader. Rufus
|
||||
Eastman, an American inventor, is often credited with an important advancement
|
||||
in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he received a patent for an electric mixer
|
||||
with a mechanical hand-crank mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as
|
||||
widely adopted as later electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to
|
||||
mechanize mixing and kneading processes in the kitchen using electricity.
|
||||
Eastman's invention represented an important step in the development of
|
||||
electric mixers, but it wasn't as sophisticated or popular as later models
|
||||
like the KitchenAid mixer. The KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is
|
||||
often recognized as one of the first widely successful electric mixers and
|
||||
played a significant role in revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
|
||||
to multiply the yeast in large centrifuges~\cite{fleischmann+history}. The
|
||||
pure yeast would prove to be excellent and turbocharged at leavening bread
|
||||
doughs. What would previously take 10~hours to leaven a bread dough could now
|
||||
be done within 1~hour. The process became much more efficient. What
|
||||
ultimately made making large batches of dough possible, was the invention of
|
||||
the electrical kneader. Rufus Eastman, an American inventor, is often
|
||||
credited with an important advancement in mixer technology. In \num{1885}, he
|
||||
received a patent for an electric mixer with a mechanical hand-crank
|
||||
mechanism. This device was not as advanced or as widely adopted as later
|
||||
electric mixers, but it was an early attempt to mechanize mixing and kneading
|
||||
processes in the kitchen using electricity. Eastman's invention represented
|
||||
an important step in the development of electric mixers, but it wasn't as
|
||||
sophisticated or popular as later models like the KitchenAid mixer. The
|
||||
KitchenAid mixer, introduced in \num{1919}, is often recognized as one of the
|
||||
first widely successful electric mixers and played a significant role in
|
||||
revolutionizing kitchen appliances for home
|
||||
cooks~\cite{first+mixer}~\cite{kitchenaid+history}.
|
||||
|
||||
During World~War~II the first packaged dry yeast was developed. This would
|
||||
@@ -237,8 +236,8 @@ reason, none of the supermarket flour you buy today is single origin. It is
|
||||
always blended to achieve exactly the same product throughout the years.
|
||||
|
||||
Modern wheat, specifically the high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties
|
||||
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20th century. This
|
||||
period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
|
||||
commonly grown today, began to be developed in the mid-20\textsuperscript{th}
|
||||
century. This period is often referred to as the \emph{Green Revolution.}
|
||||
|
||||
One of the key figures in this development was American scientist Norman
|
||||
Borlaug, who is credited with breeding high-yield wheat varieties,
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -84,19 +84,21 @@ bug. That is when the developer must dig deeper to see the \emph{what} and the
|
||||
the framework is doing. You will need to read other engineers' source code, and you will be forced
|
||||
to understand \emph{why} things are happening.
|
||||
|
||||
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and I~had
|
||||
to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my surprise, however,
|
||||
none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me \emph{why} I~should use amount X
|
||||
of water and amount Y of flour, or \emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why
|
||||
should I~slap my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a standmixer
|
||||
better than kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long?
|
||||
Why is steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to
|
||||
get myself an expensive Dutch oven to bake bread?
|
||||
The problem compounded when I~started reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black
|
||||
magic. Why were some sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour?
|
||||
Why should one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
|
||||
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was confused,
|
||||
but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should be made at home.
|
||||
Being unhappy with what I~was baking, my engineering mindset took over, and
|
||||
I~had to do my own deep dive to understand what was going on. Much to my
|
||||
surprise, however, none of the recipes I'd encountered would tell me
|
||||
\emph{why} I~should use amount $X$ of water and amount $Y$ of flour, or
|
||||
\emph{why} exactly I~should use fresh yeast over dry yeast. Why should I~slap
|
||||
my dough while kneading it on the counter? Why is a stand mixer better than
|
||||
kneading by hand? Why should I~let the dough sit for this long? Why is
|
||||
steaming the dough during baking important? Do I~really need to get myself an
|
||||
expensive Dutch oven to bake bread? The problem compounded when I~started
|
||||
reading about sourdough. It all sounded like black magic. Why were some
|
||||
sourdoughs made from fruits, while others were made from flour? Why should
|
||||
one recipe use wheat while another used rye or spelt? How often should the
|
||||
sourdough be fed? The questions I~had then could have filled 20~pages. I~was
|
||||
confused, but I~became even more determined to learn how decent bread should
|
||||
be made at home.
|
||||
|
||||
The feedback I~received from friends helped me to improve with each
|
||||
iteration of homemade bread. Compared to coding, where you sometimes have to wait months
|
||||
|
||||
159
book/makefile
159
book/makefile
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ CHECK_1 := lacheck
|
||||
CHECK_2 := chktex
|
||||
CONVERT_PIC := convert
|
||||
REDUCE_PIC := -resize '800x800>' \
|
||||
-strip -interlace Plane -gaussian-blur 0.05 -quality 85\% \
|
||||
-set colorspace Gray -separate -evaluate-sequence Mean
|
||||
-strip -interlace Plane -gaussian-blur 0.05 -quality 85\% \
|
||||
-set colorspace Gray -separate -evaluate-sequence Mean
|
||||
REDUCE_PIC_COLOR := -quality 80\%
|
||||
RSYNC := rsync -au --exclude 'book.epub' --exclude '*.jpg'
|
||||
GIT := git --no-pager
|
||||
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ endif
|
||||
# and building everything take a long time.
|
||||
.DEFAULT_GOAL := serif
|
||||
|
||||
# List all files that are dependencies {{{
|
||||
# Dependencies {{{
|
||||
chapters = baking basics bread-types cover flour-types history intro mix-ins\
|
||||
non-wheat-sourdough sourdough-starter storing-bread troubleshooting\
|
||||
wheat-sourdough glossary
|
||||
@@ -75,20 +75,17 @@ low_res_images := $(filter-out %.png, $(low_res_images))
|
||||
# All together.
|
||||
src_all := $(src_tex) $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(images) $(src_plots)
|
||||
|
||||
# And format specific configurations
|
||||
# Format specific configuration files
|
||||
ebook_src := $(src_all) tex4ebook.cfg book.mk4 book-ebook.css
|
||||
|
||||
website_src := $(src_all) website.cfg style.css
|
||||
website_dir := static_website_html
|
||||
website_assets := $(wildcard ../website/assets/*)
|
||||
ruby_src := ../website/modify_build.rb $(website_assets)
|
||||
ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
|
||||
|
||||
# This is more than what is actually needed but keeps the makefile simple
|
||||
booklet_src := $(src_figures) $(src_tables) $(src_recipes) $(images)
|
||||
booklet_src += booklet.tex
|
||||
ruby_pkg := ../website/Gemfile ../website/Gemfile.lock
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Internal build rules {{{
|
||||
# Flowcharts {{{
|
||||
# TODO: check if it works on github CI
|
||||
%.png: %.tex
|
||||
@@ -103,7 +100,7 @@ booklet_src += booklet.tex
|
||||
ebb -x $<
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# pdf {{{
|
||||
# Pdf {{{
|
||||
# Default rules for pdf, getting overwritten when built in a sub-directory
|
||||
%.pdf: %.tex
|
||||
$(LATEX) $<
|
||||
@@ -113,12 +110,6 @@ book_serif/book.pdf: $(src_all)
|
||||
|
||||
book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf: $(src_all)
|
||||
$(LATEX) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
||||
|
||||
# We don't want to use latexmk as there is no biber nor references and it
|
||||
# seems to make it somehow unhappy
|
||||
booklet/booklet.pdf: $(booklet_src)
|
||||
mkdir -p booklet
|
||||
lualatex --output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Ebook {{{
|
||||
@@ -127,15 +118,15 @@ booklet/booklet.pdf: $(booklet_src)
|
||||
epub/%.epub: %.tex $(ebook_src) cover/cover-page.xbb
|
||||
$(EBOOK) $<
|
||||
|
||||
copy_ebook_files: build_ebook
|
||||
copy_ebook_files: ebook
|
||||
$(RSYNC) --exclude '*.png' epub_build/book-epub/ bw-book-epub/
|
||||
|
||||
# Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions
|
||||
# Now that we have built the ebook we will generate 2 more versions
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 1) With kindle app on phone we want a colour version with size < 50 MB
|
||||
# 2) A black-white version for actual eink readers
|
||||
# 1) With kindle app on phone we want a colour version with size < 50 MB
|
||||
# 2) A black-white version for actual eink readers
|
||||
#
|
||||
# In both cases we just convert images and repack the ebpub
|
||||
# In both cases we just convert images and repack the ebpub
|
||||
|
||||
# We do not convert SVG to B&W or lower res for now as they are super small
|
||||
# anyway
|
||||
@@ -162,7 +153,7 @@ low-res-book-epub/OEBPS/%.jpg: %.jpg
|
||||
epub/low_res_book.epub: copy_ebook_files_low_res $(low_res_images)
|
||||
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q0X ../epub/low_res_book.epub mimetype
|
||||
cd low-res-book-epub; zip -q9XrD ../epub/low_res_book.epub ./
|
||||
#}}}
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Website {{{
|
||||
###################################
|
||||
@@ -192,37 +183,49 @@ website: html ../website/_bundle_install_done $(ruby_src)
|
||||
export_figures: pdf $(tgt_figures)
|
||||
cd figures/ && bash export_figures.sh
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Now with the targets {{{
|
||||
# Expected usual targets first
|
||||
# User level targets {{{
|
||||
# Build targets {{{
|
||||
.PHONY: all
|
||||
all: bake
|
||||
|
||||
# Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks)
|
||||
.PHONY: pdf booklet serif sans_serif ebook
|
||||
# Finally actual project targets (i.e. build pdf and ebooks)
|
||||
.PHONY: pdf serif sans_serif ebook
|
||||
|
||||
pdf: serif sans_serif
|
||||
|
||||
booklet: booklet/booklet.pdf
|
||||
serif: book_serif/book.pdf
|
||||
sans_serif: book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
ebook: epub/book.epub
|
||||
bw_ebook: epub/bw_book.epub
|
||||
low_res_ebook: epub/low_res_book.epub
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# We keep the old target names for backward compatibility
|
||||
build_pdf: pdf
|
||||
build_booklet: booklet
|
||||
build_serif_pdf: serif
|
||||
build_sans_serif_pdf: sans_serif
|
||||
build_ebook: ebook
|
||||
build_bw_ebook: bw_ebook
|
||||
build_low_res_ebook: low_res_ebook
|
||||
# Old target names are disabled with helpful help message {{{
|
||||
build_pdf:
|
||||
@echo "build_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make pdf"
|
||||
@exit
|
||||
build_serif_pdf:
|
||||
@echo "build_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make serif"
|
||||
@exit
|
||||
build_sans_serif_pdf:
|
||||
@echo "build_sans_serif_pdf target is not supported anymore, please use make sans_serif"
|
||||
@exit
|
||||
build_ebook:
|
||||
@echo "build_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make ebook"
|
||||
@exit
|
||||
build_bw_ebook:
|
||||
@echo "build_bw_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make bw_ebook"
|
||||
@exit
|
||||
build_low_res_ebook:
|
||||
@echo "build_low_res_ebook target is not supported anymore, please use make low_res_ebook"
|
||||
@exit
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# top level releases rules
|
||||
# Top level releases rules {{{
|
||||
.PHONY: bake release_serif release_sans_serif
|
||||
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif release_booklet website
|
||||
bake: release_serif release_sans_serif website
|
||||
|
||||
release:
|
||||
mkdir -p release
|
||||
@@ -238,10 +241,7 @@ release_serif: serif ebook bw_ebook low_res_ebook | release
|
||||
fi
|
||||
|
||||
release_sans_serif: sans_serif | release
|
||||
cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
release_booklet: booklet | release
|
||||
cp booklet/booklet.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-booklet.pdf
|
||||
cp book_sans_serif/book_sans_serif.pdf release/TheBreadCode-The-Sourdough-Framework-sans-serif.pdf
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Clean up {{{
|
||||
@@ -259,12 +259,9 @@ clean_figures:
|
||||
clean_ebook_build:
|
||||
-rm epub_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
|
||||
-rm epub_build/book*.{idv,lg,loc,log,ncx,run.xml,tmp,xref}
|
||||
-rm epub_build/{book.css,content.opf} epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
|
||||
-rm epub_build/book*x.svg
|
||||
-rm epub_build/book.css
|
||||
-rm epub_build/content.opf
|
||||
-rm epub_build/book-epub/mimetype
|
||||
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF
|
||||
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
|
||||
-rm -rf epub_build/book-epub/META-INF epub_build/book-epub/OEBPS
|
||||
|
||||
clean_website_build:
|
||||
-rm website_build/book*.{4ct,4tc,aux,bbl,bcf,blg,dvi,fdb_latexmk,fls,html}
|
||||
@@ -274,25 +271,18 @@ clean_website_build:
|
||||
clean: clean_ebook_build clean_figures clean_website_build
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||
-rm book*/*.{bbl,loc,run.xml}
|
||||
|
||||
mrproper: clean
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -C $(src_figures)
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=book_sans_serif book_sans_serif.tex
|
||||
$(CLEAN) -C -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||
-rm figures/*.png
|
||||
-rm -rf epub/
|
||||
-rm -rf release/
|
||||
-rm -rf book_serif/
|
||||
-rm -rf book_sans_serif/
|
||||
-rm -rf booklet/
|
||||
-rm -rf *book-epub/
|
||||
-rm -rf epub_build/
|
||||
-rm -rf website_build/
|
||||
-rm -rf $(website_dir)
|
||||
#}}}
|
||||
-rm -rf book_serif/ book_sans_serif/
|
||||
-rm -rf epub/ epub_build/ bw-book-epub/ low-res-book-epub/
|
||||
-rm -rf website_build/ $(website_dir)
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Help {{{
|
||||
###################################
|
||||
@@ -338,7 +328,6 @@ help:
|
||||
@echo "Quick builds:"
|
||||
@echo " quick: compiles serif_pdf but runs lulatex only once"
|
||||
@echo " quick_ebook: compiles ebook but runs lulatex only once"
|
||||
@echo " quick_booklet: compiles booklet but runs lulatex only once"
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
@echo "Checks:"
|
||||
@echo " tex-check: runs static analysis checker on LaTeX source to spot"
|
||||
@@ -353,8 +342,9 @@ help:
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
@echo "set DEBUG i.e make DEBUG=1 ebook to add debug flags to commands"
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# Debug Stuff from now on {{{
|
||||
# Debug Stuff {{{
|
||||
###################################
|
||||
|
||||
# Verify your spelling and TeX warnings {{{
|
||||
@@ -380,57 +370,54 @@ spell-check: $(src_tex) spelling_exceptions.txt
|
||||
.PHONY: quick quick_ebook show_tools_version printvars
|
||||
# Those 2 targets allow fast debug cycles but not resolving references etc
|
||||
# They also ignore dependencies and run each time you call them.
|
||||
quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc...
|
||||
quick: # run latex only once no biber, no references etc...
|
||||
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=book_serif book.tex
|
||||
|
||||
quick_booklet:
|
||||
$(LATEX) -e '$$max_repeat=1' -halt-on-error -output-directory=booklet booklet.tex
|
||||
|
||||
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc...
|
||||
quick_ebook: cover/cover-page.xbb # run latex only once no biber, ref etc...
|
||||
$(EBOOK) --mode draft book.tex
|
||||
|
||||
show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{
|
||||
- $(GIT) log -1 --pretty=%B
|
||||
show_tools_version: # Show version of tools used on the build machine {{{
|
||||
-$(GIT) log -5 --pretty="%h: %s by %an on %as"
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- uname -a
|
||||
-uname -a
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- $(SHELL) --version
|
||||
-$(SHELL) --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- @echo "PATH:"
|
||||
- @echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
|
||||
-@echo "PATH:"
|
||||
-@echo $(PATH) | tr ':' '\n'
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- latexmk --version
|
||||
-latexmk --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- lualatex --version
|
||||
-lualatex --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- tex4ebook --version
|
||||
-tex4ebook --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- make4ht --version
|
||||
-make4ht --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- tidy -version
|
||||
-tidy -version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- dvisvgm --version
|
||||
-dvisvgm --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
|
||||
-lacheck | head -5 | tail -1
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- chktex --version
|
||||
-chktex --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- make --version
|
||||
-make --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- biber -version
|
||||
-biber -version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- ruby --version
|
||||
-ruby --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- $(CONVERT_PIC) --version
|
||||
-$(CONVERT_PIC) --version
|
||||
@echo ""
|
||||
- rsync --version
|
||||
-rsync --version
|
||||
# }}}
|
||||
|
||||
# You can find the value of variable X with the following command:
|
||||
# make print-X
|
||||
print-%: ; @echo $* = $($*) # Print a makefile variable
|
||||
print-%: ; @echo $* = $($*) # Print a makefile variable
|
||||
|
||||
printvars: # Print all variables in the makefile
|
||||
printvars: # Print all variables in the makefile
|
||||
@$(foreach V,$(sort $(.VARIABLES)), \
|
||||
$(if $(filter-out environ% default automatic, \
|
||||
$(origin $V)),$(info $V=$($V) ($(value $V)))))
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
|
||||
\item Cereal milk (the leftover milk from eating cereals)
|
||||
\item Coffee
|
||||
\item Eggs
|
||||
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{section:colors})
|
||||
\item Fruit/vegetable juices (also see Section~\ref{sec:colors})
|
||||
\item Milk (for sweet, soft breads)
|
||||
\item Milk alternatives such as: Almond, oat, soy\dots{}
|
||||
\item Mashed potatoes
|
||||
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ affecting taste and texture.
|
||||
\end{itemize}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Colors}%
|
||||
\label{section:colors}
|
||||
\label{sec:colors}
|
||||
Some mix-ins will change the color and flavor of your bread. Common colorings
|
||||
include:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ banneton or loaf pan with seeds or oats. When using a loaf pan or banneton
|
||||
these coverings also help to make the container stick less.
|
||||
|
||||
Another approach commonly used with buns is to wet the surface or dump the
|
||||
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wetted piece of dough into your bowl of
|
||||
dough in water. Afterward, dip the wet piece of dough into your bowl of
|
||||
mix-ins. This does not work for all mix-ins, as some can't handle the high
|
||||
temperatures during baking and char. Most commonly done with seeds
|
||||
(\eg~sesame, oats, flax-seed).
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\chapter{Non wheat sourdough}%
|
||||
\label{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
\label{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
\begin{quoting}
|
||||
In this chapter you will learn how to make a basic sourdough bread
|
||||
using non-wheat flour, basically all flour except spelt.
|
||||
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ bread looks more uniform. The proofing period also allows the
|
||||
dough to fully extend and fill the edges of the loaf pan. I~also
|
||||
like to move the dough to the fridge for proofing. The dough stays
|
||||
good in the fridge for weeks. You can proceed and bake it at a
|
||||
convenient time for you.
|
||||
convenient time for you.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are happy with the proofing stage, proceed and bake your dough
|
||||
just like you'd normally do, more details can be found in
|
||||
Chapter~\ref{chapter:baking}. One challenging aspect
|
||||
Chapter~\ref{ch:baking}. One challenging aspect
|
||||
of using a loaf pan is to make sure that the center part of your
|
||||
dough is properly cooked. For this reason, it is best to use a thermometer
|
||||
and measure the internal temperature. The bread is ready once the internal
|
||||
|
||||
75
book/pgfsys-dvisvgm4ht.def
Normal file
75
book/pgfsys-dvisvgm4ht.def
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
% Copyright 2021-2024 by Michal Hoftich
|
||||
% Copyright 2006 by Till Tantau
|
||||
%
|
||||
% This file may be distributed and/or modified
|
||||
%
|
||||
% 1. under the LaTeX Project Public License and/or
|
||||
% 2. under the GNU Public License.
|
||||
%
|
||||
% See the file doc/generic/pgf/licenses/LICENSE for more details.
|
||||
|
||||
\ProvidesFileRCS{pgfsys-dvisvgm4ht.def}
|
||||
|
||||
% Driver commands for tex4ht
|
||||
|
||||
%
|
||||
% Load common pdf commands:
|
||||
%
|
||||
|
||||
% we switched to dvisvgm driver by default. it supports patterns and other features
|
||||
% dvips driver is available through the tikz+ option. It doesn't support everything,
|
||||
% but it worked better with nested pictures in the past.
|
||||
\ifdefined\ifOption
|
||||
\ifOption{tikz+}{\input pgfsys-dvips.def}{\input pgfsys-dvisvgm.def}
|
||||
\else
|
||||
% load the dvips driver by default
|
||||
\input pgfsys-dvisvgm.def
|
||||
\fi
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\catcode`\:=11%
|
||||
|
||||
% we must call most of these redefinitions in \AtBeginDocument, because \HLet is available
|
||||
% only at that moment
|
||||
\AtBeginDocument{%
|
||||
% configure the output picture format to svg, as it will require dvisvgm
|
||||
% post processing.
|
||||
\Configure{Picture}{.svg}%
|
||||
|
||||
% insert picture hooks to pgfsys commands
|
||||
% these redefinitions are usually called only with the \tikz command,
|
||||
% they are ignored in tikzpicture environment
|
||||
\def\:tempa#1{%
|
||||
\texfourht@tikz@begin%
|
||||
\csname o:pgfsys@typesetpicturebox:\endcsname{#1}
|
||||
\texfourht@tikz@end%
|
||||
}
|
||||
\HLet\pgfsys@typesetpicturebox\:tempa
|
||||
|
||||
% we must remove Picture-alt in \pgfsys@beginpicture, because it can result in alt text included in the image
|
||||
\def\:tempa{\Configure{Picture-alt}{}\texfourht@tikz@begin\o:pgfsys@beginpicture:}
|
||||
\HLet\pgfsys@beginpicture\:tempa
|
||||
\let\o:pgfsys@endpicture:\pgfsys@endpicture
|
||||
\def\:tempa{\o:pgfsys@endpicture:}
|
||||
\HLet\pgfsys@endpicture\:tempa
|
||||
|
||||
% start picture around TikZ and PGF environments
|
||||
\ConfigureEnv{tikzpicture}{\begingroup\texfourht@tikz@begin}{\texfourht@tikz@end\endgroup}{}{}%
|
||||
\ConfigureEnv{pgfpicture}{\begingroup\texfourht@tikz@begin}{\texfourht@tikz@end\endgroup}{}{}%
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
\def\texfourht@tikz@begin{
|
||||
\protect\csname nested:math\endcsname% support display math
|
||||
\Picture*[\csname a:Picture-alt\endcsname]{}%
|
||||
}
|
||||
\def\texfourht@tikz@end{\EndPicture}
|
||||
|
||||
\catcode`\:=12%
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\endinput
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%%% Local Variables:
|
||||
%%% mode: latex
|
||||
%%% End:
|
||||
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ a vinegary (acetic) or mix of both flavor profiles. You can adjust your
|
||||
starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Liquid starter}%
|
||||
\label{section:liquid-starter}
|
||||
\label{sec:liquid-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ starter's flavor by changing the type to a liquid starter.
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-liquid-starter-conversion.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Converting to a liquid starter]{The process to convert your regular
|
||||
or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
|
||||
or stiff starter into a liquid starter. The whole process takes around
|
||||
3~days. The longer you maintain your starter at the suggested hydration
|
||||
level, the more adapted your microorganisms become. It is recommended to
|
||||
keep a backup of your original starter as the liquid environment will
|
||||
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ By introducing this layer of water, less oxygen is available throughout the
|
||||
course of fermentation. This means that your starter will no longer be
|
||||
producing acetic acid. The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria will thrive
|
||||
in this environment. This is a neat little trick to change your starter's
|
||||
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop
|
||||
dairy creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
|
||||
flavor profile from vinegary to lactic. Your starter is going to develop dairy
|
||||
creamy notes. Interestingly, when changing the hydration again, your starter
|
||||
is going to maintain the liquid starter flavor profile, but then benefit again
|
||||
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is nonreversible.
|
||||
from enhanced yeast activity. The liquid starter conversion is irreversible.
|
||||
By changing to a liquid starter you will permanently select a subset of
|
||||
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going back to a regular
|
||||
or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the liquid conversion
|
||||
will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a backup of the starter
|
||||
before the liquid starter conversion.
|
||||
microbes that work better in the more liquid environment. So even after going
|
||||
back to a regular or stiff starter the subset of microbes created by the
|
||||
liquid conversion will remain. For this reason, it is recommended to keep a
|
||||
backup of the starter before the liquid starter conversion.
|
||||
|
||||
To begin with the
|
||||
conversion, simply take around \qty{1}{\gram} of your starter, mix with \qty{5}{\gram} flour and
|
||||
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ drain the liquid part on your starter and use it. I~have used it numerous
|
||||
times to make lacto-fermented hot sauces.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Stiff starter}%
|
||||
\label{section:stiff-starter}
|
||||
\label{sec:stiff-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-stiff.jpg}
|
||||
@@ -225,9 +225,10 @@ mixing the starter there should be no chunks of flour left. Test placing
|
||||
the starter on your kitchen counter. When lifting it should slightly stick
|
||||
to your counter's surface. This test indicates that you hydrated the flour sufficiently.
|
||||
When the mixture is too dry, the fermentation speed is greatly reduced and
|
||||
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier
|
||||
than a regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check}
|
||||
for a visual example of the starter's required hydration level.
|
||||
the starter will seem inactive. The starter should be much drier than a
|
||||
regular starter, but also not too dry. Refer to
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:stiff-starter-dry-check} for a visual example of the starter's
|
||||
required hydration level.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stiff-starter-dry-check.jpg}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\chapter{Making a sourdough starter}%
|
||||
\label{chapter:sourdough-starter}
|
||||
\label{ch:sourdough-starter}
|
||||
\begin{quoting}
|
||||
In this chapter you will learn how to make your
|
||||
own sourdough starter, but before doing so you will
|
||||
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ how to prepare your starter for long-term storage.
|
||||
\end{quoting}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Baker's math}%
|
||||
\label{section:bakers-math}
|
||||
\label{sec:bakers-math}
|
||||
|
||||
In a large bakery, a determining factor is how
|
||||
much flour you have at hand. Based on the amount
|
||||
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ are completely lost when trying to scale it up.
|
||||
|
||||
Making a sourdough starter is very easy, all you need
|
||||
is a little bit of patience. It is in fact so easy that it can be summarized
|
||||
in a simple flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
|
||||
in a simple Flowchart~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-process} The flour you should
|
||||
use to bootstrap your starter is ideally a whole flour.
|
||||
You could use whole-wheat, whole-rye, whole-spelt or
|
||||
any other flour you have. In fact gluten free flours such
|
||||
@@ -101,6 +101,14 @@ as rice or corn would also work. Don't worry, you can always
|
||||
change the flour later. Use whatever whole flour you
|
||||
already have at hand.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
|
||||
starter from scratch.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
Your flour is contaminated with millions of microbes. As explained
|
||||
before in the chapter about wild yeast and bacteria, these
|
||||
microbes live on the surface of the plant. That's why
|
||||
@@ -131,63 +139,16 @@ not airtight. You still want some gas exchange to be possible.
|
||||
I~like to use a glass and place another
|
||||
inverted one on top.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-starter-process.tex}
|
||||
\caption[The full sourdough starter process]{The process of making a sourdough
|
||||
starter from scratch.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-process}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
Now an epic battle begins. In one study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent}
|
||||
scientists have identified more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
|
||||
Now an epic battle begins, as visualized in
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}. In one
|
||||
study~\cite{yeasts+biocontrol+agent} scientists have identified
|
||||
more than \num{150}~different yeast species living
|
||||
on a single leaf of a plant.
|
||||
All of the different yeasts and bacteria are trying to get
|
||||
the upper hand in this battle. Other pathogens such as mold
|
||||
are also being activated as we added water. Only the strongest
|
||||
most adaptable microorganisms will survive.
|
||||
|
||||
By adding water to the
|
||||
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
|
||||
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
|
||||
amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
|
||||
digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
|
||||
plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
|
||||
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
|
||||
|
||||
Luckily for us
|
||||
bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
|
||||
glucose. This is what they have been fed in the wild by the plants.
|
||||
By forming patches on the leaf and protecting the plant from
|
||||
pathogens they received glucose in return for their services.
|
||||
Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the
|
||||
food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
|
||||
bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
|
||||
is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
|
||||
new fungicides or antibiotics.
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on where your flour
|
||||
is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
|
||||
than the ones from another starter. Some people have also reported
|
||||
how the microbes from your hand or air can influence your starter's
|
||||
microorganisms. This makes sense to a certain extent. Your
|
||||
hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but
|
||||
probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
|
||||
of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
|
||||
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
|
||||
niche are going to survive.
|
||||
|
||||
This means the microorganisms knowing
|
||||
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
|
||||
microbes fermenting the waste of the other microbes. Ethanol created
|
||||
by the yeast is metabolized by the bacteria in your sourdough. That's
|
||||
why a sourdough has no alcohol. I~can confirm the role of aerial
|
||||
contamination to a certain extent, when setting up a new sourdough
|
||||
starter the whole process is quite quick for me. After a few
|
||||
days my new starter seems to be quite alive already. This might
|
||||
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
|
||||
my kitchen.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
|
||||
\caption[Microbial warfare during sourdough early days]{A simple
|
||||
@@ -202,21 +163,60 @@ my kitchen.
|
||||
\label{fig:sourdough-starter-microbial-war}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
By adding water to the
|
||||
flour the starches start to degrade. The seedling tries to
|
||||
sprout but it no longer can. Essential for this process is the
|
||||
amylase enzyme. The compact starch is broken down to more
|
||||
digestible sugars to fuel plant growth. Glucose is what the
|
||||
plant needs in order to grow. The microorganisms that survive
|
||||
this frenzy are adapted to consuming glucose.
|
||||
|
||||
Luckily for us
|
||||
bakers, the yeast and bacteria know very well how to metabolize
|
||||
glucose. This is what they have been fed in the wild by the plants.
|
||||
By forming patches on the leaf and protecting the plant from
|
||||
pathogens they received glucose in return for their services.
|
||||
Each of the microbes tries to defeat the other by consuming the
|
||||
food fastest, producing agents to inhibit food uptake by others or by producing
|
||||
bactericides and/or fungicides. This early stage of the starter
|
||||
is very interesting as more research could possibly reveal
|
||||
new fungicides or antibiotics.
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on where your flour
|
||||
is from, the starting microbes of your starter might be different
|
||||
than the ones from another starter. Some people have also reported
|
||||
how the microbes from your hand or air can influence your starter's
|
||||
microorganisms. This makes sense to a certain extent. Your
|
||||
hand's microbes might be good at fermenting your sweat, but
|
||||
probably not so good at metabolizing glucose. The contamination
|
||||
of your hands or air might play a minor role in the initial epic
|
||||
battle. But only the fittest microbes fitting the sourdough's
|
||||
niche are going to survive.
|
||||
|
||||
This means the microorganisms knowing
|
||||
how to convert maltose or glucose will have the upper hand. Or the
|
||||
microbes fermenting the waste of the other microbes. Ethanol created
|
||||
by the yeast is metabolized by the bacteria in your sourdough. That's
|
||||
why a sourdough has no alcohol. I~can confirm the role of aerial
|
||||
contamination to a certain extent, when setting up a new sourdough
|
||||
starter the whole process is quite quick for me. After a few
|
||||
days my new starter seems to be quite alive already. This might
|
||||
be due to previous contamination of flour fermenting microbes in
|
||||
my kitchen.
|
||||
|
||||
Wait for around 24~hours and observe what happens to your starter.
|
||||
You might see some early signs of fermentation already. Use your nose
|
||||
to smell the dough. Look for bubbles in the dough. Your dough
|
||||
might already have increased in size a little bit. Whatever
|
||||
you see and notice is a sign of the first battle.
|
||||
|
||||
Some microbes
|
||||
have already been outperformed. Others have won the first battle.
|
||||
After around 24~hours most of the starch has been broken down
|
||||
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon
|
||||
take around \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place
|
||||
it in a new container. Again --- you could also simply eye ball
|
||||
all the quantities. It does not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram}
|
||||
from the previous day with another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour
|
||||
and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
||||
Some microbes have already been outperformed. Others have won the first
|
||||
battle. After around \qty{24}{hours} most of the starch has been broken down
|
||||
and your microbes are hungry for additional sugars. With a spoon take around
|
||||
\qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day's mixture and place it in a new
|
||||
container. Again---you could also simply eye ball all the quantities. It does
|
||||
not matter that much. Mix the \qty{10}{\gram} from the previous day with
|
||||
another \qty{50}{\gram} of flour and \qty{50}{\gram} of water.
|
||||
|
||||
Note the ratio of 1:5. I~very often use
|
||||
1~part of old culture with 5~parts of flour and 5~parts of water.
|
||||
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ the mix again with a glass or a lid. If you notice the top of
|
||||
your mixture dries out a lot consider using another cover. The
|
||||
dried-out parts will be composted by more adapted microbes such as
|
||||
mold. In many user reports, I~saw mold being able to damage
|
||||
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
|
||||
the starter when the starter itself dried out a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
You will
|
||||
still have some mixture left from your first day. As this contains
|
||||
@@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ don't use this test and can't recommend it.
|
||||
Once you see your starter is ready I~would recommend giving it
|
||||
one last feeding and then you are ready to make your dough in the
|
||||
evening or the next day. For the instructions on how to make your
|
||||
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{chapter:wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
and~\ref{chapter:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
|
||||
first dough please refer to the next chapters (\ref{ch:wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
and~\ref{ch:non-wheat-sourdough}) in this book.
|
||||
|
||||
If your first bread failed, chances are your fermentation hasn't
|
||||
worked as expected. In many cases the reason is your sourdough starter. Maybe
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
% Caption and figure size below images
|
||||
\usepackage{caption}
|
||||
\captionsetup[figure]{font=footnotesize}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{captionlabel}{\textbf}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{caption}{\small}
|
||||
|
||||
\DeclareSIUnit\degF{\text{°}F}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -164,7 +164,6 @@ Krawontka
|
||||
Krzysztof
|
||||
Kuchengnom
|
||||
Kuriyama
|
||||
Labelling
|
||||
Lausuch
|
||||
Lecloux
|
||||
Leeuwen
|
||||
@@ -199,7 +198,6 @@ Mitelski
|
||||
Moj
|
||||
Monicaks
|
||||
MqH3GVfjfBc
|
||||
NONINFRINGEMENT
|
||||
Napoli
|
||||
Nic
|
||||
Nirpf
|
||||
@@ -326,7 +324,6 @@ caco
|
||||
cagno
|
||||
calc
|
||||
captionsetup
|
||||
caramelise
|
||||
carbonarius
|
||||
cerevisiae
|
||||
chapappifchapterprefix
|
||||
@@ -343,12 +340,10 @@ citecolor
|
||||
codeblack
|
||||
codeblue
|
||||
coeliac
|
||||
colour
|
||||
countertop
|
||||
crum
|
||||
defaultfontfeatures
|
||||
degF
|
||||
dependant
|
||||
diastatic
|
||||
dimexpr
|
||||
discard2
|
||||
@@ -404,7 +399,6 @@ hscale
|
||||
hspace
|
||||
htb
|
||||
htp
|
||||
hydrations
|
||||
hyperref
|
||||
hypersetup
|
||||
ie
|
||||
@@ -413,7 +407,6 @@ ifnextchar
|
||||
ifthenelse
|
||||
ifwidelayout
|
||||
includegraphics
|
||||
industrialisation
|
||||
injera
|
||||
isaccessible
|
||||
jalapeño
|
||||
@@ -422,7 +415,6 @@ kao
|
||||
karl
|
||||
keepaspectratio
|
||||
kitchenaid
|
||||
labelled
|
||||
lacto
|
||||
le
|
||||
leavevmode
|
||||
@@ -500,7 +492,6 @@ scandinavia
|
||||
scorings
|
||||
selectfont
|
||||
semibold
|
||||
sep
|
||||
setchapterimage
|
||||
setchapterpreamble
|
||||
setchapterstyle
|
||||
@@ -557,7 +548,6 @@ vspace
|
||||
wahlfeld
|
||||
wait1
|
||||
wait2
|
||||
wetted
|
||||
xsep
|
||||
xshift
|
||||
yYkTrGHNW2w
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\chapter{Storing bread}%
|
||||
\label{chapter:storing-bread}
|
||||
\label{ch:storing-bread}
|
||||
\begin{quoting}
|
||||
In this chapter you will discuss different methods of storing your bread, each
|
||||
with their own pro and cons. This way your bread can be best enjoyed at a
|
||||
@@ -116,8 +116,7 @@ This option is great for very long-term storage. Personally
|
||||
I~like having a few slices of bread frozen as an emergency
|
||||
backup when I~have had no time to bake.
|
||||
|
||||
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health
|
||||
benefits to freezing and toasting your bread. By doing so
|
||||
the starch molecules could become more resistant to digestion
|
||||
and thus lower your body's blood sugar
|
||||
response by almost 40\%~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.
|
||||
A 2008 study hints that there might be some health benefits to freezing and
|
||||
toasting your bread. By doing so the starch molecules could become more
|
||||
resistant to digestion and thus lower your body's blood sugar response by
|
||||
almost \qty{40}{\percent}~\cite{freezing+toasting+bread}.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -535,6 +535,22 @@ figure.figure p.noindent {
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main.main-content h2.chapterHead.home-content-title {
|
||||
margin-top: 0.5em;
|
||||
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
|
||||
line-height: 1.5em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.download-description {
|
||||
font-weight: var(--fw-bold);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
.download-links {
|
||||
p.indent, p.noindent {
|
||||
text-align: unset;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@media (max-width: 768px) {
|
||||
.header {
|
||||
display: none;
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -9,5 +9,5 @@
|
||||
122 / 252 & Lactic acid evaporation & The dairy tasting lactic acid begins to evaporate, sourness further decreases.\\
|
||||
140 / 284 & Maillard reaction & The Maillard reaction starts to deform starches and proteins.
|
||||
The dough starts browning.\\
|
||||
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelise giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
|
||||
170 / 338 & Caramelization & Remaining sugars begin to caramelize giving your bread a distinct flavor.\\ \bottomrule
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -19,4 +19,27 @@
|
||||
font-family: 'Open Sans';
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>}}
|
||||
|
||||
% Deal with chemical equations in a single svg
|
||||
\ExplSyntaxOn
|
||||
\def\standaloneenv#1{}
|
||||
\pend:def\schemestart{\Picture+{}}
|
||||
\append:def\CF_schemestop{\EndPicture}
|
||||
\ExplSyntaxOff
|
||||
\makeatletter
|
||||
\def\texfourht@tikz@begin{
|
||||
\protect\csname nested:math\endcsname% support display math
|
||||
\Picture+[\csname a:Picture-alt\endcsname]{}%
|
||||
}
|
||||
\makeatother
|
||||
|
||||
% Warnig from Michal: Note that once you get the updated TeX Live with a new
|
||||
% `chemfig.4ht` file, you can remove this from the config file:
|
||||
%
|
||||
%```latex \pend:def\schemestart{\Picture+{}}
|
||||
%\append:def\CF_schemestop{\EndPicture} ```
|
||||
%
|
||||
%You could get an error otherwise, as there would be nested `\Picture+{}` and
|
||||
%`\EndPicture` commands.
|
||||
|
||||
\EndPreamble
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\section{Debugging your crumb structure}%
|
||||
\label{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
\label{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
|
||||
The crumb structure of your bread provides insights into how well
|
||||
your fermentation process has gone. You can also spot common flaws
|
||||
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ arising from improper technique. This chapter will provide you with information
|
||||
that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{crumb-structures-book}
|
||||
\caption[Debugging your crumb structure]{A schematic visualization of
|
||||
different crumb structures and their respective causes. The final bread's
|
||||
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ that you can use to debug your baking process.
|
||||
\subsection{Perfect fermentation}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{open-crumb}
|
||||
\caption[Perfectly fermented bread]{The bread has a somewhat open crumb
|
||||
with areas featuring a honeycomb structure.}%
|
||||
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ A good rule of thumb is to not touch your dough for at least 1--2~hours before s
|
||||
to achieve as open a crumb as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{honeycomb}
|
||||
\caption[Honeycomb crumb structure]{A whole-wheat sourdough with an almost
|
||||
exclusive honeycomb crumb structure.}%
|
||||
@@ -75,8 +78,10 @@ of this bread compared to an open crumb.
|
||||
\label{subsec:overfermented-dough}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-long}
|
||||
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
||||
\caption[Overfermented sourdough bread]{A relatively flat dough that has
|
||||
many tiny pockets of air.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:fermented-too-long}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -154,10 +159,11 @@ room temperature briefly before refrigerating can be beneficial.
|
||||
\subsection{Underfermented}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
||||
\caption[Underfermented bread]{A dense dough featuring a gummy, not fully
|
||||
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user wahlfeld
|
||||
from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||
gelatinized area. The picture has been provided by the user
|
||||
\emph{wahlfeld} from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:fermented-too-short-underbaked}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -189,11 +195,12 @@ of air in your crumb. But in reality you fermented for too short a period
|
||||
of time.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fools-crumb}
|
||||
\caption[Fool's crumb large alveoli]{A typical example of a fool's crumb
|
||||
featuring an ear and several overly large alveoli. The picture has been
|
||||
provided by Rochelle from our community Discord server.}%
|
||||
\label{fools-crumb}
|
||||
\label{fig:fools-crumb}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
In a properly fermented dough, the alveoli help with the heat transfer throughout the dough.
|
||||
@@ -215,7 +222,7 @@ do for your main bread dough. Assuming you use \qty{20}{\percent} starter
|
||||
calculated on the flour, use a 1:5:5 ratio to feed your starter. That would be
|
||||
\qty{10}{\gram} of existing starter, \qty{50}{\gram} of flour, \qty{50}{\gram}
|
||||
of water for instance. To boost your yeast activity even more, you can
|
||||
consider making a stiff sourdough
|
||||
consider making a stiff sourdough
|
||||
starter. The bacteria produces mostly acid. The more acidity
|
||||
is piled up, the less active your yeast is. The stiff sourdough starter
|
||||
enables you to start your dough's fermentation with stronger yeast activity
|
||||
@@ -224,9 +231,10 @@ and less bacterial activity.
|
||||
\subsection{Not enough dough strength}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{flat-bread}
|
||||
\caption{A very flat bread without enough dough strength.}%
|
||||
\label{flat-bread}
|
||||
\label{fig:flat-bread}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
When a dough flattens out quite a lot during the baking process, the chances are
|
||||
@@ -249,9 +257,10 @@ The last option to fix a dough with too little dough strength is to shape your d
|
||||
\subsection{Baked too hot}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{baked-too-hot-v2}
|
||||
\caption{A bread with very large alveoli close to the crust.}%
|
||||
\label{baked-too-hot}
|
||||
\label{fig:baked-too-hot}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
This is a common mistake that has happened to me a lot. When you bake your dough
|
||||
@@ -280,10 +289,11 @@ turn the fan off, consider using a Dutch oven.
|
||||
\subsection{Baked with too little steam}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[h]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{no-steam}
|
||||
\caption[Bread baked with too little steam]{One of my earlier breads that
|
||||
I~baked at a friend's place where I~couldn't steam the dough properly.}%
|
||||
\label{no-steam}
|
||||
\label{fig:no-steam}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to baking too hot, when baking without enough steam, your dough's crust
|
||||
@@ -304,11 +314,12 @@ tray on top of my dough, paired with a bowl full of boiling water towards the bo
|
||||
of the oven.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||
\caption[Measuring ambient and surface temperature]{An apple with 2 probes
|
||||
to measure ambient and surface temperatures of several steaming
|
||||
techniques in a Dutch oven.}%
|
||||
\label{apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-temperatures}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Now there can also be too much steam. For this I~tested using a Dutch oven paired with large ice
|
||||
@@ -325,19 +336,21 @@ the surface of the apple a lot quicker. When replicating this with a bread dough
|
||||
I~would achieve less oven spring.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-surface.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Surface temperature versus steaming technique]{A chart showing how
|
||||
the temperature of the apple's surface changes with different
|
||||
steaming techniques.}%
|
||||
\label{apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-surface-temperatures}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[ht]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{plots/fig-temperature-ambient.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Dutch Oven temperature versus steaming technique]{This figure shows
|
||||
how the ambient temperatures inside of the Dutch oven change depending
|
||||
on the steaming technique that is used.}%
|
||||
\label{apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
||||
\label{fig:apple-experiment-ambient-temperatures}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Generally though, achieving too much steam is relatively challenging. I~could only
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -8,60 +8,37 @@ situation. You can then apply the appropriate measures and squash each
|
||||
\section{Starter}
|
||||
\subsection{My starter does not double in size}
|
||||
|
||||
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to
|
||||
double in size before using it.
|
||||
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at
|
||||
peak performance to ensure a
|
||||
Some bakers call for the sourdough starter to double in size before using it.
|
||||
The idea is to use the sourdough starter at peak performance to ensure a
|
||||
balanced fermentation in the main dough.
|
||||
|
||||
The doubling in size metric should be
|
||||
taken with a grain of salt when judging
|
||||
your starter. Depending on the flour
|
||||
you use to feed the starter, different levels
|
||||
of its rising can be expected.
|
||||
For instance, if you use rye flour then only
|
||||
very little gas from the
|
||||
fermentation can be retained inside the
|
||||
starter. In consequence, your
|
||||
sourdough starter will not rise as much. It
|
||||
could still be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten,
|
||||
the starter will not rise as
|
||||
much either. The reason is that you have a weaker
|
||||
gluten network resulting in
|
||||
more gas dispersing out of your dough.
|
||||
The doubling in size metric should be taken with a grain of salt when judging
|
||||
your starter. Depending on the flour you use to feed the starter, different
|
||||
levels of its rising can be expected. For instance, if you use rye flour then
|
||||
only very little gas from the fermentation can be retained inside the starter.
|
||||
In consequence, your sourdough starter will not rise as much. It could still
|
||||
be in healthy shape. If you use wheat flour with less gluten, the starter will
|
||||
not rise as much either. The reason is that you have a weaker gluten network
|
||||
resulting in more gas dispersing out of your dough.
|
||||
|
||||
That being said, it is recommended that you develop
|
||||
your volume increase
|
||||
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then
|
||||
ultimately lose structure
|
||||
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses.
|
||||
This is the point when
|
||||
you should use your starter. This could be a
|
||||
\qty{50}{\percent} volume increase, 100
|
||||
percent or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to use
|
||||
the starter a little bit
|
||||
too early rather than too late. If you use the
|
||||
starter later, reduce the
|
||||
quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a 20
|
||||
percent starter quantity,
|
||||
use only 10
|
||||
percent starter in that case. Your starter will
|
||||
regrow in your main dough.
|
||||
That being said, it is recommended that you develop your volume increase
|
||||
metric. Your starter will increase in size and then ultimately lose structure
|
||||
and collapse. Observe the point before it collapses. This is the point when
|
||||
you should use your starter. This could be a \qty{50}{\percent} volume
|
||||
increase, \qty{100}{\percent} or \qty{200}{\percent}. It is always better to
|
||||
use the starter a little bit too early rather than too late. If you use the
|
||||
starter later, reduce the quantity that you use. If the recipe calls for a
|
||||
\qty{20}{\percent} starter quantity, use only \qty{10}{\percent} starter in
|
||||
that case. Your starter will regrow in your main dough.
|
||||
|
||||
On top of relying on the size increase, start
|
||||
taking note of your starter's
|
||||
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its
|
||||
fermentation state based on the
|
||||
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further
|
||||
your dough has fermented.
|
||||
This is a sign that you should use less starter
|
||||
when making the actual dough.
|
||||
On top of relying on the size increase, start taking note of your starter's
|
||||
smell. Over time you will be able to judge its fermentation state based on the
|
||||
smell. The stronger the smell becomes, the further your dough has fermented.
|
||||
This is a sign that you should use less starter when making the actual dough.
|
||||
|
||||
Please refer to
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:readying-starter}~``\nameref{section:readying-starter}''
|
||||
for more information on the topic.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:readying-starter}~``\nameref{sec:readying-starter}'' for more
|
||||
information on the topic.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{What's the best starter feeding ratio?}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -84,12 +61,12 @@ ferment the dough into which it is later inoculated.
|
||||
The only exception to the 1:5:5 and 1:10:10 rule is the initial
|
||||
starter set-up stage. For the first days during the starter-making
|
||||
process there aren't enough microbes yet. So using a 1:1:1 ratio
|
||||
can speed up the process.
|
||||
can speed up the process.
|
||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a stiff sourdough starter?}
|
||||
|
||||
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of
|
||||
flour and water (\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer
|
||||
sourdough starter features a hydration level of 50 to \qty{60}{\percent}.
|
||||
A regular sourdough starter has equal parts of flour and water
|
||||
(\qty{100}{\percent} hydration). A stiffer sourdough starter features a
|
||||
hydration level of \qtyrange{50}{60}{\percent}.
|
||||
|
||||
The stiff sourdough starter boosts the yeast part
|
||||
of your starter more. This way your gluten degrades
|
||||
@@ -97,7 +74,7 @@ slower and you can ferment for a longer period. This
|
||||
is especially handy when baking with lower gluten flours.
|
||||
|
||||
You can read more about the topic of stiff sourdough
|
||||
starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{What's the benefit of using a liquid sourdough starter?}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -106,7 +83,7 @@ fermentation in your starter. This way your starter
|
||||
tends to produce more lactic acid rather than acetic
|
||||
acid. Lactic acid is perceived as milder and more
|
||||
yogurty. Acetic acid can sometimes taste quite
|
||||
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
|
||||
pungent. Acetic acid can be perfect when making
|
||||
dark rye bread but not so much when making a fluffy
|
||||
ciabatta-style loaf.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -124,7 +101,7 @@ will need to use strong high-gluten flour when using
|
||||
this type of starter.
|
||||
|
||||
You can read more about the liquid starter in
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:liquid-starter}
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:liquid-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{My new starter doesn't rise at all}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -195,15 +172,14 @@ the top.
|
||||
\label{fig:hooch}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back
|
||||
into your starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of
|
||||
your sourdough starter to set up the starter for your next bread.
|
||||
Once hooch appears, your starter has likely fermented for a long
|
||||
period of time. It might be very sour. This state of starter
|
||||
is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard bread. Don't throw
|
||||
anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long fermented
|
||||
dough in front of you. Compare it to a 2 year ripened Parmigiano cheese.
|
||||
The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
|
||||
Simply stir your sourdough starter to homogenize the hooch back into your
|
||||
starter. The hooch will disappear. Then use a little bit of your sourdough
|
||||
starter to set up the starter for your next bread. Once hooch appears, your
|
||||
starter has likely fermented for a long period of time. It might be very sour.
|
||||
This state of starter is excellent to make discard crackers or a discard
|
||||
bread. Don't throw anything away. Your hooch is a sign that you have a long
|
||||
fermented dough in front of you. Compare it to a two year ripened Parmigiano
|
||||
cheese. The dough in front of you is full of delicious flavor.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Fixing a moldy sourdough starter}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -250,6 +226,7 @@ fewer and fewer. Furthermore, it seems that lactic acid bacteria produce
|
||||
metabolites that inhibit mold growth~\cite{mold+lactic+acid+bacteria}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fungi-lactic-acid-interactions}
|
||||
\caption[The interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi]{The
|
||||
interaction of lactic acid bacteria and mold fungi.
|
||||
@@ -308,7 +285,7 @@ to most pathogens that you do not want in your starter.
|
||||
|
||||
Another approach that can help is to convert your
|
||||
sourdough starter into a stiff starter as
|
||||
described in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
described in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Why does my starter smell like vinegar or acetone?}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -320,7 +297,7 @@ When tasting acetic acid, the flavor of your bread is often perceived
|
||||
as quite strong.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-ethanol-oxidation.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Acetic acid creation]{Oxygen is required to create acetic
|
||||
acid~\cite{acetic+acid+production}.}%
|
||||
@@ -361,9 +338,9 @@ In \qty{95}{\percent} of all cases, an autolysis
|
||||
makes no sense. Instead I~recommend
|
||||
that you conduct a fermentolysis. You
|
||||
can read more about the autolysis process in
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:autolysis} and
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:autolysis} and
|
||||
more about the topic of fermentolysis
|
||||
in Section~\ref{section:fermentolysis}.
|
||||
in Section~\ref{sec:fermentolysis}.
|
||||
|
||||
The fermentolysis combines all the benefits
|
||||
of the autolysis while eliminating disadvantages
|
||||
@@ -394,18 +371,19 @@ measure your dough's size increase.
|
||||
|
||||
Another option could be to use a more expensive pH meter to measure your
|
||||
dough's acidity buildup. You can read more about different ways of managing
|
||||
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
bulk fermentation in Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{What's a good level of water (hydration) to make a dough?}
|
||||
|
||||
Especially when starting to make bread, use lower amounts of water. This will
|
||||
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around 60
|
||||
percent hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use around \qty{60}{\gram} of water.
|
||||
This ballpark figure will work for most flours. With this hydration, you can
|
||||
make bread, buns, pizzas, and even baguettes out of the same dough.
|
||||
greatly simplify the whole process. I~recommend using a level of around
|
||||
\qty{60}{\percent} hydration. So for every \qty{100}{\gram} of flour use
|
||||
around \qty{60}{\gram} of water. This ballpark figure will work for most
|
||||
flours. With this hydration, you can make bread, buns, pizzas, and even
|
||||
baguettes out of the same dough.
|
||||
|
||||
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more yeast
|
||||
fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
|
||||
With the lower hydration, dough handling becomes easier and you have more
|
||||
yeast fermentation, resulting in lower over-fermentation risk.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{My dough completely tears after a long fermentation}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -421,13 +399,14 @@ the more gluten is broken down. As the gluten holds the
|
||||
wheat dough together, your dough will ultimately tear.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{tearing-dough}
|
||||
\caption[Dough tearing]{My dough tearing after 24~hours of no activity.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:tearing-dough}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
In the picture~\ref{fig:tearing-dough} I~experimented with
|
||||
using a starter that has not been fed for 30 days at room temperature.
|
||||
using a starter that has not been fed for 30~days at room temperature.
|
||||
I~tried to make a dough directly out of the unfed starter.
|
||||
Typically after a long period
|
||||
without feedings your microbes start to sporulate and go
|
||||
@@ -483,7 +462,7 @@ in a stronger gluten network toward the end
|
||||
of the fermentation~\cite{stiff+starter}. Please
|
||||
also refer to the Subsection~\ref{subsec:overfermented-dough} where
|
||||
I~explained more about overfermented doughs. You can also
|
||||
refer to Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
||||
refer to Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter} with more details on
|
||||
making a stiff sourdough starter.
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, a stronger flour containing more gluten
|
||||
@@ -604,7 +583,7 @@ I~tested a regular starter, a liquid starter and a stiff
|
||||
starter. The stiff starter by far created the most \ch{CO2}
|
||||
compared to the other starters. As a consequence, the stiff
|
||||
starter balloon was inflated the most~\cite{stiff+starter}. You can read more
|
||||
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
about the topic of stiff starters in Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter}.
|
||||
|
||||
Another unconventional approach could be to add baking
|
||||
powder to your dough. The baking powder neutralizes the
|
||||
@@ -737,7 +716,7 @@ will climb to \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} try to start your dough
|
||||
with \qty{30}{\degreeCelsius} water. This means that you can carefully rely on
|
||||
a small fermentation sample (aliquot jar) that visualizes your fermentation
|
||||
progress. To read more about this technique refer
|
||||
to Section~\ref{section:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
to Section~\ref{sec:bulk-fermentation}.
|
||||
|
||||
The sample only works reliably if your dough temperature
|
||||
is equal to your ambient temperature. Else the sample heats
|
||||
@@ -756,7 +735,7 @@ fermentation at a pH of around 4.1. Please don't just
|
||||
follow my pH value; it's very individual. Keep measuring
|
||||
with different doughs to find out a value that works for you.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content --- what should I~do?}
|
||||
\subsection{My flour has low gluten content---what should I~do?}
|
||||
|
||||
You can always mix in a little bit of vital wheat gluten. Vital wheat gluten
|
||||
is concentrated extracted gluten from wheat flour.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -47,5 +47,17 @@
|
||||
}
|
||||
\ConfigureToc{loc}{\HCode{<span class="lofToc">}}{\ }{}{\HCode{</span><br />}}
|
||||
|
||||
\ExplSyntaxOn
|
||||
\def\standaloneenv#1{}
|
||||
\pend:def\schemestart{\Picture+{}}
|
||||
\append:def\CF_schemestop{\EndPicture}
|
||||
\ExplSyntaxOff
|
||||
\makeatletter
|
||||
\def\texfourht@tikz@begin{
|
||||
\protect\csname nested:math\endcsname% support display math
|
||||
\Picture+[\csname a:Picture-alt\endcsname]{}%
|
||||
}
|
||||
\makeatother
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{document}
|
||||
\EndPreamble
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
|
||||
\chapter{Wheat sourdough}%
|
||||
\label{ch:wheat-sourdough}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{quoting}
|
||||
In this chapter, you will learn how to make
|
||||
freestanding wheat sourdough bread.
|
||||
\end{quoting}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{loaf-pan-free-standing.jpg}
|
||||
\caption[Freestanding and loaf pan bread]{A freestanding sourdough bread
|
||||
next to bread made in a loaf pan. Freestanding sourdough is considered
|
||||
@@ -30,14 +34,13 @@ My key learning was that there is no recipe that
|
||||
you can blindly follow. You will always have to adapt the recipe
|
||||
to your locally available tools and environment.
|
||||
|
||||
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know
|
||||
all the signs to look out for. You will be able to read your dough.
|
||||
You will turn into a confident hobby baker who can bake bread
|
||||
at home, at high altitudes, at low altitudes, in summer, in winter,
|
||||
at your friend's place, and even on vacation. Furthermore,
|
||||
you will know how to scale your production from 1 loaf to 100 loaves of bread.
|
||||
If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider this knowledge to
|
||||
be your foundation.
|
||||
But do not worry. After reading this chapter you will know all the signs to
|
||||
look out for. You will be able to read your dough. You will turn into a
|
||||
confident hobby baker who can bake bread at home, at high altitudes, at low
|
||||
altitudes, in summer, in winter, at your friend's place, and even on vacation.
|
||||
Furthermore, you will know how to scale your production from one loaf to
|
||||
hundred loaves of bread. If you ever wanted to open up a bakery, consider
|
||||
this knowledge to be your foundation.
|
||||
|
||||
Mastering this process will enable you to make amazing bread
|
||||
that tastes much better than any store-bought bread.
|
||||
@@ -87,14 +90,14 @@ All the steps rely on each other. You will need to get each of
|
||||
the steps right to make the perfect bread.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Readying your starter}%
|
||||
\label{section:readying-starter}
|
||||
\label{sec:readying-starter}
|
||||
|
||||
The most crucial part of the bread-making process is your starter.
|
||||
The starter is what starts the fermentation in your main dough.
|
||||
If your starter is off, then your main dough is also going
|
||||
to cause trouble during the fermentation. Your starter's
|
||||
properties are passed on to your main dough. If your starter
|
||||
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, so will your
|
||||
doesn't have a good balance of yeast to bacteria, neither will your
|
||||
main dough.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
@@ -140,9 +143,9 @@ make dough. You might use a maximum of \qty{20}{\percent} starter to
|
||||
make dough. That's why I~advocate using a 1:5:5 ratio or a
|
||||
1:10:10 ratio depending on how ripe your starter is. As I~almost
|
||||
always use a stiffer sourdough starter due to its enhanced
|
||||
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{section:stiff-starter})
|
||||
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1 part old starter,
|
||||
5 parts flour, 2.5 parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
||||
yeast fermentation advantages (see Section~\ref{sec:stiff-starter})
|
||||
my ratio is never 1:5:5. My ratio would be 1:5:2.5 (1~part old starter,
|
||||
5~parts flour, 2.5~parts water). If it is very warm where you live
|
||||
you could opt for the aforementioned 1:10:5 or 1:20:10. This
|
||||
way you slow down the ripening of your starter. You can also use this
|
||||
trick to make starter feeding work with your schedule.
|
||||
@@ -158,7 +161,7 @@ regrows inside of your main dough. While I~would normally use
|
||||
as low as \qty{1}{\percent} starter. This way the microorganisms have
|
||||
more room to balance out while fermenting the dough. If my sourdough
|
||||
starter has not been fed in a day, I~might use \qty{5}{\percent} of sourdough
|
||||
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2 days without feedings,
|
||||
to make a dough. If I~push this to 2~days without feedings,
|
||||
I~lower the starter amount even further. I~would opt for the
|
||||
previously mentioned \qty{1}{\percent} starter. If the food is very scarce,
|
||||
your microorganisms will sporulate. They need to regrow again
|
||||
@@ -173,8 +176,8 @@ Furthermore, you want your microorganisms to outcompete
|
||||
other pathogens contained in the flour. The less starter
|
||||
you use, the easier it is for them to reproduce. A strong
|
||||
starter will outcompete other germs. While the method of
|
||||
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option 1 more.
|
||||
It will reliably create better bread. Option 2 is typically
|
||||
reducing the starter works, I~recommend Option~1 more.
|
||||
It will reliably create better bread. Option~2 is typically
|
||||
what I~use when I~fed my starter in the morning but didn't
|
||||
manage to make a dough in the evening. I~don't want to feed
|
||||
my starter again the next morning. I~would like to make a dough
|
||||
@@ -202,7 +205,7 @@ Especially when getting started I~recommend using bread flour which
|
||||
contains more gluten than all-purpose or cake flour. This is essential
|
||||
when trying to bake a freestanding loaf with sourdough.
|
||||
|
||||
Find below an example recipe for 1 loaf including baker's math calculation:
|
||||
Find below an example recipe for one loaf including baker's math calculation:
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \qty{400}{\gram} of bread flour
|
||||
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ recipe would look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
This is the beauty of baker's math. Simply recalculate the percentages, and you
|
||||
are good to go. If you are unsure about how this works, please check out the
|
||||
full Section~\ref{section:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
||||
full Section~\ref{sec:bakers-math} which looks at the topic in detail.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Hydration}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -245,8 +248,8 @@ When a seed gets into contact initially, the outer layers soak up the water.
|
||||
That's why when using whole-wheat (still containing these layers) you have to
|
||||
use a little bit more water.
|
||||
|
||||
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix. The higher the
|
||||
protein value, the more water can be used.
|
||||
By forming gluten strands, water is absorbed into your dough's gluten matrix.
|
||||
The higher the protein value, the more water can be used.
|
||||
|
||||
Some bakers like to use highly hydrated doughs to create fluffier
|
||||
bread\footnote{Sometimes it almost feels like a comparison of skill value
|
||||
@@ -308,16 +311,16 @@ offers by simply letting your dough ferment for a longer period.
|
||||
Slowing the fermentation process is easy. Use less
|
||||
sourdough starter or ferment in a cooler environment.
|
||||
|
||||
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages.
|
||||
As explained earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your
|
||||
gluten network. So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically
|
||||
become more extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire
|
||||
are slowly converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon
|
||||
that can very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the
|
||||
balloon will burst. You will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough
|
||||
becomes very sticky. Finding the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not
|
||||
too much is what the perfect wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry --- after reading
|
||||
this chapter you will have the right tools at your disposal.
|
||||
There are two reasons for the slow fermentation advantages. As explained
|
||||
earlier, both the protease enzyme and bacteria break down your gluten network.
|
||||
So as fermentation progresses, your dough will automatically become more
|
||||
extensible. This is because the rubber layers of your car tire are slowly
|
||||
converted and eaten. Ultimately your car tire turns into a balloon that can
|
||||
very easily be inflated. When waiting too long, the balloon will burst. You
|
||||
will have no gluten left anymore, and your dough becomes very sticky. Finding
|
||||
the sweet spot of enough rubber eating and not too much is what the perfect
|
||||
wheat sourdough bread is about. But don't worry---after reading this chapter
|
||||
you will have the right tools at your disposal.
|
||||
|
||||
The advantages of slow fermentation can be nicely observed when experimenting
|
||||
with a fast-fermenting yeast dough (\qty{1}{\percent} dry yeast based on flour). The
|
||||
@@ -352,8 +355,8 @@ If you are just getting started with a new batch of flour,
|
||||
I~recommend conducting the following test. This will help you to
|
||||
identify the sweet spot of your flour's hydration capabilities.
|
||||
|
||||
Make 5 bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly increasing
|
||||
water amounts to each of the bowls.
|
||||
Make five bowls with each \qty{100}{\gram} of flour. Add different slightly
|
||||
increasing water amounts to each of the bowls.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{itemize}
|
||||
\item \qty{100}{\gram} of flour, \qty{55}{\gram} of water
|
||||
@@ -375,6 +378,7 @@ to feed your starter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{window-pane-effect}
|
||||
\caption[The window pane test]{The window pane test allows you to see if you
|
||||
developed your gluten well enough.}
|
||||
@@ -452,7 +456,7 @@ allows me to skip the so-called autolysis step completely (more in the next sect
|
||||
This greatly simplifies the whole process.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Autolysis}%
|
||||
\label{section:autolysis}
|
||||
\label{sec:autolysis}
|
||||
|
||||
Autolysis describes the process of just mixing flour and water and letting
|
||||
this sit for a period of around 30~minutes up to several hours. After this
|
||||
@@ -504,7 +508,7 @@ For that reason, I~am strongly advocating utilizing the fermentolysis approach
|
||||
which greatly simplifies the mixing and kneading process.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Fermentolysis}%
|
||||
\label{section:fermentolysis}
|
||||
\label{sec:fermentolysis}
|
||||
|
||||
The fermentolysis creates the same advantageous dough properties the
|
||||
autolysis creates without the headache of mixing your dough twice. You do this
|
||||
@@ -526,23 +530,25 @@ environment and thus reduce the speed at which your microorganisms replicate.
|
||||
\end{table}
|
||||
|
||||
Based on my experience and my sourdough, my ideal bread always takes around 8
|
||||
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout
|
||||
the day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a completed
|
||||
fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent} sourdough starter. If
|
||||
I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}.
|
||||
Simply mix all the ingredients and your fermentation begins. The
|
||||
enzymes and microorganisms commence their work. On a very warm summer day, the
|
||||
mentioned quantities no longer work. With a \qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough
|
||||
would be ready in 5~hours up to a point of no return. Another additional hour
|
||||
would cause the dough to break down too much. In this case, I~would opt for 5
|
||||
percent sourdough starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12
|
||||
hour window again. If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent}
|
||||
sourdough starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as
|
||||
they depend on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that
|
||||
you have to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able
|
||||
to read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your own.
|
||||
Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and more precise approach
|
||||
by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered later in this chapter.
|
||||
to 12~hours during bulk fermentation. Based on my availability throughout the
|
||||
day, I~use a higher or lower starter quantity. If I~wanted to achieve a
|
||||
completed fermentation in 8~hours, I~would opt for a \qty{10}{\percent}
|
||||
sourdough starter. If I~wanted it to be ready in 12~hours, I~would opt for
|
||||
less starter, around \qty{5}{\percent}. Simply mix all the ingredients and
|
||||
your fermentation begins. The enzymes and microorganisms commence their work.
|
||||
On a very warm summer day, the mentioned quantities no longer work. With a
|
||||
\qty{10}{\percent} starter, the same dough would be ready in 5~hours up to a
|
||||
point of no return. Another additional hour would cause the dough to break
|
||||
down too much. In this case, I~would opt for \qty{5}{\percent} sourdough
|
||||
starter to slow the whole process down to reach the 8 to 12~hour window again.
|
||||
If it is very hot, I~might use as little as \qty{1}{\percent} sourdough
|
||||
starter\footnote{Please take these values with a grain of salt as they depend
|
||||
on your flour and your sourdough starter. These are values that you have
|
||||
to experiment with. After baking a couple of breads you will be able to
|
||||
read your dough much better.}. You have to play with the timings on your
|
||||
own. Rather than relying on timing though, I~will show you a much better and
|
||||
more precise approach by using a fermentation sample. This will be covered
|
||||
later in this chapter.
|
||||
|
||||
Even for yeasted doughs, I~no longer use autolysis. I~just reduce the amount
|
||||
of yeast that I~am using. Opting for the fermentolysis will
|
||||
@@ -615,7 +621,7 @@ by adding water and kneading again. This is a great trick to make
|
||||
a more extensible dough with lower-gluten flour~\cite{bassinage+technique}.
|
||||
|
||||
When machine kneading a dough, opt for the same technique shown in
|
||||
flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
|
||||
Flowchart~\ref{fig:wheat-sourdough-kneading-process}. Initially opt for a low
|
||||
speed. This helps the homogenization process.
|
||||
After waiting to allow the flour to soak up the water, proceed on a higher speed
|
||||
setting. A good sign of a well-developed gluten network is
|
||||
@@ -624,6 +630,7 @@ The elasticity is higher than the desire of the
|
||||
dough to stick to the container.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-strength-sourdough}
|
||||
\caption[Dough strength over time with kneading]{A schematic visualization
|
||||
of gluten development in sourdoughs with different kneading techniques.
|
||||
@@ -640,6 +647,7 @@ much. This is a common problem beginners face. Sticky dough is frequently
|
||||
the sign of a not well enough developed gluten network.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-surface-touchpoints}
|
||||
\caption[Touching the dough surface]{A schematic visualization of how a rough
|
||||
dough surface creates more touch points compared to a smooth dough
|
||||
@@ -670,7 +678,7 @@ affecting the quality of the bread~\cite{oxidization+dough}.
|
||||
The last step before beginning bulk fermentation is to
|
||||
create a smooth dough ball. By making sure your dough's surface is
|
||||
smooth, you will have fewer touch points when touching the dough.
|
||||
See figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
|
||||
See Figure~\ref{fig:dough-touch-points} for a schematic visualization
|
||||
of how your hand touches a rugged and smooth dough.
|
||||
With the smooth surface, your dough is going to stick less on your hands. Applying
|
||||
later stretches and folds will be a lot easier. Without a smooth
|
||||
@@ -679,6 +687,7 @@ becomes an impossible task. This is a frequent mistake I~see many
|
||||
new bakers commit.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-ball-steps}
|
||||
\caption[Creating a smooth surface]{The transformation of a sticky dough
|
||||
blob to a dough with a smooth surface. The goal is to reduce surface
|
||||
@@ -701,7 +710,7 @@ you can't stretch the gluten. Always imagine you are touching something utterly
|
||||
By doing so you will automatically try to touch the dough as little
|
||||
as possible. Keep repeating the process until you see that the dough
|
||||
has a nice smooth surface. The final dough should look like the dough
|
||||
shown in~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
|
||||
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
|
||||
|
||||
If your outer gluten layer tears, you have overstretched your dough. In
|
||||
that case, take a 10-minute break, leaving your dough on the kitchen countertop.
|
||||
@@ -716,7 +725,7 @@ Later, you don't have any room for error. Your technique has to be on point.
|
||||
An over-pre-shaped dough can potentially not recover.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Bulk fermentation}%
|
||||
\label{section:bulk-fermentation}
|
||||
\label{sec:bulk-fermentation}
|
||||
|
||||
After mixing the starter into your dough, the next stage of
|
||||
the process known as bulk fermentation begins. The term
|
||||
@@ -766,12 +775,12 @@ turning it into a gigantic sticky fermented pancake. This
|
||||
is one of the reasons why the current baking industry prefers
|
||||
to make solely yeast-based doughs. By removing the bacteria
|
||||
from the fermentation, the whole process becomes a lot more
|
||||
predictable. The room for error (as shown in figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation})
|
||||
is much larger. The doughs are perfect to be made in a
|
||||
machine.
|
||||
predictable. The room for error (as shown in
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:wheat-yeast-sourdough-degradation}) is much larger. The doughs
|
||||
are perfect to be made in a machine.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{flowchart}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\input{figures/fig-bulk-fermentation.tex}
|
||||
\caption[Process to check the bulk fermentation]{During the bulk
|
||||
fermentation, multiple doughs are fermented together in bulk. A
|
||||
@@ -821,6 +830,7 @@ dough exactly on point.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{aliquot-before-after}
|
||||
\caption[Aliquot Jar]{An aliquot jar to monitor the dough's fermentation
|
||||
progress. It took 10~hours for the dough to reach a \qty{50}{\percent}
|
||||
@@ -944,6 +954,7 @@ mentioned aliquot sample, look out for a size increase that works
|
||||
for your sourdough composition.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bulk-finished-dough}
|
||||
\caption[Dough at the end of bulk fermentation]{A dough in a good state to
|
||||
finish bulk fermentation. Notice the tiny bubbles on the dough's surface.
|
||||
@@ -991,6 +1002,7 @@ bread would feature an excellent, very tangy taste.
|
||||
\section{Stretch and folds}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-being-glued}
|
||||
\caption[Gluing dough]{A dough where two sticky sides are being glued
|
||||
together using a stretch and fold. This process creates excellent dough
|
||||
@@ -1006,16 +1018,16 @@ fermentation stage. The process involves stretching the dough and then
|
||||
folding the dough onto itself. Some recipes call for a single stretch
|
||||
and fold, others for multiple.
|
||||
|
||||
The primary goal of this technique is to provide
|
||||
additional dough strength to your dough. As shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}
|
||||
there are multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many no-knead
|
||||
recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying stretch and folds
|
||||
during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do all the folds probably
|
||||
matches the initial kneading time required.}. If you do not knead as much at
|
||||
the start, you can reach the same level of dough strength by applying stretch
|
||||
and folds later. The more stretch and folds you do, the more dough strength
|
||||
you add to your dough. The result will be a more aesthetic loaf that has
|
||||
increased vertical oven spring.
|
||||
The primary goal of this technique is to provide additional dough strength to
|
||||
your dough. As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough} there are
|
||||
multiple ways to create dough strength\footnote{In fact I~have seen many
|
||||
no-knead recipes calling for no initial kneading, but then applying
|
||||
stretch and folds during the bulk fermentation. The time required to do
|
||||
all the folds probably matches the initial kneading time required.}.
|
||||
If you do not knead as much at the start, you can reach the same level of
|
||||
dough strength by applying stretch and folds later. The more stretch and folds
|
||||
you do, the more dough strength you add to your dough. The result will be a
|
||||
more aesthetic loaf that has increased vertical oven spring.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes, if the dough is very extensible
|
||||
and features very high hydration, stretching and folding is essential.
|
||||
@@ -1035,11 +1047,12 @@ large cavities in your final dough's crumb, then you might be able to fix that
|
||||
by applying more stretch and folds\footnote{In many cases these cavities can
|
||||
also happen when a dough does not ferment enough. The crumb is commonly called
|
||||
Fool's Crumb. Refer to the later Debugging Crumb Structures chapter of this
|
||||
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
``\nameref{section:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
||||
book to learn more about it.}. Please refer to Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}
|
||||
``\nameref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure}'' for more information on reading
|
||||
your crumb.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{stretch-and-fold-steps}
|
||||
\caption[Stretch and fold steps]{An overview of the steps involved to perform
|
||||
stretch and folds for wheat-based doughs.}%
|
||||
@@ -1067,16 +1080,15 @@ once all around your dough until the dough is free of your container's edges.
|
||||
Wet your hands one more time and then carefully lift one side of the dough with
|
||||
two hands placed in the center upwards. Make a fold in the center of the dough.
|
||||
The upper smooth side needs to be placed on the bottom of the container. By doing
|
||||
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth side should
|
||||
not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should tend
|
||||
to stick to your hands. Rotate the container
|
||||
and repeat the same thing from the other side. Rotate the container 90°
|
||||
and then repeat the process once again. Rotate the container another 180° in
|
||||
the same direction
|
||||
and repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied 4 folds in total. Your
|
||||
dough should now stay in place and resist flowing outwards\footnote{Please
|
||||
also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a video showing you how to
|
||||
best perform the technique.}.
|
||||
so, you will be gluing together the two sticky bottom sides. The top smooth
|
||||
side should not be sticky in your hands, while the bottom rough surface should
|
||||
tend to stick to your hands. Rotate the container and repeat the same thing
|
||||
from the other side. Rotate the container \ang{90} and then repeat the process
|
||||
once again. Rotate the container another \ang{180} in the same direction and
|
||||
repeat the fold one last time. By doing so you have applied four folds in
|
||||
total. Your dough should now stay in place and resist flowing
|
||||
outwards\footnote{Please also refer to~\cite{stretch+and+fold+technique} for a
|
||||
video showing you how to best perform the technique.}.
|
||||
|
||||
In theory, there is no limit to how often you can stretch and fold. You could
|
||||
apply one every 15~minutes. If your dough has enough dough strength already,
|
||||
@@ -1088,9 +1100,10 @@ will tear. In that case, you just have to wait for at least 5--10~minutes until
|
||||
the gluten bonds heal and you can try again. When the gluten does not heal
|
||||
anymore, chances are you have pushed the fermentation for too long. Likely
|
||||
most of the gluten has broken down and you are already
|
||||
in the decay stage shown in figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
||||
in the decay stage shown in Figure~\ref{fig:dough-strength-sourdough}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dough-requiring-stretch-and-fold}
|
||||
\caption[A flattened out dough]{A dough during bulk fermentation that has
|
||||
flattened out. To improve its dough strength, a stretch and fold should
|
||||
@@ -1135,6 +1148,7 @@ Quick movements with a knife or dough scraper help to prevent the
|
||||
dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{divide-preshape}
|
||||
\caption{The steps of dividing and preshaping your dough.}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
@@ -1142,7 +1156,7 @@ dough from sticking too much to your tools.
|
||||
I~sometimes like to draw small lines with the dough scraper's edge
|
||||
on the large dough mass before cutting it into smaller pieces.
|
||||
This helps me to better plan where I~want to do my incisions. When
|
||||
I~plan to make 8 loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
|
||||
I~plan to make 8~loaves I~try to use the lines to divide the dough
|
||||
into 8 equally sized portions before cutting. If this is not precise enough,
|
||||
you can use the aforementioned scale.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1164,14 +1178,16 @@ Pre-shaping is done for several reasons:
|
||||
If you are making a single loaf from one dough batch the step is not required.
|
||||
In that case, you can directly proceed with shaping, skipping this step.
|
||||
|
||||
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}.
|
||||
Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's surface this could now result in a catastrophe.
|
||||
For this reason, I~recommend practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading.
|
||||
The gluten network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there
|
||||
is hardly any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only
|
||||
way to save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
||||
The pre-shaping technique is the same as the process
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:dough-ball-steps}. Whereas earlier you could tear the dough's
|
||||
surface this could now result in a catastrophe. For this reason, I~recommend
|
||||
practicing this step for as long as you need after kneading. The gluten
|
||||
network might be so extensible and degraded at this point that there is hardly
|
||||
any room for error. The dough wouldn't come together again. The only way to
|
||||
save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshape-direction}
|
||||
\caption[Dragging direction]{Drag the dough in the direction of the rough
|
||||
surface area. This way you minimize the movements required to complete
|
||||
@@ -1179,14 +1195,14 @@ way to save such dough is to use a loaf pan.
|
||||
\label{fig:preshape-direction}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top
|
||||
surface area. Try to touch the dough as little as possible
|
||||
to reduce its ability to stick to your hands. Drag the dough
|
||||
in the direction where you see a rough surface area. In
|
||||
case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
|
||||
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and place
|
||||
it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction}
|
||||
for a visualization showing the pre-shaping direction.
|
||||
Pre-shape the dough as much as is needed to round up the top surface area. Try
|
||||
to touch the dough as little as possible to reduce its ability to stick to
|
||||
your hands. Drag the dough in the direction where you see a rough surface
|
||||
area. In case you have too little space to drag the dough because it might
|
||||
fall from the edge of your counter, simply lift it with a swift movement and
|
||||
place it in a better position for pre-shaping. Please refer to
|
||||
Figure~\ref{fig:preshape-direction} for a visualization showing the
|
||||
pre-shaping direction.
|
||||
|
||||
Try to set yourself a limit of movements to finish pre-shaping
|
||||
a dough. Then you will be more conscious about each movement
|
||||
@@ -1196,6 +1212,7 @@ numbers could be if you on purpose want to even out the crumb
|
||||
structure of your final loaves further.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{preshaped-dough}
|
||||
\caption{Baguette doughs resting after preshaping.}%
|
||||
\label{fig:dough-after-preshaping}
|
||||
@@ -1271,21 +1288,22 @@ batard bread rolls.
|
||||
\label{fig:shaping-flour-surface}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
If you are only making 1 loaf out of your dough, apply flour
|
||||
If you are only making one loaf out of your dough, apply flour
|
||||
generously to the top layer of your dough. Rub the flour onto your
|
||||
dough with your hands. Flip over your container. Wait a little bit
|
||||
to allow the dough to release itself from the container. Proceed
|
||||
with step 3.
|
||||
with step~3.
|
||||
|
||||
If you divided and pre-shaped, apply flour generously to the dough's
|
||||
top layer as well. With gentle hands spread the flour evenly across
|
||||
the dough's surface. See figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
|
||||
the dough's surface. See Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-flour-surface} for a
|
||||
visual representation of how your dough should look after coating
|
||||
the surface.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection[Flipping the dough]{Flip the dough over}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!htb]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-2-flipped-over}
|
||||
\caption[Step 2 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||
@@ -1306,6 +1324,7 @@ sticky side is facing you.
|
||||
\subsection[Create rectangular shape]{Make the dough rectangular}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-3-rectangular}
|
||||
\caption[Step 3 of shaping process]{A flipped-over dough. Note how the
|
||||
sticky side is facing you while the floured side is facing the
|
||||
@@ -1322,12 +1341,13 @@ it has a more rectangular shape. While stretching, make sure to touch
|
||||
the sticky side as little as possible. Place your hands on the bottom
|
||||
floured side and the edge of the sticky side. With gentle hands,
|
||||
stretch the dough until the shape in front of you looks rectangular.
|
||||
Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
|
||||
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-rectangular-dough} and compare
|
||||
your dough with the shown dough.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection[Folding]{Fold the dough together}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-4-folding}
|
||||
\caption[Step 4 of shaping process]{The process of folding a batard. Note
|
||||
how the rectangle is first glued together and then rolled inwards to
|
||||
@@ -1361,7 +1381,7 @@ now faces you.
|
||||
Start to roll the dough inwards beginning at the top of the dough.
|
||||
Keep rolling the dough inwards until you have created a dough roll.
|
||||
|
||||
Refer to figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
|
||||
Refer to Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-folding} for a full visual
|
||||
representation of the process.
|
||||
|
||||
If your dough does not hold its shape, chances are you have pushed
|
||||
@@ -1370,7 +1390,7 @@ and the dough won't be able to hold its shape. In this case,
|
||||
the best option is to use a loaf pan to bake your bread. The
|
||||
final bread will taste amazing but not offer the same texture
|
||||
a freestanding bread would offer. Please refer to
|
||||
Section~\ref{section:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
||||
Section~\ref{sec:debugging-crumb-structure} for more
|
||||
details on how to properly read your dough's crumb structure.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection[Sealing]{Sealing the edges}
|
||||
@@ -1387,6 +1407,7 @@ from the other side as well.
|
||||
\subsection[Proofing preparation]{Prepare for proofing}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-6-prepare-proofing}
|
||||
\caption[Step 5 of shaping process]{The shaped dough is ready for proofing
|
||||
in the banneton. Note how the seam side is now facing you. The floured
|
||||
@@ -1418,16 +1439,16 @@ applies when making other doughs such as baguette doughs. The floured
|
||||
surface will always be downwards facing. The dough is then flipped over
|
||||
once for baking.}.
|
||||
|
||||
Proceed and lift the dough with 2 hands from the counter.
|
||||
Gently rotate it once and then place the dough in your
|
||||
banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam side should now be facing you.
|
||||
Some bakers like to seal the seam a little more. I~did
|
||||
not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as I~can
|
||||
tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side
|
||||
of the final loaf.}. If you did everything right, then your
|
||||
dough should look somewhat similar to the dough shown in figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}.
|
||||
As the last step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton
|
||||
or bowl and begin proofing.
|
||||
Proceed and lift the dough with both hands from the counter. Gently rotate it
|
||||
once and then place the dough in your banneton for proofing\footnote{The seam
|
||||
side should now be facing you. Some bakers like to seal the seam a little
|
||||
more. I~did not notice that this improves the dough's strength. As far as
|
||||
I~can tell, this only improves the visual appearance of the bottom side of
|
||||
the final loaf.}.
|
||||
If you did everything right, then your dough should look somewhat similar to
|
||||
the dough shown in Figure~\ref{fig:shaping-prepare-proofing}. As the last
|
||||
step of shaping, place a kitchen towel over your banneton or bowl and begin
|
||||
proofing.
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Proofing}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1461,20 +1482,20 @@ of retarding and flavor development.
|
||||
\label{fig:proofing-process}
|
||||
\end{flowchart}
|
||||
|
||||
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you
|
||||
to better manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping
|
||||
your dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another
|
||||
2~hours to proof the dough and then another 1 hour to bake it. In this case,
|
||||
you can move your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your
|
||||
dough will be proofing overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time
|
||||
the following day (there are a few exceptions; more on that later).
|
||||
This is especially handy for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing
|
||||
extensively. Some of the doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge.
|
||||
Early in the morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2
|
||||
hours they will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If
|
||||
throughout the day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out
|
||||
of the fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded
|
||||
dough is big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
|
||||
To me, the sole purpose of cold-proofing is its ability to allow you to better
|
||||
manage the timing of the whole process. Assuming you finished shaping your
|
||||
dough at 10 pm, chances are you wouldn't want to wait for another 2~hours to
|
||||
proof the dough and then another hour to bake it. In this case, you can move
|
||||
your dough directly to the fridge after shaping. Your dough will be proofing
|
||||
overnight in the fridge. Then it can be baked at any time the following day
|
||||
(there are a few exceptions; more on that later). This is especially handy
|
||||
for large-scale bakeries that use fridge-proofing extensively. Some of the
|
||||
doughs are proofed a day before and placed in the fridge. Early in the
|
||||
morning, they can be baked directly out of the fridge. Within 2~hours they
|
||||
will be ready to sell the first bread to morning customers. If throughout the
|
||||
day more bread is needed, they simply take some proofed dough out of the
|
||||
fridge and bake it. The time frame in which you can bake retarded dough is
|
||||
big. It can be as little as 6~hours later up to 24~hours later.
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming you made an overnight dough and your dough is ready in the morning,
|
||||
the situation might be different. You potentially want to bake the dough directly
|
||||
@@ -1493,6 +1514,7 @@ works great if you make an overnight dough and then proof it the next
|
||||
morning.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{step-13-finger-poke-test}
|
||||
\caption[The finger poke test]{The finger poke test is a very reliable
|
||||
method to check if your dough has been properly proofed. If the induced
|
||||
@@ -1503,15 +1525,15 @@ morning.
|
||||
The time it takes to proof your dough can be anything between 30~minutes and
|
||||
3~hours. Rather than relying on timing, most bakers use the finger poke test.
|
||||
|
||||
Flour your thumb and gently press around 0.5cm up to 1cm deep into the dough.
|
||||
Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent will
|
||||
recover quickly. It will be gone again after 1 minute.
|
||||
Flour your thumb and gently press around \qtyrange{0.5}{1}{cm} deep into the
|
||||
dough. Try this directly after shaping. You will notice that the created dent
|
||||
will recover quickly. It will be gone again after one minute.
|
||||
|
||||
As you proceed with proofing, your dough will fill up with more gas. At the
|
||||
same time, the dough will become more extensible. Once it starts to reach the
|
||||
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more slowly.
|
||||
Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still be visible after
|
||||
1 minute of waiting.
|
||||
right amount of fluffiness and extensibility, the dent will disappear more
|
||||
slowly. Once the dough is ready for scoring and baking the dent should still
|
||||
be visible after one minute of waiting.
|
||||
|
||||
I~recommend performing the finger poke test once every 15~minutes throughout
|
||||
the proofing stage. Realistically, based on my experience, proofing takes at least
|
||||
@@ -1586,6 +1608,7 @@ greatly boosts the contrast of the scoring incisions and thus
|
||||
makes the final pattern look more visually appealing.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{the-ear}
|
||||
\caption[Bread's ear]{The ear is a characteristic that can be achieved on
|
||||
wheat sourdough when fermenting and scoring your dough with the perfect
|
||||
@@ -1601,6 +1624,7 @@ The dough's top side which was previously at the bottom of the
|
||||
banneton should now be facing you.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{artistic-scoring}
|
||||
\caption[Artistic scoring]{A loaf by Nancy~Anne featuring an artistic
|
||||
scoring pattern. The high contrast was achieved by rubbing the dough's
|
||||
@@ -1620,6 +1644,7 @@ and thus offers additional flavor. In my opinion, the ear turns
|
||||
a good loaf into a great loaf.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{bread-scoring-angle}
|
||||
\caption[Scoring angle]{The \ang{45}~angle at which you score the
|
||||
dough is relative to the surface of the dough. When scoring more towards
|
||||
@@ -1648,6 +1673,7 @@ ear. For this reason, drying out the surface is especially important. Scoring
|
||||
will become a lot easier.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[htb!]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dry-dough-surface}
|
||||
\caption[Drying the dough surface]{By applying flour to your dough's surface
|
||||
after shaping, the outer part of the dough dries out a little bit. This
|
||||
@@ -1671,7 +1697,7 @@ Once you notice your dough is almost done proofing, move it to the
|
||||
freezer. The freezer will dry out the dough's surface even further
|
||||
while also lowering its viscosity, making scoring easier.
|
||||
|
||||
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30 seconds without steam.
|
||||
Another interesting trick is to bake your dough for 30~seconds without steam.
|
||||
The hot air will dry out the dough's surface even further and simplify
|
||||
the scoring technique. Experiment with the timing to identify your personal
|
||||
sweet spot.
|
||||
|
||||
5
makefile
5
makefile
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ DOCKER_CMD := docker run --rm -it -v $(PWD):/opt/repo --platform linux/x86_64 $(
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: bake build_pdf build_docker_image push_docker_image validate website
|
||||
.PHONY: print_os_version start_shell printvars show_tools_version mrproper
|
||||
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook booklet
|
||||
.PHONY: build_serif_pdf build_ebook
|
||||
|
||||
# Dockers targets
|
||||
build_docker_image:
|
||||
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@ bake:
|
||||
website:
|
||||
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make website"
|
||||
|
||||
booklet:
|
||||
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make booklet"
|
||||
|
||||
mrproper:
|
||||
$(DOCKER_CMD) "cd /opt/repo/book && make mrproper"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1 +1 @@
|
||||
3.1.2
|
||||
3.3.7
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -3,11 +3,9 @@ GEM
|
||||
specs:
|
||||
coderay (1.1.3)
|
||||
method_source (1.0.0)
|
||||
nokogiri (1.15.3-arm64-darwin)
|
||||
racc (~> 1.4)
|
||||
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-darwin)
|
||||
racc (~> 1.4)
|
||||
nokogiri (1.15.3-x86_64-linux)
|
||||
mini_portile2 (2.8.8)
|
||||
nokogiri (1.15.3)
|
||||
mini_portile2 (~> 2.8.2)
|
||||
racc (~> 1.4)
|
||||
pry (0.14.2)
|
||||
coderay (~> 1.1)
|
||||
@@ -16,6 +14,7 @@ GEM
|
||||
|
||||
PLATFORMS
|
||||
arm64-darwin-22
|
||||
arm64-darwin-24
|
||||
x86_64-darwin-22
|
||||
x86_64-linux
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
|
||||
pry
|
||||
|
||||
RUBY VERSION
|
||||
ruby 3.1.2p20
|
||||
ruby 3.3.7p123
|
||||
|
||||
BUNDLED WITH
|
||||
2.4.12
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -341,6 +341,12 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
||||
<span class="link_text">Book .EPUB</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="chapterToc">
|
||||
<a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">
|
||||
<span class="chapter_number">⬇️</span>
|
||||
<span class="link_text">Short TL;DR .PDF</span>
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
</span>
|
||||
<span class="chapterToc">
|
||||
<a href="https://breadco.de/hardcover-book">
|
||||
<span class="chapter_number">📚</span>
|
||||
@@ -626,15 +632,16 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
||||
Creating this book has been a labor of love. My
|
||||
main goal has always been to spread the joy of baking and empower bread
|
||||
enthusiasts like yourself. To ensure that the book remains accessible
|
||||
to everyone, I have decided to make it available as a free digital download.
|
||||
to everyone, I have decided to make it available free of charge.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<a href="bread.jpg">
|
||||
<img alt="One of my best Sourdough Breads" class="home-bread" src="bread.jpg" />
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⭐ Support this project</h2>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
However, producing and maintaining resources like this requires
|
||||
Producing and maintaining resources like this requires
|
||||
considerable time, effort, and financial investment. If you find value
|
||||
in "The Sourdough Framework" and appreciate the effort that went into
|
||||
creating it, I kindly request your support <a href="https://breadco.de/book">
|
||||
@@ -646,18 +653,7 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
Your generous contribution will not only help me cover the costs associated
|
||||
with this project but will also enable me to continue creating more valuable
|
||||
content in the future.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
If you feel inspired to contribute, please consider making a donation of
|
||||
any amount through <a href="https://breadco.de/book">my donation page</a>.
|
||||
Your support will go a long way in ensuring
|
||||
that this knowledge can reach even more bread enthusiasts worldwide.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
Remember, your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
|
||||
content in the future. Your donation is entirely voluntary and any amount you
|
||||
contribute is deeply appreciated. If you are unable to make a donation at
|
||||
this time, please know that your readership and support in spreading the
|
||||
word about "The Sourdough Framework" are invaluable contributions as well.
|
||||
@@ -669,29 +665,33 @@ class ModifyBuild
|
||||
Together, we can continue to share the love of baking and cultivate a
|
||||
community passionate about the art of sourdough.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<h2 class="chapterHead home-content-title">⬇️ Versions</h2>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
You can either browse through this page or download the full book directly:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
PDF: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
|
||||
PDF (no serif): <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
|
||||
You can either browse through this website or download the full book to read it on your preferred device:
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
EPUB: <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
|
||||
EPUB in Black & White, size optimized for screen readers : <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<div class="download-links">
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
<span class="download-description">PDF:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.pdf</a><br>
|
||||
<span class="download-description">PDF (no serif):</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book-sans-serif.pdf</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
<span class="download-description">EPUB:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/book.epub</a><br>
|
||||
<span class="download-description">EPUB black & white:</span> <a href="https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub">https://www.the-bread-code.io/bw-book.epub</a><br>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
The full source code of the book can be found here:
|
||||
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version:</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-digital.pdf</a><br>
|
||||
<span class="download-description">Short TL;DR version (print):</span> <a href="https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf">https://the-bread-code.io/book-tldr-print.pdf</a><br>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
There's also a hardcover version of the book available featuring an even more awesome design. You can read more information here:
|
||||
<a href="https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book">https://www.breadco.de/hardcover-book</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
<span class="download-description">Sauce code:</span>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework">https://www.github.com/hendricius/the-sourdough-framework</a>. Contributions and improvements are highly appreciated!
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<p class="noindent">
|
||||
Thank you and may the gluten be strong with you,<br>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user